FORCED CONVECTION GREENHOUSE PAPAD DRYING: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

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1 Journal of Enginring Scinc and Tchnology Vol. 8, No. 2 (2013) School of Enginring, Taylor s Unirsity FORCED CONVECTION GREENHOUSE PAPAD DRYING: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY MAHESH KUMAR Mchanical Enginring Dpartmnt, Guru Jambhshwar Unirsity of Scinc & Tchnology, Hisar , Haryana, India mkshandilya1@gmail.com Abstract In this rsarch papr, th bhaior of hat and mass transfr phnomnon during grnhous papad drying undr forcd conction mod has bn instigatd. Various xprimnts wr prformd during th month of April 2010 at Guru Jambhshwar Unirsity of Scinc and Tchnology Hisar (29 o 5 5 N 75 o E). Exprimntal data obtaind for forcd conction grnhous drying of papad wr usd to dtrmin th constants in th Nusslt numbr xprssion by using th simpl linar rgrssion analysis and, consquntly, th alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr aluatd. Th arag alus of xprimntal constants C and n wr dtrmind as and rspctily. Th arag alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr dtrmind as W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C rspctily. Th xprimntal rror in trms of prcntag uncrtainty was also aluatd. Kywords: Papad, Papad drying, Hat transfr cofficint, Concti, Eaporati, Forcd conction grnhous. 1. Introduction Papad is th most popular adjuncts in th dit and it is consumd in most Indian homs. India is th largst papad producing country and about 95 prcntag of th total production of papad is prpard at houshold ll or in cottag scal. It is prpard from dough consisting of diffrnt pulss flour along with additis. It is prpard by rolling th dough balls of low moistur contnts (27% to 30%) by using rolling pin in th form of circular disc (130 mm to 210 mm diamtr) of thicknss gnrally arying from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm [1-3]. Papad drying is a simultanous hat and mass transfr procss in which hat is transfrrd by 177

2 178 M. Kumar Nomnclaturs A t Ara of tray, m 2 C Exprimntal constant C Spcific hat of humid air, J/kg o C g Acclration du to graity, m/s 2 h c Concti hat transfr cofficint, W/m 2 o C h c,a Arag concti hat transfr cofficint, W/m 2 o C h Eaporati hat transfr cofficint, W/m 2 o C h,a Arag aporati hat transfr cofficint, W/m 2 o C K Thrmal conductiity of humid air, W/m o C m Mass aporatd, kg N Numbr of obsrations in ach st N o Numbr of sts Nu Nusslt numbr = h c X/K n Exprimntal constant P(T) Partial apor prssur at tmpratur T, N/m 2 Pr Prandtl numbr = µ C /K Q & Rat of hat utilizd to aporat moistur, J/m 2 s R Rynolds numbr = ρ V X/µ T Tmpratur just abo th papad surfac, o C T g Grnhous tmpratur, o C T p Tmpratur of papad surfac, o C t Tim, s V Air locity insid grnhous, m/s X Charactristic dimnsion, m Grk Symbols β Cofficint of olumtric xpansion (K -1 ) γ Rlati humidity (%) λ Latnt hat of aporization, J/kg µ Dynamic iscosity of humid air, N s/m 2 ρ Dnsity of humid air, kg/m 3 σ Standard diation conction and radiation to papad-air intrfac and by conduction to th intrior of papad. Watr is transfrrd by diffusion from insid th papad to papad-air intrfac and from th intrfac to th air stram by conction. Thus, papad drying inols rmoal of moistur in ordr to prsr it. Opn sun drying is th most primiti (traditional) mthod of papad drying. Howr, this traditional mthod of drying suffrs from high product losss du to inadquat drying, fungal growth, ncroachmnts of inscts, rodnts, birds, and othr contamination rsulting in poor product quality. In spit of many disadantags, opn sun drying is still practicd in placs throughout th world. Although th hot air industrial drirs ar aailabl to gt th good quality of th product but thy consum larg amount of nrgy. Th scarcity of fossil fuls with thir rising cost of production and nironmntal pollution mphasiz th nd on th utilization of solar nrgy as an altrnati sourc for low tmpratur drying applications, spcially in th rgions, whr this sourc is

3 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study 179 abundantly aailabl. Solar nrgy is prfrrd to othr nrgy sourcs bcaus it is abundant, non-pollutant, inxhaustibl, nironmntally bnign, fr of cost, and rnwabl which can b ffctily usd for drying purposs, if harstd proprly [4-6]. An adancd and altrnati tchniqu to th traditional mthod is grnhous drying, in which th product is placd in trays and rcis solar radiation through th plastic cor, whil moistur is rmod by natural conction or forcd air flow. Th uss of appropriat grnhous dryrs impro th quality of th product, prnt th contamination by inscts, microorganisms and bactria, and lad to rduction of drying tim intral [7-9]. Th concti hat transfr cofficint is an important paramtr in drying rat simulation, sinc th tmpratur diffrnc btwn th air and th product aris with this cofficint [10]. Th concti hat transfr cofficint is not a proprty of th fluid. It is an xprimntally dtrmind paramtr whos alu dpnds on th physical proprtis of th humid air surrounding th papad (product) and th tmpratur diffrnc btwn th papad surfac and th air. Th concti hat transfr cofficints for arious shaps and sizs of jaggry pics [11, 12] wr aluatd undr natural and forcd conction grnhous drying. Ths wr obsrd to ary from W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C undr natural and forcd conction grnhous drying mod rspctily for ight hundrd gram sampls. Th ffct of th grnhous on th concti hat and mass transfr undr natural and forcd mods of drying for cabbag and pas drying wr studid [13]. Th concti mass transfr cofficint undr forcd conction mod was rportd doubl as compard to natural conction grnhous drying. Kumar and Tiwari [14] rportd that th alu of concti mass transfr cofficint dpnds significantly on th mass of th onion flaks to b drid undr opn sun and grnhous drying. Thy found that th alus of concti hat transfr cofficint undr forcd conction mod ar constant. Th concti hat transfr cofficints for khoa pics [15] wr aluatd in a controlld nironmnt undr natural and forcd conction grnhous drying mods which wr rportd to ary from W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C rspctily. Rcntly, Kumar t al. [3] aluatd th concti hat transfr cofficints of papad drying undr opn sun and indoor forcd conction conditions. Th alus of concti hat transfr cofficints undr opn sun and forcd conction drying mods wr rportd to b 3.54 W/m 2 o C and 1.56 W/m 2 o C rspctily. Th usag of grnhous for papad drying is a nw approach in th papad prsration. This may pa a nw path in th fild of food industry. To th bst knowldg of th author, so far, no such work has bn rportd in th litratur on grnhous papad drying. Thrfor, th prsnt study has bn undrtakn to aluat th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints of papad for grnhous drying undr forcd conction mod. This study would b hlpful in dsigning a dryr for drying papad to its optimum storag moistur ll of about 15%.

180 M. Kumar 2. Matrials and Mthods 2.1. Exprimntal st-up and instrumntation A roof typ n span grnhous of 1.2 0.8 m 2 ffcti floor ara was fabricatd of PVC pip and a UV film coring of 200 microns.

4 180 M. Kumar 2. Matrials and Mthods 2.1. Exprimntal st-up and instrumntation A roof typ n span grnhous of m 2 ffcti floor ara was fabricatd of PVC pip and a UV film coring of 200 microns. Th cntral hight and th walls wr maintaind as 0.6 m and 0.4 m rspctily. A fan of 225 mm swp diamtr and 1340 rpm with a ratd air locity of 5 m/s was proidd on th sidwall of th grnhous for th forcd conction xprimnts. A photograph of th xprimntal stup for grnhous drying in th forcd mod is shown in Fig. 1 and its schmatic iw is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Exprimntal St-up of Grnhous Papad Drying undr Forcd Conction Mod. Fig. 2. Schmatic Viw of Grnhous Papad drying undr Forcd Conction Mod.

5 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study 181 A circular shapd wir msh tray of diamtr m was usd to accommodat th papad for singl layr drying. It was kpt dirctly or th digital wighing balanc of 6 kg capacity (modl TJ-6000, Scaltch, mad in India) haing a last count of 0.1 g. Th papad surfac tmpratur (T p ) and air tmpratur at diffrnt locations wr masurd by calibratd coppr-constantan thrmocoupls connctd to a tn channl digital tmpratur indicator with a last count of 0.1 o C (accuracy ±0.1%). Th rlati humidity, γ and th tmpratur just abo th papad surfac, T, wr masurd by a digital humidity/tmpratur mtr (modl Lutron-HT 3006, mad in Taiwan). It had a last count of 0.1% rlati humidity (an accuracy of ±3% on th full scal rang of 10 to 95% of RH) and 0.1 o C tmpratur (an accuracy of ± 0.8 o C on th full scal rang of 50 o C). Th air locity across th grnhous sction was masurd with an lctronic digital anmomtr (modl AM-4201, mad in Taiwan). It had a last count of 0.1 m/s with an accuracy of ±2% on th full scal rang of 0.2 to 30.0 m/s. Calibration of thrmocoupls Coppr-constantan thrmocoupls connctd to tn channl digital tmpratur indicator wr usd to rcord th papad surfac tmpratur and air tmpratur at diffrnt locations. Th thrmocoupls tnd to diat from th actual data aftr a long priod, so it is ncssary to calibrat with rspct to a standard thrmomtr, th ZEAL thrmomtr, which gis accurat radings Sampl prparation and xprimntal obsrations Papad was frshly prpard by taking th flour of moong ban (Indian trad nam - moong) and phasolus mungo (Indian trad nam - urad dal) mixd with 27.5% watr contnt pr kg of papad wight. Th flour was purchasd locally, and that fraction of flour which passd through an ighty fi msh (180 microns) British Standard si was usd for making papad. Th dough was knadd and rolld in circular shap of 0.7 mm thicknss and 180 mm diamtr with th hlp of pastryboard and pastry-rollr. Th frshly prpard papad of 23.5 g was usd for ach run of th forcd conction grnhous papad drying. Exprimnts wr prformd during th month of April 2010 at Guru Jambhshwar Unirsity of Scinc and Tchnology Hisar (29 o 5 5 N 75 o E). Th orintation of th grnhous during th xprimntation was kpt astwst bcaus sunlight aailability is mor in comparison to north-south. Exprimntal stup was locatd on th opn floor of a thr-floor building to ha a good xposur to th solar radiation. Each obsration was takn for papad drying aftr half an hour tim intral. Th papad sampl was kpt in th wir msh tray or th digital wighing balanc. Th moistur aporatd was calculatd by taking th diffrnc of mass of papad btwn two conscuti radings. Th papad sampl was drid till no ariation in its mass was obsrd. In ordr to obtain accurat rsults, th abo mntiond xprimntation procdur was rpatd four tims for ach frshly prpard similar papad sampl of sam siz (i.., 180 mm diamtr and 0.7 mm thicknss) on conscuti days at th sam timing. Th initial mass of papad sampl for ach run of drying was kpt constant (i.., 23.5 g).

6 182 M. Kumar 2.3. Thrmal modling Th concti hat transfr cofficint undr forcd conction can b dfind as [3, 15, 16]: K X ( RPr) n c = C (1) h Th rat of hat utilizd to aporat moistur is gin as [17] c [ P( T ) γ P( T )] Q & = h (2) p On substituting h c from Eq. (1), Eq. (2) bcoms n ( R ) [ P( T ) γ P( T )] K Q & = C Pr p X (3) Th moistur aporatd is dtrmind by diiding Eq. (3) by th latnt hat of aporization (λ) and multiplying th ara of th papad drying tray (A t ) and tim intral (t). m Q& K = At t = C Pr λ Xλ Lt m Z K Xλ [ P( T ) γ P( T )] A t Z p t = C( ) n n ( R ) [ P( T ) γ P( T )] A t p = RPr (5) Taking th logarithm of both sids of Eq. (5), ln m = lnc + nln( RPr) (6) Z This is th form of a linar quation, Y = mx 0 + C 0 (7) whr m Y = ln, Z m = n, X 0 = ln( RPr), and C0 = lnc Thus, Co C = Valus of m and C o in Eq. (7) ar obtaind by using th simpl linar rgrssion mthod by using th following formula t (4)

7 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study 183 N X 0Y X 0 Y m = (8) 2 2 N X and 0 2 ( X ) 0 X 0 Y X 0 X 0Y C 0 = (9) 2 2 N X 0 ( X ) 0 Thn th constant C and xponnt n can b obtaind from th abo quations. Th alus of ths constant wr considrd furthr to dtrmin th concti hat transfr cofficint. Aftr knowing th concti hat transfr cofficint ( h c ), th aporati hat transfr cofficint ( h ) can also b calculatd from Eq. (10) as follows [16]: ( ) γ P( T ) P Tp h = hc (10) Tp T 2.4. Physical proprtis of humid air Th following xprssions wr usd for dtrmining th alus of th physical proprtis of humid air, such as spcific hat ( C ), thrmal conductiity ( K ), dnsity ( ρ ), iscosity ( µ ), and partial apor prssur, ( T ) 4 2 Ti 8 3 P [3, 10, 15]: C = T i Ti (11) 4 K = T i (12) ρ = (13) ( T ) i 5 8 = T i µ (14) 5144 P ( T ) = xp (15) whr T = ( T + T ) 2 i p ( T ) i 2.5. Exprimntal rror Th xprimntal mthod usd for dtrmining th concti hat transfr cofficint is an indirct approach basd on th mass of moistur aporatd from th papad. This indirct approach has a considrabl dgr of xprimntal uncrtainty in th stimatd concti hat transfr cofficint. Th xprimntal rror was aluatd in trms of prcntag uncrtainty (intrnal + xtrnal) for th moistur aporatd. Th following two quations wr usd for intrnal uncrtainty [16-19]:

8 184 M. Kumar U I σ 2 + Kσ N σ = (16) N o X X and σ = (17) N 2 Thrfor, th prcntag intrnal uncrtainty was dtrmind using th following xprssion: % intrnal uncrtainty = (U I /man of th total obsrations) 100 (18) For xtrnal uncrtainty, th last counts of all th instrumnts usd in masuring th obsration data wr considrd Computation tchniqu Th arag of papad surfac tmpratur (T p ) and tmpratur abo th papad surfac (T ) insid grnhous wr calculatd at half an hour tim intral for corrsponding moistur aporatd. Th air locity across th grnhous sction during th forcd conction drying mod was masurd with an anmomtr. Th physical proprtis of humid air wr aluatd for th man tmpratur (T i ) of T p and T by using Eqs. (11) to (15). Ths physical proprtis of humid air and locity of air wr usd for dtrmining th alus of th Rynolds numbr (R) and Prandtl numbr (Pr). Th alus of C and n in Eq. (1) wr dtrmind by simpl linar rgrssion analysis, and thn th alus of concti hat transfr cofficint (h c ) wr calculatd at th incrmnt of ry half an hour of obsration. Th aporati hat transfr cofficints wr aluatd by using Eq. (10). 3. Rsults and Discussion Th xprimntal data obtaind for papad drying undr forcd conction grnhous mod ar gin in Tabls 1(a) to (d). Th data gin in Tabls 1(a) to (d) wr usd to dtrmin th alus of constant C and xponnt n in th Nusslt numbr xprssion by simpl linar rgrssion analysis. Thn th alus of th constant C and xponnt n wr usd furthr for dtrmining th alus of th concti hat transfr cofficint by Eq. (1). Th alus of concti hat transfr cofficints wr usd to dtrmin th aporati hat transfr cofficints by Eq. (10). Th alus of constants (C and n), concti hat transfr cofficints (h c ), and aporati hat transfr cofficints (h ) for papad drying undr forcd conction grnhous mod ar summarizd in Tabl 2. Th rangs of Rynolds and Prandtl numbrs ha also bn gin. Th product of Rynolds and Prandtl numbr indicats that th ntir drying for forcd conction grnhous mod falls 5 within a laminar flow, bcaus R Pr 10 [20]. It is obsrd from Tabl 2 that th alus of constant C and xponnt n ary from to and to rspctily. Th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr obsrd to ary from W/m 2 o C to W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C to W/m 2 o C rspctily. It is

9 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study 185 obsrd that diffrnt alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr obtaind for similar papad sampl drid on conscuti days. This ariation may b du to chang in oprating conditions on ach day. Th ariation in alus of th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficint is obsrd to b 6.08% and 23.97% rspctily for all th papad sampls. Tabl 1. Obsrations for Forcd Grnhous Drying of (a) First Papad Sampl (April 7, 2010). Tim T p ( o C) T ( o C) 3 m 10 (kg) γ (%) 9.30 am am am am am (b) Scond Papad Sampl (April 8, 2010). Tim T p ( o C) T ( o C) 3 m 10 (kg) γ (%) 9.30 am am am am am (c) Third Papad Sampl (April 9, 2010). Tim T p ( o C) T ( o C) 3 m 10 (kg) γ (%) 9.30 am am am am am (d) Fourth Papad Sampl (April 10, 2010). Tim T p ( o C) T ( o C) 3 m 10 (kg) γ (%) 9.30 am am am am am Tabl 2. Valus of Exprimntally Ealuatd Paramtrs and th Concti Hat Transfr Cofficints. C n R h c Pr (W/m 2 o C) h (W/m 2 o C) First Papad Sampl (April 7, 2010) Scond Papad Sampl (April 8, 2010) Third Papad Sampl (April 9, 2010) Fourth Papad Sampl (April 10, 2010)

10 186 M. Kumar Th ariation in concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints with drying tim is illustratd in Figs. 3 and 4 rspctily. Th ariation in concti hat transfr cofficints with rspct to drying tim for all th indiidual sampls is found to li in btwn 1.09% to 1.22% whras for th aporati hat transfr cofficint it is obsrd to li in btwn 9.16% to 13.55%. It is infrrd that th aporati hat transfr cofficints changs significantly with th chang in concti hat transfr cofficints. Fig. 3. Variation of th Concti Hat Transfr Cofficints with Rspct to Drying Tim. Fig. 4. Variation of th Eaporati Hat Transfr Cofficints with Rspct to Drying Tim. Th arag alus of constants (C and n) and th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr also calculatd which ar rportd in Tabl 3. Tabl 3. Arag Valus of Constants (C and n) and th Concti and Eaporati Hat Transfr Cofficints. C n h c, a (W/m 2 o C) h, a (W/m 2 o C)

11 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study 187 Th prcntag uncrtainty (intrnal + xtrnal) was found to b within th rang of 23.23% to 44.88% for th forcd grnhous papad drying and th diffrnt alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr found to b within this rang. Th xprimntal prcntag uncrtaintis for papad drying undr forcd grnhous mod ar prsntd in Tabl 4. Th magnitud of ths uncrtaintis is comparabl with th uncrtaintis found in th masurmnts of hat transfr cofficints of othr products (10, 13). Th rror bars for th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints ar illustratd in Figs. 5 and 6 rspctily. Papad Sampl Numbr Tabl 4. Exprimntal Prcntag Uncrtaintis. Intrnal uncrtainty (%) Extrnal uncrtainty (%) Total uncrtainty (%) First Scond Third Fourth Fig. 5. Th Error Bars for Concti Hat Transfr Cofficints. Fig. 6. Th Error Bars for Eaporati Hat Transfr Cofficints.

12 188 M. Kumar 4. Conclusions Th concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints for papad undr forcd conction grnhous drying mod wr aluatd by using th alus of th constants (C and n) in th Nusslt numbr xprssion obtaind for papad basd on xprimntal data by using simpl linar rgrssion analysis. Th alus of th constant C and xponnt n wr found to b and rspctily. Th alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints wr obsrd to ary from W/m 2 o C to W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C to W/m 2 o C rspctily. Th arag alus of concti and aporati hat transfr cofficints for papad drying undr forcd conction grnhous mod wr found to b W/m 2 o C and W/m 2 o C rspctily. Ths alus would b usful in dsigning a dryr for drying papad to its optimum storag moistur ll. Th xprimntal rrors wr found to b in th rang of 23.23% to 44.88%. Rfrncs 1. Math, R.G.; Vlu, V.; Nagndr, A.; and Rao, D.G. (2004). Effct of frying conditions on moistur, fat, and dnsity of Papad. Journal of Food Enginring, 64(2), Vlu, V.; Balaswamy, K.; Nagndr, A.; and Rao, D.G. (2004). Effct of arious ingrdints and additis on Papad. Foodsric Rsarch Intrnational, 15(2), Kumar, M.; Khatak, P.; Sahd, R.K.; and Prakash, O. (2011). Th ffct of opn sun and indoor forcd conction on hat transfr cofficints for th drying of papad. Journal of Enrgy in Southrn Africa, 22(2), Akpinar, E.K. (2010). Drying of mint las in a solar dryr and undr opn sun: modling, prformanc analysis. Enrgy Conrsion and Managmnt, 51(12), Kadam, D.M.; Nangar, D.D.; Singh, R.; and Kumar, S. (2011). Low-cost grnhous tchnology for drying onion (Allium Cpa L.) slics. Journal of Food Procss Enginring, 34(1), Tripathy, P.P.; and Kumar, S. (2011). Diffrnt approachs for mass transfr studis on potato cylindrs and slics during solar drying. Intrnational Journal of Food Enginring, 7(1), Articl Espr, A.; and Muhlbaur, W. (1998). Solar drying-an ffcti mans of food prsration. Rnwabl Enrgy, 15(1-4), Condori, M.; Echazu, R.; and Saraia, L. (2001). Solar drying of swt pppr and garlic using th tunnl grnhous drir. Rnwabl Enrgy, 22(4), Tiwari, G.N. (2003). Grnhous tchnology for controlld nironmnt. Nw Dlhi, Narosa Publishing Hous. 10. Anwar, S.I.; and Tiwari, G.N. (2001). Ealuation of concti hat transfr cofficint in crop drying undr opn sun drying conditions. Enrgy Conrsion Managmnt, 42(5),

13 Forcd Conction Grnhous Papad Drying: An Exprimntal Study Tiwari, G.N.; Kumar, S.; and Prakash, O. (2004). Ealuation of concti mass transfr cofficint during drying of jaggry. Journal of Food Enginring, 63(2), Kumar, A.; and Tiwari, G.N. (2006). Effct of shap and siz on concti mass transfr cofficint during grnhous drying (GHD) of jaggry. Journal of Food Enginring, 73(2), Jain, D.; and Tiwari, G.N. (2004). Effct of grnhous on crop drying undr natural and forcd conction I: Ealuation of concti mass transfr cofficint. Enrgy conrsion and managmnt, 45(5), Kumar, A.; and Tiwari, G.N. (2007). Effct of mass on concti mass transfr cofficint during opn sun and grnhous drying of onion flaks. Journal of food nginring, 79(4), Kumar, M.; Kasana, K.S.; Kumar, S.; and Prakash, O. (2011). Exprimntal instigation on concti hat transfr cofficint for khoa drying. Intrnational Journal of Currnt Rsarch, 3(8), Kumar, M.; Prakash, O.; and Kasana, K.S. (2011). Exprimntal instigation on natural concti hating of milk. Journal of Food Procss Enginring, 35(5), Malik, M.A.S.; Tiwari, G.N.; Kumar, A.; and Sodha, M.S. (1982). Solar distillation. Prgamon Prss, Oxford. 18. Nakra, B.C.; and Choudhary, K.K. (1991). Instrumntation, masurmnt and analysis. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Co, Nw Dlhi. 19. Anwar, S.I. (2010). Ful and nrgy saing in opn pan furnac usd in jaggry making through modifid juic boiling/concntrating pans. Enrgy conrsion and managmnt, 51(2), Holman, J.P. (2004). Hat transfr. Tata McGraw Hill, Nw Dlhi.

Mahesh Kumar. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India

Mahesh Kumar. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India IBIMA Publishing Intrnational Journal of Rnwabl Enrgy & Biofuls http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/ijreb/ijrb.html Vol. 014 (014), Articl ID 961114, 11 pags DOI: 10.5171/014.961114 Rsarch Articl Effct