General Chemistry Unit 4 (2017)

Transcription

1 General Chemistry Unit 4 (2017) Families (research and present) Metals/nonmetals Trends o Atomic radius / Ionic radius o Electronegativity o Electron affinity o Ionization energy o Metallic and nonmetallic character Ions Oxidation #s 1

2 Periodic Table History 350 B.C. Aristotle elements Fire, Water, Air, By 1700 elements were known wrote the first extensive list of elements (German chemist)noticed that Br, Cl, and I had similar properties and that Br atomic weight was between that of Cl and I. He called these groups Other triads of Dobereiner Ca Sr Ba S Se Te Li Na K 1864 (English chemist) arranged the now known 62 elements from to. He also noticed that every element had similar chemical and physical properties. Their properties were repeating. This became known as (based on the 8 notes of the musical scale} 2

3 1869 (Russian chemist) organized elements by atomic also but made it into table form to help his students. Elements with similar properties were put in the same. He was considered the of the Modern Periodic Table. He left blanks where elements seemed to be missing. There were places where heavier elements came before lighter elements because of properties: Te - I, Co - Ni - He felt the mistake was in measuring the mass and this would be corrected with further research. This gave rise to the, Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic mass 1913 (English chemist and student of Ernest Rutherford) arranged elements by atomic (# of protons and also # of electrons) This gave rise to the, Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic number Glenn Seaborg ( ) Discovered new elements Only living person for whom an element was named The Language of Chemistry The elements, their names and symbols are given on the. How many elements are there? 117 elements have been identified 82 elements occur naturally on Earth 35 elements have been created by scientists 3

4 Periodic Table Terminology / series = Horizontal rows / Family = Vertical columns Metals Located to the of the stairstep line Characteristics electrons to form ions ( ) Shiny Good conductors of heat and electricity React with acid Most metallic element = Nonmetals Located to the of the stairstep line Characteristics Tend to (take in) electrons to form ( ) Dull Poor conductors of heat and electricity Good Most reactive nonmetal = 4

5 Metalloids Located and the stairstep line except At and Al Characteristics Tend to or electrons Shiny and dull Good and poor conductors of heat and electricity Malleable and brittle 5

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7 Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids Define the following terms/physical properties & determine how you can test a sample for this property. 1) Malleability 2) Luster 3) Conductivity 4) For reactivity with acid, how will you determine if a chemical reaction has occurred? Purpose: To classify unknown samples as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on the observed characteristics. Use the procedures you described above to test each physical property of the samples. To test the chemical property (reaction w/ acid) place a small piece of the sample into a test tube and then add 5-10 drops of acid. Record your observations in the table on the next page. 7

8 Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids Table Sample Color Luster (lustrous) Malleability (malleable) Conductivity Reaction w/ acid Classification A B C D E F G See p in your book for the basic properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Then classify each of your samples as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. 8

9 Family Name Hydrogen Families on the Periodic Table List Elements (Solid/Liquid/Gas) (Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal) Characteristics Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Other Metals (Post transition) Metalloids 9

10 Family Name Other Non metals List Elements (Solid/Liquid/Gas) (Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal) Characteristics Halogens Noble Gases Lanthanoids (Inner transition metals) Actinoids (Inner transition metals) New Elements 10

11 Periodic Table Unit PowerPoint Directions for Presentation: 1. Start with Click on the family (in the legend area of the website) that you have been assigned. Take down information on your worksheet. Hydrogen group click directly on the Hydrogen square on the periodic table. Also go to webelements.com to get information. 2. Transition Metals, Lanthanoids, and Actinoids for the elements in the family list the range of atomic numbers --- do not name them all!! Example: Transition metals range from and. 3. Go to 1 other website search for your family in a search engine to find information. For other information, uses is good information to include. Anything unusual or unique for that family would also be good in include. 4. Make the information into a powerpoint have at least 5-7 slides. Use 20 words per slide and bullet the information. 5. Each slide is to have at least one picture and at least one motion and/or transition. 6. Store your information in my teacher file inbox in the correct class file. Once you submit it, you will not be able to see it in my inbox. Periodic Table Family Powerpoint Slide information: 1. Title slide with your names and name of periodic table family 2. Image of where your family is on the periodic table 3. States of matter of your family at room temperature and any physical characteristics (see periodic table in classroom) Black = solid Blue = liquid Red = gas (at room temperature) 4. Oxidation # and Valance Shell electrons 5. Reactivity 6. Interesting facts and/or uses 11

12 Oral Presentation Rubric: Periodic Table Families Names Category Content Collaboration with Peers Comprehension Listens to Other Presentation Creativity and Completeness Shows a full understanding of the family, telling how they are similar and different. Almost always listens to, shares with, and supports the efforts of others in the group. Tries to keep people working well together. Student is able to accurately answer almost all questions posed by classmates about the topic. Listens intently. Does not make distracting noises or movements. Student shows considerable work/creativity which makes the presentation better. Shows a good understanding of the topic. Usually listens to, shares with, and supports the efforts of others in the group. Does not cause waves in the group. Student is able to accurately answer most questions posed by classmates about the topic. Listens intently but has one distracting noise or movement. Student shows good work/creativity which makes the presentation better. Shows a good understanding of parts of the topic. Usually listens to, shares with, and supports the efforts of others in the group but sometimes is not a good team player. Student is able to accurately answer almost all a few questions posed by classmates about the topic. Sometimes does not appear to be listening but is not distracting. Student does not provide enough information or shows little work or creativity. Does not seem to understand the topic very well. Rarely listens to, shares with, and supports the efforts of others in the group. Often is not a good team member. Student is unable to accurately answer almost all questions posed by classmates about the topic. Sometimes does not appear to be listening and has made several distracting noises and/or movements. Not enough work was done on this project. It is incomplete. Score / 10 Comments: 12

13 Element Pennant Your job is to create a pennant representing the element you have chosen. This pennant must include: Name of the element Symbol of the element Atomic number Average atomic mass State of matter the element is commonly found in Physical description (color and luster) (shiny, dull, translucent, opaque) Density ( also hard, soft, ductile, malleable) Reactivity Conductivity Number of electrons in outer energy level Types of compounds commonly formed Make your pennant colorful and exciting to look at while presenting the information about your element. 13

14 Element Pennant Rubric Name Category Content Creativity and Completeness Presentation of Pennant Listens to Other Presentation Student shows all pertinent information. Student shows considerable work/creativity. Project is complete. Student talks loud enough for everyone to hear. Pronounces words correctly. Listens intently. Does not make distracting noises or movements. Student shows almost all pertinent information (missing 1 or 2 facts) Student shows good work/creativity. Project is complete. Student talks loud enough for everyone to hear most of the time. Pronounces words correctly. Listens intently but has one distracting noise or movement. Student shows some pertinent information (missing 3 or 4 facts) Student shows little work or creativity. Project is mostly complete. Student talks loud enough about ½ the time and pronounces most words correctly. Sometimes does not appear to be listening but is not distracting. Student shows information but is missing more than 5 facts. Student has done almost no work. It is incomplete. Student talks too soft making it difficult to hear. Mispronounces many words. Sometimes does not appear to be listening and has made several distracting noises and/or movements. Score / 8 Comments: 14

15 Trends A trend = Atomic radius = Electronegativity = Ionization Energy = Density = Boiling Point = 15

16 Periodic Trends 16

17 Atomic Radius Electronegativity Ionization Energy Density Boiling Poiint 17

18 Atomic Radius "Periodic Properties" the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together. Left to right across the periodic table 1. Electron electron Makes radius larger Very weak interactions 2. Proton electron Makes radius smaller Very strong interactions Down a group/family 3. Energy level, n, from top to bottom Radius gets larger by adding large amount of electrons Think Bohr model (adding rings) Proton electron attraction is a million times stronger than electron electron repulsion From Left to Right across the Periodic Table, the Atomic Radius gets smaller. 18

19 Ionization Energy The energy required to one electron from a neutral atom. Electronegativity The ability of an atom to electrons. Most electronegative element is F (fluorine). It is assigned the number 4. All other values are based on this value. Periodic Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Atomic Radii Ionization Energy Electronegativity 1. Which has the bigger radius? K or Cu Po or S 2. Which has the smaller electronegativity? Al or Cl Sr or Ba 3. Which has the higher ionization energy? B or F N or Sb 19

20 Metallic Character 1. ionization energy (easy to remove electrons) 2. electronegativities (don t attract electrons) 3. Luster shiny 4. conductor of electricity and heat 5. and ductile Most metallic element = NonMetallic Character 1. ionization energy (hard to remove electrons) 2. electronegativities (attract electrons) 3. or no metallic luster 4. electrical and thermal conductors 5. solids Most nonmetallic element = Metalloid Character 1. Characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. 2. between those of metals and nonmetals. 3. energies between those of metals and nonmetals. 4. Boiling pts, Melting pts and vary widely. Example: Silicon luster conductor 20

21 Review of ions: Cations: Anions: 21

22 Cations Anions Why? Why? 22

23 1. Which has the bigger radius? Li or F Mg or Ba 2. Which has the smaller radius? Al or P Rb or Fr 3. Which has the higher ionization energy? Ca or Ni As or Bi 4. Which has the lower ionization energy? Ga or Tl Y or Ag 5. Which has the higher electronegativity? Au or Po Ge or Pb 6. Which has the lower electronegativity? Sc or Fe C or Sn 23

24 Periodic Table Trends Review Worksheet For each of the following, circle the correct element 1. Li Si S Metal 2. N P As Smallest Ionization Energy 3. K Ca Sc Largest Atomic Mass 4. S Cl Ar Member of the Halogen Family 5. Al Si P Greatest Metallic Characteristics 6. Ga Al B Largest Atomic Radius 7. V Nb Ta Largest Atomic Number 8. Te I Xe Member of Noble Gases 9. Si Ge Sn Has electrons in 4 energy levels 10. Li Be B Member of Alkali Metals 11. As Se Br Largest Electronegativity 12. H Li Na Nonmetal 13. Hg Tl Pb Member of Transition Metals 14. Na Mg Al Electron distribution ending in s 2 p Sb Bi Pb Metalloid 16. B C N Greatest Nonmetal characteristics 17. Ca Sc Ti Electron distribution ending in s 2 d Be K Ga Member of the Alkaline Earth Metals 19. Si Al P Semiconductor 20. F Cl I Smallest Radius 24

25 Name Class Period Ion Practice 1. An isotope has 106 proton, 157 neutrons, and 106 electrons: a. Write the nuclear symbol for this isotope b. What is the name of this element? c. Is this an atom or an ion? d. What is the mass number of this isotope e. What is the atomic number? f. What is the net charge? 2. An isotope has 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 28 electrons: a. Write the hyphen notation for this isotope b. What is the name of this element? c. Is this an atom or an ion? d. What is the mass number of this isotope e. What is the atomic number? f. What is the net charge? 3. a. The species 104 Rh 3+ has protons, neutrons and electrons b. The species 12 C has protons, neutrons and electrons c. The species 130 Te -2 has protons, neutrons and electrons 4. Which element will produce an ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?. 5. Which element will produce an ion with 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 18 electrons?. 25

26 6. a. A Calcium atom will (lose or gain) electrons. How many? Is the calcium atom bigger or smaller than the calcium ion? b. A Francium atom will (lose or gain) electrons. How many? Is the francium atom bigger or smaller than the francium ion? c. A Fluorine atom will (lose or gain) electrons. How many? Is the fluorine atom bigger or smaller than the fluorine ion? d. A Oxygen atom will (lose or gain) electrons. How many? Is the oxygen atom bigger or smaller than the oxygen ion? e. A Carbon atom will (lose or gain) electrons. How many? Is the carbon atom bigger or smaller than the carbon ion? 7. Considering a 26 Mg atom and and a 26 Mg 2+ ion, label the following true or false: They both have the same number of protons They both have the same number of electrons They both have the same number of neutrons The magnesium ion has 14 electrons and the magnesium atom as 10 electrons The net charge on the magnesium ion is +2 The Bohr model of the magnesium ion has 0 electrons in the outer most shell. The Mg 2+ ion is larger than the Mg atom. 26

27 Chemistry Review Unit 4 (62 pts.) 1. What contribution did the following people make to the creation of the periodic table: a. Newlands: b. Mendeleev: c. Moseley: d. Dobereiner: 2. What does the new periodic law state? 3. In the periodic table, the vertical columns are called and the horizontal rows are called. 4. Elements in the same group have the same number of. 5. What family of the periodic table is the most stable because their valence shell is full of electrons? 6. Give three properties of metals: 7. Give three properties of nonmetals: 8. What is ionization energy? 9. Why does the ionization energy decrease as you move down a group? 10. Why does the atomic radius increase as you move down a group? 11. As you move across a period, the decreases and the, and increases. 27

28 12. As you move down a group, the atomic radius and the ionization energy, and electronegativity. For questions #13-36, use the following elements to answer the questions. Elements may be used more than once and for some questions, there will be more than one answer. Na Si Br Au Ne Sb H Ga S Ca Es Pa Cl Ba Li He Xe Fr F Al 13. The most reactive metal: 14. The most reactive nonmetal: 15. A metal: 16. A nonmetal: 17. A metalloid: 18. A halogen: 19. An alkali metal: 20. An alkaline earth metal: 21. A noble gas: 22. A transition metal: 23. A post transition metal: 24. An inner transition metal: 25. Other nonmetal: 26. In a family all by itself: 27. Radioactive: 28. Made in a laboratory: 29. A gas: 30. Found in a free-state (not part of a compound): 31. Has multiple oxidation states: 32. The only noble gas that does not contain eight valence electrons: 33. Has the same number of valence electrons as Nitrogen: 34. Has the same oxidation state as Potassium: 35. Has an oxidation state of -1: 36. Has 4 valence electrons: 28

29 Common Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic Ion Name Formula Charge Ammonium NH 4 1+ Acetate C 2 H 3 O 2 1- Bromate BrO 3 1- Bicarbonate HCO 3 1- Chlorate ClO 3 1- Cyanide CN 1- Hydroxide OH 1- Iodate IO 3 1- Manganate MnO 3 1- Nitrate NO 3 1- Carbonate CO 3 2- Chromate CrO 4 2- Sulfate SO 4 2- Phosphate PO

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