Molecules, Compounds, and Mixtures

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1 Molecules, Compounds, and Mixtures REMEMBER... Atoms are the basic building blocks of all the matter around us. An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts. Each type of atom makes up a different element. Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table by their characteristics or properties. Mercury 1

2 MOLECULES Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule can contain atoms of only one element, or can be formed when two or more atoms join together. Water Molecule Carbon Dioxide Molecule Oxygen Molecule hydrogen hydrogen carbon COMPOUNDS A compound is formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in the same propotions (ratio). Compounds cannot be separated by physical means, only chemical. Each compound has its own properties that can be completely different than the elements that form it. Sodium (Na) is a soft, silverywhite metal that reacts violently with water. Chlorine(Cl) is a poisonous, greenish yellow gas. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) table salt is a white solid that dissolves in water and is safe to eat. 2

3 COMPOUNDS Most compounds are named for the elements they are made of. Ex. Carbon dioxide is named for carbon and. The prefix di means there are two atoms of in the compound. Usually the element to the left on the periodic table appears first in the name of the compound. Carbon Dioxide Molecule carbon Compounds can also be named by chemical formulas. A chemical formula is a group of chemical symbols and numbers that shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Ex. CO 2 is the formula for carbon dioxide. The 2 subscript with the means there are two atoms of in the molecule, but only atom of carbon. MIXTURES A mixture is matter made up of two or more substances that are physically, but not chemically combined. Because they are only physically combined, they still keep their own properties. Mixtures are different from compounds, because the proportion of elements can be different in different parts of the mixture. Ex. Trail Mix Ex. Mineral Mixture 3

4 MIXTURES In heterogeneous mixtures, substances are not distributed evenly, and you can see the different ingredients. In homogenous mixtures, the parts are evenly distributed and too well mixed to see separately. The mixture has the same physical properties throughout. Rocks are heterogeneous mixtures of minerals Juices & soft drinks are homogenous mixtures MIXTURES A solution is a homogenous mixture where one substance is completely dissolved in another. Solutions have two parts: the solvent, which does the dissolving, and the solute, which is what dissolves. The solute and the solvent are NOT chemically bonded together. 4

5 Mixtures can also be natural, like many minerals... or synthetic, like stainless steel (made of a mixture of iron, carbon, chromium, and nickel) Mixtures can be physically undone compounds cannot. 5

6 Mixtures can be separated by sifting, filtration, evaporation, and other techniques. Sifting separates the solid parts of a mixture by particle size using a screen or similar device. Filtration separates the solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture. Evaporation can be used to separate a solid from a liquid in a solution by placing the solution in a container and heated. As the solvent evaporates, the solute is left behind. 6

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