Welcome to Human Anatomy & Physiology BI Fall 2012

Transcription

1 Welcome to Human Anatomy & Physiology BI Fall 2012 Instructor: Office: Phone: Office Hours: Mike LeMaster 011 Natural Sciences lemastm@wou.edu (x8-8136) M / W / F: 10:00 11:00 am; T: 9:00 11:00 am Lectures: MWF: 9:00 9:50 am HWC 105 Labs: No Lab = See Me! NS 006 Anatomical examination of histology and body systems Prepared slides; anatomical models; human cadavers Computer-based physiological experiments Required Text: Anatomy and Physiology Marieb and Hoehn (4 th ed.) Optional Text: A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology Lab Page 1 1

2 2 Grading: Testing Format: Exam 1 (12 Oct) 75 Exam 2 (29 Oct) 75 Exam 3 (16 Nov) 75 Final (4 Dec) 125 Laboratory Multiple choice True/False Matching (w/ diagrams) Fill-in-the-blank / Short answer Grading Scale (approximate): % = A 65-55% = D 90-80% = B < 55% = F 80-65% = C * Curve may be utilized at end if average falls below 73% Web Site: How to get the most out of BI234: 1) Come to class 2) Read the book before lecture 3) Do your best in lab (It s 30% of your grade!) 4) Seek understanding of concepts. talk to your professor visit the tutoring center start a study group 5) Stay Healthy! 6) Apply what you learn! = 1 Hour The Warning: If you take any medicines that have nitrates in them (e.g., nitroglycerin for chest pain), you should NOT take VIAGRA. antioxidants Page 2

3 3 What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy: Study of internal / external structure and the physical relationships between body parts Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification ) Cytology = Study of cells Histology = Study of tissues Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye ) Regional Anatomy = Study of structures in particular region (e.g., arm) ic Anatomy = Study of organ systems Surface Anatomy = Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions Physical / chemical factors Cell physiology Special physiology physiology The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function...) 1) Cellular level Molecular interactions 2) Tissue level Similar cells specific function 3) Organ level 2 tissues specific function 5) Organism level Organ systems = life 4) Organ system level 2 organs specific function Marieb & Hoehn Figure 1.1 Page 3

4 Organ s: (BI 234) Skeletal Immune Integumentary Muscular Marieb & Hoehn Figure 1.3 Organ s: (BI 235) Endocrine Nervous Cardiovascular Marieb & Hoehn Figure 1.3 Page 4 4

5 Organ s: (BI 236) Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Marieb & Hoehn Figure 1.3 Remember: Organ systems work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body Example: ATP production Food O 2 CO 2 CO 2 O 2 Respiratory system: Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Digestive system: Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter Nutrients Cardiovascular system: Distributes oxygen and nutrients to all cells; delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Marieb & Hoehn Figure 1.2 Feces Urine Page 5 5

6 Feedback Regulatory Function: For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be maintained regardless of external conditions The principle function of regulatory systems is to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment (Cannon early 20 th century) Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium) Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state) Conditions maintained via feedback systems Feedback : autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation Body Temp = 96.5º Information (-) Input (Set Point) (98.6º) Control Center Output (Hypothalamus) Receptor (transducer) Effector (Muscles) (Change in system) Negative Feedback: Drives system toward set point (e.g., temperature regulation) (Body heats up) Effect (Shivering) Most common type of feedback system found in the human body Page 6 6

7 Feedback Feedback : autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation Cervix stretches Information (+) Input (Set Point) Control Center Output (Hypothalamus) Receptor (transducer) Effector (Posterior Pituitary) (Change in system) Positive Feedback: Drives system away from set point (e.g., child birth) (Uterine contractions intensify) Rare type of feedback system found in the human body Effect ( oxytocin release) THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Page 7 7

8 Chemistry Atom: Fundamental structural unit of matter Composed of: 1) Protons: Positively charged; located in nucleus 2) Neutrons: No charge; located in nucleus 3) Electrons: Negatively charged; orbit nucleus Electrically neutral (# protons = # electrons) Marieb & Hoehn Figure 2.2 Chemistry Element: Unique substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances via ordinary chemical means 9.5% Elemental Composition of Human Body: 18.5% 3% 65% < 4% (Table 2.1) (Periodic Table) Page 8 8

9 Chemistry Interaction among atoms depends on electron arrangements: Electron Shells: Regions of space occupied by electrons around nucleus Molecule: Chemical structures containing > 1 atom Oxygen (O 2 ) Water (H 2 O) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 1 st shell = 2 electrons Subsequent shells = 8 electrons Stable Atoms: Outermost electron shell full Inert gases (e.g., helium, neon) Compound: Chemical structures containing multiple elements Water (H 2 O) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Atoms held together via chemical bonds... Neon (Ne) Carbon (C) Reactive Atoms: Outermost shell partially full (e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) Marieb & Hoehn Figure 2.5 Chemistry Types of Chemical Bonds: 1) Ionic Bond: Attractive force between atoms that have lost / gained electrons (electron transfer ions) + - Attraction via charge difference (+ vs -) Cation: Ion with positive charge sodium (Na + ); potassium (K + ) calcium (Ca ++ ); magnesium (Mg ++ ) Anion: Ion with negative charge chloride (Cl - ); bicarbonate (HCO 3- ) biphosphate(hpo 2-4 ); sulfate (SO 2-4 ) Form crystals Dissociate in water Marieb & Hoehn Figure 2.6 Page 9 9

10 10 Chemistry Marieb & Hoehn Figure 2.7 Types of Chemical Bonds: 2) Covalent Bond: Attractive force between atoms that share electrons May form double and triple bonds Strong bond Most common bond (biological molecules) - + Non-polar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons Chemistry Types of Chemical Bonds: 3) Hydrogen Bond: Attractive force between polar molecules (attraction via charge difference) Surface Tension Hydrophobic = water fearing (non-polar) e.g., H 2 O Hydrophilic = water loving (polar / ion) Marieb & Hoehn Figure 2.10 Page 10

11 11 Chemistry Chemical Reaction: The making / breaking of chemical bonds Metabolism = Sum of all chemical reactions in body Basic Energy Concepts: Energy: The capacity to do work (put matter into motion ) Kinetic Energy = Energy in motion (e.g., muscle contraction) Potential Energy = Stored energy (e.g., ATP) Kinetic Energy 1st Law of Thermodynamics Not 100% Efficient Heat 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Potential Energy Chemistry Classes of Chemical Reactions: 1) Decomposition Reactions Molecule broken into smaller units (catabolism) Exergonic Reaction: Reaction liberates energy Endergonic Reaction: Reaction required energy (Cellular Respiration) C 6 H 12 O 6 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + Energy 2) Synthesis Reactions Large molecules assembled from smaller units (anabolism) Energy + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 (Photosynthesis) 3) Exchange Reactions Reacting molecules shuffled around Many biological reactions are reversible NaOH + HCl H 2 O + NaCl A + B AB (balanced at equilibrium) Page 11

12 Important Compounds in Body: Inorganic Molecules (contain no carbon skeleton): 1) Gases: O 2 / CO 2 ; Consumed / produced during cellular respiration 2) Water Extremely important (body 2/3 water): Excellent solvent (dissolves ions / polar molecules) High heat capacity (moderates temperature ) 3) Salts (cation + anion): Function as electrolytes (e.g., table salt (NaCl)) 4) Acids and Bases: Acids release hydrogen ion (H + ) HCl H + + Cl - Bases take up hydrogen ion (H + ) Chemistry Buffer: Compounds that stabilize ph (e.g. bicarbonate) Essential reactant (e.g., hydrolysis) Lubricant (low friction interactions) NaOH Na + + OH - OH - + H + H 2 O ph based on free H + in solution Important Compounds in Body: Organic Molecules (contain carbon skeleton): 1) Carbohydrates (C,H,O 1:2:1): Function: Energy source Chemistry Marieb & Hoehn Figures 2.15 / 2.16 / 2.19 Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) Disaccharides (e.g., lactose) Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen) 2) Lipids (C,H,O): Water insoluble (hydrophobic) Function: Energy storage (e.g., fats) Structure (e.g., phospholipids) Hormones (e.g., steroids) 3) Proteins (C,H,O,N): Composed of amino acid chains Function: Support (e.g. collagen) Transport (e.g. hemoglobin) Movement (e.g. actin) Catalysts (e.g. enzymes) Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids / Eicosanoids Defense (e.g. antibodies) Page 12 12

13 13 Chemistry Marieb & Hoehn Figures 2.22 / 2.23 Important Compounds in Body: Organic Compounds (contain carbon skeleton): 4) Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P): Composed of nucleotides Function: Store information (DNA / RNA) 5) High Energy Compounds: Contain high-energy bonds Function: Short-term energy storage ATP Energy currency of cell THE CELL Page 13

14 14 Cell Structure / Function Plasma Membrane Structure: 1) Phospholipid bilayer Functional barrier 2) Integral proteins Transport proteins Identification proteins Anchor proteins Receptor proteins Enzymes Molecules enter / exit cells through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins 3) Cholesterol Membrane fluidity cholesterol = fluidity / permeability Cell Structure / Function Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple diffusion: Movement from high [solute] to low [solute] Requires no energy Molecules are: 1) Lipid-soluble (enter via phospholipids) 2) Small (enter via channel proteins) Osmosis: Movement of water from [high] to [low] across a semi-permeable membrane Marieb & Hoehn Figures 3.7 / 3.8 Page 14

15 Cell Structure / Function Marieb & Hoehn Figure 3.9 Solute concentration critical to water balance in cells: Hypotonic Isotonic [inside] = [outside] [inside] > [outside] Hypertonic [inside] < [outside] Cell Structure / Function Marieb & Hoehn Figures 3.7 / 3.11 Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple diffusion 2) Filtration: (requires no energy) Substances pushed through membrane via hydrostatic pressure (e.g., kidney) 3) Carrier-mediated transport: a) Facilitated diffusion: b) Active transport: Passive transportation via proteins Movement of solutes against [gradient] Molecules too large for simple diffusion (e.g., glucose) Requires no energy Requires transport proteins Requires energy (energy = ATP) Page 15 15

16 16 Cell Structure / Function Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple Diffusion 2) Filtration 3) Carrier-mediated transport 4) Vesicular transport Exocystosis Molecules enter / exit via vesicle formation (energy required) Endocytosis: Material enters into cell (e.g., bacteria) Exocytosis: Material exits cell (e.g., cellular waste) Phagocytosis Marieb & Hoehn Figures 3.13 / 3.14 Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Endocystosis Cell Organelles: Cell Structure / Function Endoplasmic reticulum Marieb & Hoehn Figures 3.2 Nucleus 1) Cytoskeleton: Internal protein framework (microfilaments / microtubules) 2) Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis (rrna / proteins) Mitochondrion Lysosome 3) Endoplasmic reticulum: Membranous network (intracellular storage / transport) Ribosomes Rough ER = Protein synthesis Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus 4) Golgi apparatus: Packages / modifies / ships proteins Plasma membrane 5) Lysosomes: Site of intracellular digestion (contain hydrolytic enzymes) 6) Mitochondria: Site of ATP synthesis (aerobic respiration) 7) Nucleus: Houses genetic information (site of ribosome assembly) Page 16

17 17 Cell Structure / Function Cell Growth & Reproduction: Cell Cycle: Central Dogma of Biology: DNA RNA Protein Transcription (nucleus) Translation (cytoplasm) Mitosis: Parental cell 2 Daughter cells (Full DNA) Meiosis: Parental cell 4 Daughter cells (1/2 DNA) Marieb & Hoehn Figures 3.31 / 3.34 Page 17