Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
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1 Atomic Absorption & Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Sample Atomization Atomic Absorption (AA) Atomic Fluorescence (AF) - Both AA and AF require a light source - Like Molecular Absorption & Fluorescence, in AA high intensity is NOT required, in AF high intensity results in greater sensitivity
2 occurs in flame, plasma, etc. Molecular emission is generally unwanted & can cause interference AA AE AE
3 They re HOT!
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8 AA Slot Burner and Flame
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10 Sample introduction for solutions: 1) Pneumatic nebulizers 2) Ultrasonic nebulizers 3) Electrothermal vaporizers 4) Hydride generation - 3 BH H H 3 AsO 3 3 H 3 BO AsH H 2 O 5) Cold vapor generation Hg 2+ + Sn 2+ Hg o + Sn 4+
11 There are many possible variations for the hydride generation apparatus
12 Interferences in AA can be Spectral atomic spectral lines overlap or are too close to resolve these are rare & generally well known or characterized Matrix scattering of radiation during atomization (smoke), enhancement by matrix elements, structured background handled by background correction Chemical reactions that take place to alter the analyte (like Ca atoms reacting with PO 4 to form a new species) change conditions
13 Background Correction in AA Two-Line correction (not very common) Continuous source correction (very common) Zeeman background correction (common for graphite furnace instruments) Smith-Hieftje correction (relatively new 83)
14 Normal or idealized situation for the absorption of source radiation in AA Problems arise if the sample absorption is interfered with by a matrix component - sloped baseline - overlapping molecular band Background correction is then needed
15 here & here Normally assume baseline is flat not structured. In the absence of peak would have flat baseline Peak height easily measured What if baseline is sloped? How is peak height measured? Need measurement of baseline What if the baseline is really a mess? Use Background Correction
16 The AA source (HCL or EDL) tells us the absorbance at the λ of interest Using another light source will allow us to determine the background absorbance Typically we are interested in points on either side of the peak
17 line source for AA continuum source for background correction
18 UV-vis Molecular Absorption Attempt to use continuum source for Atomic Absorption This shows (bottom ) that a continuum source is not suitable for AA. However, it will work for background correction. The atomic line absorbs minimally, but the background on either side of the line will be measured
19 The Zeeman effect splits the absorption peak in a magnetic field & shifts absorption to higher & lower wavelength. The new absorption peaks interact differently with polarized light allowing analyte & background absorbance to be measured
20 The Smith-Hieftje technique splits the HCL line Self-reversal or Self-absorption
21 Another type of matrix interference not alleviated by background correction involves variable amounts of analyte ionization in flames or plasmas
22 One other factor (other than temp.) that influences degree of ionization is the presence of another easily ionized species. Here K enhances the Sr AA signal by suppressing Sr ionization
23 Atomic Fluorescence use an intense light source to excite AF of elements in a flame or plasma.
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25 Emission Spectroscopy Using Plasmas, Arcs or Sparks Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Direct Current Plasma (DCP) Arcs and Sparks Plasma = hot ionized gas or region with such a significant number of charged species as to dramatically change its electrical & magnetic properties. Often called the 4 th state of matter.
26 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
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28 ICP Torch with sample introduction system (nebulizer and spray chamber)
29 An alternate means of getting sample into ICP
30 ICP Temps. The viewing area for each element is typically reported as mm above the load coil
31 Direct Current Plasma (DCP) Torch Lab will involve use of DCP for multielement analysis
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