CHAPTER 4: ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 4: ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 4: ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this section, a review of the analytical instrumentation used during sample preparation and analysis is presented which includes an overview of the instruments, principles and techniques used. 4.2 INSTRUMENTS USED DURING SAMPLE PREPARATION Industrial microwave systems The first commercial laboratory microwave unit with pressure feedback control in 1989, and the first with temperature feedback control in 1992 has allowed for more rigorous design and control of microwave sample preparation procedures [60, 61]. These developments, coupled with the evolution of the microwave vessel to point where it is capable of monitoring reaction conditions throughout digestion, has allowed researchers to systematically study the decomposition mechanism of a variety of matrices. Principle of operation Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave irradiation to chemical reactions. Microwaves act as high frequency electric fields and will generally heat any material containing mobile electric charges, such as polar molecules in a solvent or conducting ions in a solid. Polar solvents are heated as their component molecules are forced to rotate with the field and lose energy through collisions. Semiconductive and conductive samples heat up when ions or electrons within them form an electric current and energy is lost due to the electrical resistance of the material. Advantages Conventional wet-sample preparation methods for the decomposition of solid samples generally involve heating the samples over long periods of time using either a hot plate, heating mantle, or oven. The process is stopped when the analyst considers that the decomposition of the sample is sufficiently complete. 35

2 This type of open-vessel digestion has many limitations including the use of large volumes of reagents, a real potential for sample contamination by external materials and the laboratory environment, and the potential exposure of the analyst and the laboratory to corrosive fumes. Closed-vessel microwave decomposition uses significantly different technology to achieve sample decomposition. Decomposition of most solid samples can be achieved using only 10 ml reagent, and can be completed in a short period of time. The higher temperatures achieved in the closed system give microwave digestion a kinetic advantage over hot plate digestion, as described by the Arrhenius Equation: (d ln k)/(dt) = (E a )/(RT 2 ) (4.1) Integration of this equation gives: (k 2 / lnk 1 ) = (E a )/(2.303R)[(1/T 1 ) (1/T 2 )] (4.2) In this expression k 1 and k 2 are rate constants for the reaction of interest at T 1 and T 2 respectively, E a is the activation energy, and R is the ideal gas constant. These equations show that the reaction rate increases exponentially with increasing temperature. This translates into approximately a 100-fold decrease in the time required to carry out a digestion at 175 C when compared to a digestion at 95 C. In addition, because the mineral acid converts microwave energy into heat almost instantaneously, rapid heating of the sample is achieved, further decreasing the reaction time. Digestions are also more complete because many acids (e.g. nitric acid) show improved oxidation potential at elevated temperatures. A typical closed microwave system with build-in pressure and temperature control can be seen in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 which also show the microwave consumables used during routine operation. 36

3 Figure 4.1 CEM Mars 5 microwave systems in operation, (Photographed by, Impala laboratory management, 2006) Figure 4.2 CEM Mars microwave 5 systems with high pressure and temperature consumables, (Photographed by Impala laboratory management, 2006) 37

4 4.3 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR SAMPLE MEASUREMENT Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ICP-OES instruments are used for a number of different applications in a variety of industries. In the mining industry, ICP-OES is used in conjunction with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for the analysis of major elements. Principle of operation The first investigations of alkali and alkali earth elements with the aid of a spectroscope were reported by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in Spectrochemical analysis was further developed in the 20 th century when flame, arc and spark technology were introduced [66]. An illustration of an ICP-OES as it appears today is shown in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3 An illustration of a SPECTRO GENESIS ICP-OES as provided by SPECTRO, S.A. The principle of operation involves a sample introduction system which supplies sample at a constant rate to the ICP emission source (plasma), where desolvation, atomization, excitation and light emission occur. During the excitation process, molecular, atomic and ionic species in various energy stages are produced. Energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation 38

5 and, as a result, a wavelength is formed, which is characteristic of the emitting specie. An expression for the absolute intensity (I qp ) of a spontaneous emission line arriving from an electronic transition from a higher state q to lower state p can be shown to be: [64,65] I qp = d/4 π A qp hv qp N q (4.3) Where d is the depth of source, v qp is the transition frequency, A qp is the line transition probability, h is Planck s constant and N q is the number of excited level species. The intensity of an elemental atomic and ion line is used as the analytical signal in quantitative atomic emission spectroscopy. Components of the ICP-OES instrument include the peristaltic pump, the nebuliser, the spray chamber, the rf generator, the torch, the optical systems, the detectors and the data processing system. The ICP-OES components are displayed in figure 4.4 and are discussed briefly thereafter. Figure 4.4 The SPECTRO CIROS ICP-OES schematic diagram as provided by SPECTRO, S.A. 39

6 Nebulizer and spray chamber The nebulizer works in conjunction with the spray chamber. The major function of the spray chamber is to act as a droplet size discriminator, passing only droplets below a certain size. The size of droplets passed by the spray chamber will largely depend upon the geometry of the spray chamber, but to a lesser extent will depend upon the gas flow rate. A further function of the spray chamber is to dampen pulses originating from the peristaltic pump. Torch, rf generator and coil Plasma RF power primarily affects the plasma temperature i.e. the greater the power intake, the higher the plasma temperature. The net effect of power on analyte sensitivity depends on the ratio of analyte signal to background noise. Most plasmas are operated between KW, with the exact power chosen in accordance with the most crucial elements to be evaluated. The plasma is sustained by energy from the RF Generator and coil. The ICP OES torch is centered within the induction coil, and the center tube is 1-2 mm below the bottom of the induction coil. The three concentric quartz tubes of the torch serve to define three separate gas flow paths i.e. the coolant, auxiliary and carrier gas paths. Plasma discharge Radio frequency energy from the induction coil causes charged particles to accelerate in a circular pathway in the same plane as the coil windings. These charged particles collide with Argon gas atoms, causing ionization and thereby forming a plasma. High in the plasma is the radiation zone, where excitation, ionization, and emission take place. This region (approximately 6000 to 7000 o K) is normally utilised for analytical measurement. Optics The spectrometer isolates analytical wavelengths from the emitted light plasma. The majority of wavelengths lie within the region 160 to 860 nm. Separation of light into its component wavelengths is normally achieved 40

7 using a diffraction grating. There are three types of diffraction grating: ruled, holographic and echelle grating. Many spectrometers are either flushed with nitrogen or argon or are maintained under vacuum to remove any oxygen. Detectors New generation detectors have recently been introduced. These are solid-state detectors, but are also referred to as charged - transfer devices. There are two sub-classifications: charge coupled devices (CCDs) and charge-injection devices (CIDs). A CID consists of a two dimensional array of detector elements which, when coupled to an Echelle spectrometer, is capable of simultaneous line analysis over the range nm. Readout devices and data processing The detector produces an electrical signal which is processed by an electronic circuit before being measured by a read-out device. In modern spectrometers the computer controls the operating parameters of the plasma as well as performing the task of sample logging, operation of the auto-samplers, construction of calibration curves and facilitates the rapid and efficient handling of data Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) Since the commercialization of ICP-MS in 1983 [64], it has undoubtedly been the fastest growing trace element technique for a series of applications. The platinum industry however, only truly started employing this technique for the analysis of exploration samples, Final Tailings streams and Mill Circuit Product streams for trace levels of precious metals about six years ago. And as yet ICP-MS is still not perceived as an instrument for routine evaluation analysis unlike FAAS and ICP- OES. Principle of operation The principle of operation for ICP-MS is similar to that of ICP-OES and includes a sample introduction system which supplies sample at a constant 41

8 rate to the ICP emission source (plasma). It is important to differentiate the function of the plasma in ICP-MS compared to that in an ICP-OES. In ICP-OES the plasma is used to generate photons of light, by the excitation of electrons of a ground-state atom to higher energy level. Wavelength specific photons are emitted, which are characteristic of the element of interest. A schematic setup of an ICP-MS is shown in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5 A Schematic setup of the SPECTRO MASS 2000 ICP-MS provided by SPECTRO, S.A In ICP-MS the plasma is used to generate positively charged ions and not photons. Once the ions are present in the plasma, they are projected via a low vacuum interface into the mass spectrometer chamber and focused via an ion lens system onto a quadrupole mass filter, Figure 4.5. The interface region consists of two metallic cones (usually nickel), called the sampler and skimmer cones which allow the ions to pass through to the ion optics, Figure 4.6. The ions which reach the quadropole are separated based on their mass- to- charge ratio prior to the detector and to filter out all the nonanalyte, interfering and matrix ions. The final step is to convert the ions into an electrical signal with a dynode detector. 42

9 Figure 4.6 The interface region and ion optics of an ICP-MS system as provided by SPECTRO, S.A Graphite atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) The use of furnaces as atomizers for atomic absorption spectroscopy was a major breakthrough as it allowed the measurement of very low concentrations when compared to that achievable by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Principle of operation There are many different high temperature furnace designs. The objective of GFAAS is to generate free atoms such that atomic absorption can be measured. The principle of operation involves three stages: [67,69] A drying stage during which, the solvent is removed and dried to a salt deposit. An ashing stage which removes organic or inorganic material. An atomization stage in which free atoms are formed within a small zone. The absorption signal produced in the atomization stage is a sharp peak, the height of which can be related to the amount of analyte element present. The GFAAS 43

10 can achieve low limits of detection as the sample is completely atomized and vaporized and the atoms are kept in the atomic reservoir for an extensive period. 4.4 COMPARING GFAAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS TECHNIQUES Atomic spectroscopic methods have many advantages which include: linear dynamic ranges, low detection limits, easy and rapid qualitative analysis, simultaneous multi-element analysis, good precision and high sensitivity. Specific criteria are used to choose appropriate atomic spectroscopic methods for different applications. A series of criteria shall be utilised to highlight the respective advantages of the GFAAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques. Detection limits Typical detection limit ranges for major atomic spectroscopy techniques are shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Detection limit ranges [70-72] Atomic spectroscopy techniques Detection limit range (μg/l) FAAS ICP-OES Radial view ICP-OES Axial view Hydride generation FAAS GFAAS ICP-MS It is clear from the data in Table 4.1., that ICP-MS offers the lowest detection limit followed by GFAAS and axial ICP-OES. Radial ICP-OES and FAAS show similar detection limits, but ICP-OES can atomize refractory and rare earth elements more effectively due to the higher temperature that can be achieved by a plasma as when compared to a flame. Hydride generation FAAS offers exceptional detection limits for mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te). ICP-MS in conjunction with 44

11 collision / reaction cells or magnetic sector technology can achieve detection limits as low as parts-per-quadrillion (ppq) for many elements [63]. It is important to emphasize that these detection limits are only achievable in simple matrixes. Linear dynamic range (LDR) ICP-MS is considered to be an ultra-trace element technique which has an LDR in excess of GFAAS has a limited LDR of , but can be used for higher concentrations when a less sensitive analytical line is used. ICP-OES is used for trace and major element analysis with a LDR of Precision Short and long term precision are a good indication of how stable an instrument is. Precision is usually expressed in percent relative standard deviation (%RSD). The short term precision for ICP-MS is between 1 to 3 %RSD and the long term precision is less than 5 %RSD. The short term precision for ICP-OES is between %RSD and the long term precision depending on the nebulizer should be not more than 3 %RSD. Precision for both ICP-OES and ICP-MS may be improved by using internal standardisation. GFAAS has a short term precision of between % RSD, but long term precision is more a function of the number of graphite tube firings than time [63]. Interferences Although appropriate techniques are chosen for each application by experienced staff, interferences still need to be addressed during method development. Specific interference common to various techniques are shown in Table

12 Table 4.2 Summary of instrumental interferences [73,74] Technique Type of interference Method of compensation FAAS GFAAS ICP-OES ICP-MS Ionisation Chemical Physical Chemical, physical Molecular absorption Spectral Spectral Matrix effects Ionization Spectral Matrix acids Doubly charged ions Matrix effects Ionization Space charged effects Isobaric effects Ionisation buffers Release agents or nitrous oxide-acetylene flame Dilution, matrix matching or standard addition Standard temperature platform furnace conditions, matrix modifiers, standard addition Zeeman or continuum source background correction Zeeman background correction Background correction Inter elemental corrections Alternate analytical line Internal standardization Ionization buffers Background correction Inter elemental correction Alternate analytical lines Higher resolution systems to resolve masses less than 1 amu apart Internal standard Matrix matching, sample dilutions, standard addition, isotope dilutions Matrix matching, internal standard Analysis time and sample throughput Analysis time and sample throughput rates are influenced by the accuracy and precision required plus the type of instrument employed. FAAS is a simple and fast technique with a measurement time of less than 30 s per replicate of 3 integrations. ICP-OES and ICP-MS have measurements times of about 3 min per 46

13 replicate of 3 integrations, while GFAAS is a very tedious technique with a measurement time of up to 5 min per replicate of 3 integrations. General The most commonly employed instrumental techniques in the platinum industry are that of FAAS, GFAAS, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP-OES and their capabilities and analytical limitations are well known. ICP-OES would appear to have become the most popular routine technique for inorganic multi-elemental analysis of dissolved samples, despite requiring significant capital investment and having running expenses which are much higher than those for FAAS. 4.5 INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS Scanning electron microscope (SEM) SEM uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons that generate signals which reveal information about the sample such as external morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure and the orientation of the sample composition. Principle of operation Accelerating electrons in a SEM carrying significant kinetic energy generate radiation signals when the electrons are decelerated in a solid sample as a result of electron interactions. These signals include secondary electrons (which produce SEM images), backscattered electrons (BSE), diffracted backscattered electrons (EBSD) (which are used to determine crystal structures and the orientation of minerals), photons (characteristic X-rays that are used for elemental analysis and continuum X-rays), visible light and heat [76]. Many SEM installations have an energy dispersive X-ray detector system (EDS), which allows for spectral analysis of X-rays generated from the sample directly under the electron beam. X-ray generation is produced by inelastic collisions of incident electrons with electrons in discrete atomic orbitals. As the excited electrons return to lower energy states, they yield X-rays of a fixed wavelength. 47

14 Characteristic X-rays are produced for each element in a mineral which is "excited" by the electron beam. Advantages and disadvantages Some advantages of this technique include are as follows: Excellent characterization of solid samples. The electron beam can be scanned over a very small area of the sample. SEM in conjunction with an EDS detector allows morpholograpic, topographic, crystallographic and compositional information to be obtained rapidly and simultaneously from the same area. SEM analysis is considered to be "non-destructive", meaning there is no volume loss of the sample, and as such it is possible to analyze the same materials repeatedly. Unfortunately, SEM cannot detect very light elements (H, He and Li) or elements with an atomic number less than 11. Although SEM with an EDS detector is fast and easy to use, it suffers from poor energy resolution and poor sensitivity towards elements present in low abundance compared to wavelength dispersive X-ray detectors (WDS) or electron probe micro analyzers (EPMA) Electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) The EPMA is a micro-beam instrument used for the in situ non-destructive chemical analysis of minute solid inclusions [75]. Principle of operation An electron microprobe operates under the principle that if a solid material is bombarded by an accelerated and focused electron beam, the incident electron beam has sufficient energy to dislodge inner-shell electrons of the constituent atoms in the sample to be analyzed. Outer-shell electrons fill these inner-shell vacancies, losing energy by the emission of characteristic X-rays as in X-ray 48

15 fluorescence. These electrons can be focused to a very fine beam through a set of electromagnetic lenses between the electron source and the sample to be analyzed. The X-rays generated are analysed by a crystal spectrometer with wavelength dispersive X-ray detector. Of most common interest in the analysis of geological materials are secondary and back-scattered electrons, which are useful for surface imaging or obtaining an average composition of the material. The electron optical path and X-ray spectrometer of an electron microprobe are illustrated in Figure 4.7. Figure 4.7 The electron optical path and x-ray spectrometer of an electron microprobe [68]. Advantages and disadvantages Some advantages of this technique are as follows: Although similar to SEM it is equipped with a range of crystal spectrometers which enable quantitative chemical analysis at high sensitivity. 49

16 The EPMA is capable of analysing sample areas as small as 1-2 micron diameter and even minute single phases in a material. Chemical analyses can be obtained in situ, which allows the detection of small compositional variations within chemically zoned material. It is considered to be a non-destructive technique. EPMA is also unable to detect the very light elements (H, He and Li) and as a result cannot detect water in hydrous minerals. It is also known that some elements generate x-rays with overlapping peak positions which need to be separated. The absolute detection limit for most elements is not as good as that achievable by x-ray fluorescence because of the presence of a continuum spectrum. Nevertheless, the ability of an EPMA to obtain quantitative chemical analysis on a minute volume of sample or mineral grain ensures its continued popularity in the study of minerals. 50

Chapter 9. Atomic emission and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Emission spectrophotometric Techniques

Chapter 9. Atomic emission and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Emission spectrophotometric Techniques Chapter 9 Atomic emission and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Emission spectrophotometric Techniques Emission Spectroscopy Flame and Plasma Emission Spectroscopy are based upon those particles that are

More information

PRINCIPLE OF ICP- AES

PRINCIPLE OF ICP- AES INTRODUCTION Non- flame atomic emission techniques, which use electrothermal means to atomize and excite the analyte, include inductively coupled plasma and arc spark. It has been 30 years since Inductively

More information

INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY

INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Edited by AKBAR MONTASER George Washington University Washington, D.C. 20052, USA WILEY-VCH New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto CONTENTS

More information

Atomic Spectroscopy AA/ICP/ICPMS:

Atomic Spectroscopy AA/ICP/ICPMS: Atomic Spectroscopy AA/ICP/ICPMS: A Comparison of Techniques VA AWWA/VWEA Lab Practices Conference July 25, 2016 Dan Davis Shimadzu Scientific Instruments AA/ICP/ICPMS: A Comparison of Techniques Topics

More information

3 - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

3 - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 3 - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Introduction Atomic-absorption (AA) spectroscopy uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. Since samples are usually liquids or solids,

More information

ELEMENT2 High Resolution- ICP-MS INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW

ELEMENT2 High Resolution- ICP-MS INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW ELEMENT2 High Resolution- ICP-MS INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) What is a Plasma? - The magnetic field created by a RF (radio frequency) coil produces

More information

a. An emission line as close as possible to the analyte resonance line

a. An emission line as close as possible to the analyte resonance line Practice Problem Set 5 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 10-1 What is an internal standard and why is it used? An internal standard is a substance added to samples, blank, and standards. The ratio of the signal

More information

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Presentation by, Mrs. Sangita J. Chandratre Department of Microbiology M. J. college, Jalgaon

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Presentation by, Mrs. Sangita J. Chandratre Department of Microbiology M. J. college, Jalgaon Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Presentation by, Mrs. Sangita J. Chandratre Department of Microbiology M. J. college, Jalgaon Defination In analytical chemistry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a

More information

- A spark is passed through the Argon in the presence of the RF field of the coil to initiate the plasma

- A spark is passed through the Argon in the presence of the RF field of the coil to initiate the plasma THE PLASMA Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) What is a Plasma? - The magnetic field created by a RF (radio frequency) coil produces a current within a stream of Argon (Ar) gas, which

More information

2101 Atomic Spectroscopy

2101 Atomic Spectroscopy 2101 Atomic Spectroscopy Atomic identification Atomic spectroscopy refers to the absorption and emission of ultraviolet to visible light by atoms and monoatomic ions. It is best used to analyze metals.

More information

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry College of Science, Department of Chemistry King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Building:

More information

Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Sample Atomization Atomic Absorption (AA) Atomic Fluorescence (AF) - Both AA and AF require a light source - Like Molecular Absorption & Fluorescence,

More information

atomic absorption spectroscopy general can be portable and used in-situ preserves sample simpler and less expensive

atomic absorption spectroscopy general can be portable and used in-situ preserves sample simpler and less expensive Chapter 9: End-of-Chapter Solutions 1. The following comparison provides general trends, but both atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AES) will have analyte-specific

More information

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Debjani Banerjee Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Kanpur

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Debjani Banerjee Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Kanpur Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Debjani Banerjee Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Kanpur Introduction What is ICP-MS? Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry

More information

Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy

Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy Topic 2b: X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Text: Chapter 12 Rouessac (1 week) 4.0 X-ray Fluorescence Download, read and understand EPA method 6010C ICP-OES Winter 2009 Page 1 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry Fundamental

More information

10/2/2008. hc λ. νλ =c. proportional to frequency. Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength And is directly proportional to wavenumber

10/2/2008. hc λ. νλ =c. proportional to frequency. Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength And is directly proportional to wavenumber CH217 Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Module Leader: Dr. Alison Willows Electromagnetic spectrum Properties of electromagnetic radiation Many properties of electromagnetic radiation can be described

More information

Emission spectrum of H

Emission spectrum of H Atomic Spectroscopy Atomic spectroscopy measures the spectra of elements in their atomic/ionized states. Atomic spectrometry, exploits quantized electronic transitions characteristic of each individual

More information

AN INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY

AN INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY AN INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Atomic spectroscopy deals with the absorption, emission, or fluorescence by atom or elementary ions. Two regions of the spectrum yield atomic information- the UV-visible

More information

high temp ( K) Chapter 20: Atomic Spectroscopy

high temp ( K) Chapter 20: Atomic Spectroscopy high temp (2000-6000K) Chapter 20: Atomic Spectroscopy 20-1. An Overview Most compounds Atoms in gas phase high temp (2000-6000K) (AES) (AAS) (AFS) sample Mass-to-charge (ICP-MS) Atomic Absorption experiment

More information

COMPARISON OF ATOMIZERS

COMPARISON OF ATOMIZERS COMPARISON OF ATOMIZERS FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Atomic spectroscopic methods are all based on the interaction of light and analyte atoms in the gas phase. Thus, a common component

More information

Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy

Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy Atomic line widths: Narrow line widths reduce the possibility of spectral overlap and thus interferences. The band width at half height is used to indicate width. This is also sometimes called the effective

More information

Hydride Generation for the Determination of As, Sb, Se and Bi Using the Teledyne Leeman Lab s Prodigy 7 ICP-OES

Hydride Generation for the Determination of As, Sb, Se and Bi Using the Teledyne Leeman Lab s Prodigy 7 ICP-OES Application Note - AN1508 Hydride Generation for the Determination of As, Sb, Se and Bi Using the Teledyne Leeman Lab s Prodigy 7 ICP-OES Introduction Page 1 The combination of hydride generation with

More information

Sources of Errors in Trace Element and Speciation Analysis

Sources of Errors in Trace Element and Speciation Analysis Sources of Errors in Trace Element and Speciation Analysis Zoltan Mester, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for National Measurement Standards Outline Definitions Sources of errors in the

More information

ENVG FALL ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) Analytical Techniques

ENVG FALL ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) Analytical Techniques ENVG 60500 FALL 2013 ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) Analytical Techniques HISTORY In the 1940s, arc and high-voltage spark spectrometry became widely utilized for metal analysis

More information

Partial Energy Level Diagrams

Partial Energy Level Diagrams Partial Energy Level Diagrams 460 nm 323 nm 610 nm 330 nm 819 nm 404 nm 694 nm 671 nm 589 / 590 nm 767 / 769 nm Lithium Sodium Potassium Gas Mixtures Maximum Temperatures, C Air-Coal Gas 1825 Air-Propane

More information

Spectrometric Methods of Analysis. OCN 633 Fall 2013

Spectrometric Methods of Analysis. OCN 633 Fall 2013 Spectrometric Methods of Analysis OCN 633 Fall 2013 Plasma Emission and Plasma Mass Spectroscopy Two fields of elemental analysis undergoing the most study Myriad analytical applications Three categories

More information

OES - Optical Emission Spectrometer 2000

OES - Optical Emission Spectrometer 2000 OES - Optical Emission Spectrometer 2000 OES-2000 is used to detect the presence of trace metals in an analyte. The analyte sample is introduced into the OES-2000 as an aerosol that is carried into the

More information

Optical Atomic Spectroscopy

Optical Atomic Spectroscopy Optical Atomic Spectroscopy Methods to measure conentrations of primarily metallic elements at < ppm levels with high selectivity! Two main optical methodologies- -Atomic Absorption--need ground state

More information

MT Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis

MT Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis MT-0.6026 Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis Eero Haimi Research Manager Outline 1. Introduction Basics of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron

More information

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND o DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND C612 SPECTRO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DECEMBER 2015 FINAL EXAMINATION Time Allowed: Three (3) Hours Instructions: 1. This examination has six (6) questions and

More information

Ionization Techniques Part IV

Ionization Techniques Part IV Ionization Techniques Part IV CU- Boulder CHEM 5181 Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Presented by Prof. Jose L. Jimenez High Vacuum MS Interpretation Lectures Sample Inlet Ion Source Mass Analyzer Detector

More information

Ar Ar + e - INDUCTIVELY+COUPLED+ PLASMA+SPECTROMETRY+ What+is+Plasma?+ FuncDon+of+Plasma+

Ar Ar + e - INDUCTIVELY+COUPLED+ PLASMA+SPECTROMETRY+ What+is+Plasma?+ FuncDon+of+Plasma+ INDUCTIVELY+COUPLED+ PLASMA+SPECTROMETRY+ Applied'Analy+cal'and'Inorganic'Chemistry'Program' Department'of'Chemistry,'Faculty'of'Science' Mahidol'University' What+is+Plasma?+ Ar Ar + e - Plasma is an ionized

More information

INTRODUCTION Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy ( AFS ) depends on the measurement of the emission ( fluorescence ) emitted from gasphase analyte atoms

INTRODUCTION Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy ( AFS ) depends on the measurement of the emission ( fluorescence ) emitted from gasphase analyte atoms INTRODUCTION Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy ( AFS ) depends on the measurement of the emission ( fluorescence ) emitted from gasphase analyte atoms that have been excited to higher energy levels by absorption

More information

Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) Analytical technique in which a beam of electrons is focused on a sample surface, producing X-rays from

More information

Lecture 7: Atomic Spectroscopy

Lecture 7: Atomic Spectroscopy Lecture 7: Atomic Spectroscopy 1 Atomic spectroscopy The wavelengths of absorbance and emission from atoms in the gas phase are characteristic of atomic orbitals. 2 In the lowest energy transition, the

More information

Applications of ICP-MS for Trace Elemental Analysis in the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry

Applications of ICP-MS for Trace Elemental Analysis in the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry Applications of ICP-MS for Trace Elemental Analysis in the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry Fundamentals and Applications to the Petrochemical Industry Outline Some background and fundamentals of ICPMS

More information

ICP-3000 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer

ICP-3000 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer is powerful simultaneous full

More information

MT Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis

MT Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis MT-0.6026 Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis Eero Haimi Research Manager Outline 1. Introduction Basics of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron

More information

9/13/10. Each spectral line is characteristic of an individual energy transition

9/13/10. Each spectral line is characteristic of an individual energy transition Sensitive and selective determination of (primarily) metals at low concentrations Each spectral line is characteristic of an individual energy transition 1 Atomic Line Widths Why do atomic spectra have

More information

MODULE 4.3 Atmospheric analysis of particulates

MODULE 4.3 Atmospheric analysis of particulates MODULE 4.3 Atmospheric analysis of particulates Measurement And Characterisation Of The Particulate Content 1 Total particulate concentration 1 Composition of the particulate 1 Determination of particle

More information

The Evolution of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

The Evolution of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) The Evolution of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) Part I: The 1970s Since its commercial inception in 1974, ICP-OES has seen significant technological advancements over

More information

CHARACTERIZATION of NANOMATERIALS KHP

CHARACTERIZATION of NANOMATERIALS KHP CHARACTERIZATION of NANOMATERIALS Overview of the most common nanocharacterization techniques MAIN CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES: 1.Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 2. Scanning Electron Microscope

More information

CH. 21 Atomic Spectroscopy

CH. 21 Atomic Spectroscopy CH. 21 Atomic Spectroscopy 21.1 Anthropology Puzzle? What did ancient people eat for a living? Laser Ablation-plasma ionization-mass spectrometry CH. 21 Atomic Spectroscopy 21.2 plasma In Atomic Spectroscopy

More information

FLAME PHOTOMETRY AIM INTRODUCTION

FLAME PHOTOMETRY AIM INTRODUCTION FLAME PHOTOMETRY AIM INTRODUCTION Atomic spectroscopy is based on the absorption, emission or fluorescence process of light by atoms or elementary ions. Information for atomic scale is obtained in two

More information

ICP-OES Application Note Number 35

ICP-OES Application Note Number 35 ICP-OES Application Note Number 35 Rapid measurement of major, minor and trace levels in soils using the Varian 730-ES Vincent Calderon Varian, Inc. Introduction As part of the global strategy for sustainable

More information

Prof. Dr. Biljana Škrbić, Jelena Živančev

Prof. Dr. Biljana Škrbić, Jelena Živančev 5 th CEFSER Training Course Analysis of chemical contaminants in food and the environment Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia 7-11 May 2012 Analysis of heavy elements

More information

Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Learning Objective. Proteomics

Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Learning Objective. Proteomics Mass spectrometry (MS) is the technique for protein identification and analysis by production of charged molecular species in vacuum, and their separation by magnetic and electric fields based on mass

More information

Hands on mass spectrometry: ICP-MS analysis of enriched 82 Se samples for the LUCIFER experiment

Hands on mass spectrometry: ICP-MS analysis of enriched 82 Se samples for the LUCIFER experiment : ICP-MS analysis of enriched 82 Se samples for the LUCIFER experiment Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany E-mail: mykola.stepaniuk@mpi-hd.mpg.de Stefano Nisi E-mail: stefano.nisi@lngs.infn.it

More information

Determination of trace elements in ultrapure semiconductor grade sulfuric acid using the Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode

Determination of trace elements in ultrapure semiconductor grade sulfuric acid using the Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode Determination of trace elements in ultrapure semiconductor grade sulfuric acid using the Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode Application note Semiconductor Authors Michiko Yamanaka, Kazuo Yamanaka and Naoki

More information

Techniques for the Analysis of Organic Chemicals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Techniques for the Analysis of Organic Chemicals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Techniques for the Analysis of Organic Chemicals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Petrochemical Authors Ed McCurdy & Don Potter Agilent Technologies Ltd. Lakeside Cheadle Royal

More information

BRIEFING 1730 THEORY AND PRACTICE OUTLINE

BRIEFING 1730 THEORY AND PRACTICE OUTLINE 40(6) In-Process Revision: PLASMA SPECTROCHEMISTRY-THEORY AND... Page 1 of 15 BRIEFING 1730 Plasma Spectrochemistry Theory and Practice. The Chemical Analysis Expert Committee proposes this new

More information

Classification of spectroscopic methods

Classification of spectroscopic methods Introduction Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between the electromagnetic radiation and the matter. Spectrophotometry is the measurement of these interactions i.e. the measurement of the intensity

More information

Complete the following. Clearly mark your answers. YOU MUST SHOW YOUR WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT.

Complete the following. Clearly mark your answers. YOU MUST SHOW YOUR WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT. CHEM 322 Name Exam 3 Spring 2013 Complete the following. Clearly mark your answers. YOU MUST SHOW YOUR WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT. Warm-up (3 points each). 1. In Raman Spectroscopy, molecules are promoted

More information

Atomization. In Flame Emission

Atomization. In Flame Emission FLAME SPECTROSCOPY The concentration of an element in a solution is determined by measuring the absorption, emission or fluorescence of electromagnetic by its monatomic particles in gaseous state in the

More information

Enhancing the productivity of food sample analysis with the Agilent 7700x ICP-MS

Enhancing the productivity of food sample analysis with the Agilent 7700x ICP-MS Enhancing the productivity of food sample analysis with the Agilent 77x ICP-MS Application note Foods testing Authors Sebastien Sannac, Jean Pierre Lener and Jerome Darrouzes Agilent Technologies Paris,

More information

Chemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling May 4, :30 -?? pm SES

Chemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling May 4, :30 -?? pm SES Chemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling May 4, 2011 3:30 -?? pm -- 4286 SES Please answer all questions in the answer book provided. Calculators, rulers, pens and pencils are permitted. No open books or

More information

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 8)

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 8) INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 8) Atomic spectroscopy techniques: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-Ray spectrometry Optical spectrometry: Elements in the sample are atomized

More information

Ultra-fast determination of base metals in geochemical samples using the 5100 SVDV ICP-OES

Ultra-fast determination of base metals in geochemical samples using the 5100 SVDV ICP-OES Ultra-fast determination of base metals in geochemical samples using the 5100 SVDV ICP-OES Application note Geochemistry, metals, mining Authors John Cauduro Agilent Technologies, Mulgrave, Australia Introduction

More information

25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry

25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry 25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry 25A INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS (1) source of radiant energy (2) wavelength selector (3) sample container (4) detector (5) signal processor and readout (a) (b) (c) Fig.

More information

Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204 Hg isobaric interference from 204 Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode

Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204 Hg isobaric interference from 204 Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode Lead isotope analysis: Removal of Hg isobaric interference from using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode Application note Authors Geochemistry and isotope analysis Glenn Woods Agilent Technologies, LDA UK Ltd., Stockport,

More information

Science Drivers. Spectroscopic Sensors. In Situ Sensors. Development of autonomous and remote platforms

Science Drivers. Spectroscopic Sensors. In Situ Sensors. Development of autonomous and remote platforms Science Drivers In Situ Sensors Spectroscopic Sensors Development of autonomous and remote platforms ROVs, AUVs Cabled observatories Desire to analyze targets with discrete stability regions in the deep

More information

Determination of Impurities in Silica Wafers with the NexION 300S/350S ICP-MS

Determination of Impurities in Silica Wafers with the NexION 300S/350S ICP-MS APPLICATION NOTE ICP - Mass Spectrometry Author Kenneth Ong PerkinElmer, Inc. Singapore Determination of Impurities in Silica Wafers with the NexION 300S/350S ICP-MS Introduction The control of impurity

More information

Modern Optical Spectroscopy

Modern Optical Spectroscopy Modern Optical Spectroscopy X-Ray Microanalysis Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ Backscattered

More information

Rapid and precise calcium isotope ratio determinations using the Apex-ACM desolvating inlet system with sector-field ICP-MS in low resolution

Rapid and precise calcium isotope ratio determinations using the Apex-ACM desolvating inlet system with sector-field ICP-MS in low resolution APEX-ACM Ca Ratios Rapid and precise calcium isotope ratio determinations using the Apex-ACM desolvating inlet system with sector-field ICP-MS in low resolution Abstract High resolution ICP-MS is used

More information

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. Second Semester Examination Academic Session 2004/2005. March KAA 502 Atomic Spectroscopy.

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. Second Semester Examination Academic Session 2004/2005. March KAA 502 Atomic Spectroscopy. UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Second Semester Examination Academic Session 2004/2005 March 2005 KAA 502 Atomic Spectroscopy Time: 3 hours Please make sure this paper consists of FIVE typed pages before answering

More information

ATOMIC SPECROSCOPY (AS)

ATOMIC SPECROSCOPY (AS) ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ATOMIC SPECROSCOPY (AS) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectreoscopy (FAAS) 2- Electrothermal ( Flame-less ) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

More information

The Easy Guide to: Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The Easy Guide to: Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) The Easy Guide to: Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) By Arianne Bazilio & Jacob Weinrich December 2012 Contents Introduction... 2 Sample Introduction... 3 Torch... 4 Interface... 6

More information

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ZEEnit P series

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ZEEnit P series Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ZEEnit P series Technical Data ZEEnit series Update 07/2014 OBue 1/ 5 ZEEnit P series Variable high-end AA Spectrometer with Deuterium and Zeeman Background Correction with

More information

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) CHEM53200: Lecture 10 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Major reference: Surface Analysis Edited by J. C. Vickerman (1997). 1 Primary particles may be: Secondary particles can be e s, neutral species

More information

Electron probe microanalysis - Electron microprobe analysis EPMA (EMPA) What s EPMA all about? What can you learn?

Electron probe microanalysis - Electron microprobe analysis EPMA (EMPA) What s EPMA all about? What can you learn? Electron probe microanalysis - Electron microprobe analysis EPMA (EMPA) What s EPMA all about? What can you learn? EPMA - what is it? Precise and accurate quantitative chemical analyses of micron-size

More information

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy CH 2252 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Unit IV Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Dr. M. Subramanian Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering

More information

SmartNotes. What is meant by the term interference?

SmartNotes. What is meant by the term interference? Interference Removal on ICP-OES icap 7000 Plus Series ICP-OES SmartNotes What is meant by the term interference? In ICP-OES we speak of interference when a result is biased either by other components in

More information

Trace elemental analysis solutions for your application. June 6, 2018

Trace elemental analysis solutions for your application. June 6, 2018 Trace elemental analysis solutions for your application June 6, 2018 Understanding how each technique works Components of instrument Selection Criteria Application Fields OUTLINE All these techniques can

More information

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy Modern atomic absorption spectrometers Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using

More information

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631 Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12 There are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry X-ray Techniques include:

More information

Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors

Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Med Phys 4RA3, 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 4-1 4.1. Basic principle of the scintillator Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Scintillator Light sensor Ionizing radiation Light (visible,

More information

Overview of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Overview of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Overview of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis AMPTEK, INC., Bedford, MA 01730 Ph: +1 781 275 2242 Fax: +1 781 275 3470 sales@amptek.com 1 What is X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)? A physical process: Emission of characteristic

More information

Determination the elemental composition of soil samples

Determination the elemental composition of soil samples 4. Experiment Determination the elemental composition of soil samples Objectives On this practice you will determine the elemental composition of soil samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission

More information

Multi-Element Analysis of Petroleum Crude Oils using an Agilent 7900 ICP-MS

Multi-Element Analysis of Petroleum Crude Oils using an Agilent 7900 ICP-MS Multi-Element Analysis of Petroleum Crude Oils using an Agilent 7900 ICP-MS Application note Energy and fuels Authors Jenny Nelson, Agilent Technologies, USA Ed McCurdy, Agilent Technologies, UK Introduction

More information

The ultratrace determination of iodine 129 in aqueous samples using the 7700x ICP-MS with oxygen reaction mode

The ultratrace determination of iodine 129 in aqueous samples using the 7700x ICP-MS with oxygen reaction mode The ultratrace determination of iodine in aqueous samples using the 7700x ICP-MS with oxygen reaction mode Application note Nuclear Authors Kazumi Nakano, Yasuyuki Shikamori, Naoki Sugiyama and Shinichiro

More information

MS Goals and Applications. MS Goals and Applications

MS Goals and Applications. MS Goals and Applications MS Goals and Applications 3 Several variations on a theme, three common steps Form gas-phase ions choice of ionization method depends on sample identity and information required Separate ions on basis

More information

Basic Digestion Principles

Basic Digestion Principles Basic Digestion Principles 1 From Samples to Solutions Direct Analytical Method Solid Sample Problems: Mech. Sample Preparation (Grinding, Sieving, Weighing, Pressing, Polishing,...) Solid Sample Autosampler

More information

Gaetano L Episcopo. Scanning Electron Microscopy Focus Ion Beam and. Pulsed Plasma Deposition

Gaetano L Episcopo. Scanning Electron Microscopy Focus Ion Beam and. Pulsed Plasma Deposition Gaetano L Episcopo Scanning Electron Microscopy Focus Ion Beam and Pulsed Plasma Deposition Hystorical background Scientific discoveries 1897: J. Thomson discovers the electron. 1924: L. de Broglie propose

More information

Fast Analysis of Water Samples Comparing Axially-and Radially- Viewed CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES

Fast Analysis of Water Samples Comparing Axially-and Radially- Viewed CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES Fast Analysis of Water Samples Comparing Axially-and Radially- Viewed CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES Application Note Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometers Author Tran T. Nham Introduction

More information

Ch. 9 Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Ch. 9 Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Ch. 9 Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 9.1 9A. Atomization Most fundamental for both techniques. Typical types 1. flame - burner type 2. Electrothermal graphite furnace 3. Specialized

More information

Determination of major, minor and trace elements in rice fl our using the 4200 Microwave Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES) Authors

Determination of major, minor and trace elements in rice fl our using the 4200 Microwave Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES) Authors Determination of major, minor and trace elements in rice flour using the 4200 Microwave Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES) Application note Food testing Authors John Cauduro Agilent Technologies,

More information

110 Lowell Rd Hudson, NH USA Tel:

110 Lowell Rd Hudson, NH USA Tel: 110 Lowell Rd Hudson, NH 03051 USA Tel: 603-886-8400 www.teledyneleemanlabs.com Product Descriptions and Offerings Teledyne Leeman Labs is a leading innovator of analytical instrumentation for elemental

More information

Because light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.

Because light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency. Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light

More information

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Nilanjan Chatterjee

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Nilanjan Chatterjee Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. Nilanjan Chatterjee Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) Imaging and micrometer-scale chemical compositional analysis of solids Signals produced in The Electron

More information

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY IFM The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology LAB 57 EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY NAME PERSONAL NUMBER DATE APPROVED I. OBJECTIVES - Understand the principle of atomic emission spectra. - Know how to acquire

More information

Product Descriptions and Offerings

Product Descriptions and Offerings Product Descriptions and Offerings Teledyne Leeman Labs is a leading innovator of analytical instrumentation for elemental analysis. Laboratories in industries ranging from environmental science, oil and

More information

Pros and Cons of Water Analysis Methods

Pros and Cons of Water Analysis Methods Water Lens, LLC 4265 San Felipe, Suite 1100 Houston, Texas 77027 Office: (844) 987-5367 www.waterlensusa.com Pros and Cons of Water Analysis Methods Prepared by: Adam Garland, CTO Water Lens, LLC ICP-MS/OES

More information

object objective lens eyepiece lens

object objective lens eyepiece lens Advancing Physics G495 June 2015 SET #1 ANSWERS Field and Particle Pictures Seeing with electrons The compound optical microscope Q1. Before attempting this question it may be helpful to review ray diagram

More information

U.S. EPA SW-846 Method 6010C using the Prodigy High Dispersion ICP

U.S. EPA SW-846 Method 6010C using the Prodigy High Dispersion ICP Prodigy ICP Application Note: 1035 U.S. EPA SW-846 Method 6010C using the Prodigy High Dispersion ICP Introduction This Application Note describes the capability of the Teledyne Leeman Labs Prodigy High

More information

The 30-Minute Guide to ICP-MS

The 30-Minute Guide to ICP-MS TECHNICAL NOTE The 30-Minute Guide to ICP-MS ICP - Mass Spectrometry A Worthy Member of the Atomic Spectroscopy Team For nearly 30 years, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been

More information

Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry

Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry Second Edition MICHAEL THOMPSON, BSc, PhD, ARCS, CChem., FRSC Department of Chemistry Birkbeck College University of London J. NICHOLAS WALSH, BSc, PhD

More information

DETERMINATIONS OF THE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH HEAVY METALS

DETERMINATIONS OF THE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH HEAVY METALS 7 th INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE Baia Mare, Romania, May 17-18, 2007 ISSN-1224-3264 DETERMINATIONS OF THE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH HEAVY METALS Mariana Dobra, Vasile Viman,

More information

Skoog Chapter 6 Introduction to Spectrometric Methods

Skoog Chapter 6 Introduction to Spectrometric Methods Skoog Chapter 6 Introduction to Spectrometric Methods General Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation (EM) Wave Properties of EM Quantum Mechanical Properties of EM Quantitative Aspects of Spectrochemical

More information

Extrel Application Note

Extrel Application Note Extrel Application Note Real-Time Plasma Monitoring and Detection of Trace H 2 O and HF Species in an Argon Based Plasma Jian Wei, 575 Epsilon Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238. (Presented at the 191st Electrochemical

More information

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR-603203 EI 2302 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS QUESTION BANK UNIT I COLORIMETRY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Part A 1. State Lambert

More information