Recovery of hydrochloric acid from metal pickling solutions by membrane distillation

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Recovery of hydrochloric acid from metal pickling solutions by membrane distillation"

Transcription

1 Separation and Purification Technology (2001) Recovery of hydrochloric acid from metal pickling solutions by membrane distillation M. Tomaszewska *, M. Gryta, A.W. Morawski Department of Water Technology and En ironmental Engineering, Institute of Inorganic Chemical Technology and En ironmental Engineering, Technical Uni ersity of Szczecin, ul. Pulaskiego 10, Szczecin, Poland Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) was applied for the concentration of solutions containing hydrochloric acid and salts. It was found that under MD conditions through pores of a hydrophobic membrane both water vapor and hydrogen chloride are transported. This effect was utilized for the recovery of HCl from acidic spent solutions. The experiments were performed using model or real metal pickling solutions with different compositions. Two methods of the feed concentration for the acid recovery were proposed. The results of the studies show that MD may be a promising method for HCl recovery from industrial effluent Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Membrane distillation; Metal pickling solutions treatment; HCl recovery 1. Introduction Before electroplating the metal surface has to be clean. Various acids such as HCl, HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 are used for this purpose as picking liquors to remove surface oxides. The spent liquors contain a residual acid and appropriate salts. Their compositions depend on the treated metal objects. Very often they contain very harmful heavy metals. The components from spent liquor must be removed, recovered or recycled for the environmental reasons. A neutralization procedure, * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: mariatom@mailbox.chemo.tuniv.szczecin.pl (M. Tomaszewska). used traditionally for the effluents treatment, is not always sufficient for their purification. From the viewpoint of both the environmental protection and economy, pollutants should be removed, whereas valuable materials can be recovered. The different techniques have been developed in order to purify wastewater from the iron and steel industry and to recover the components. The membrane techniques play a particular role in the effluent treatments. Electrodialysis was proposed for the recovery of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid [1]. The same method was investigated for the recovery of the acids from rinsing water after metal etching [2]. From an economical point of view, the benefits arise from the acid recycling, as well as, from reduced consumption of alkali required for the neutralization process. The ion /01/$ - see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S (00)

2 592 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) exchange method [3], as well as, integration of electrodialysis with ion exchange allows to recover pure water from etching effluents, which can be reused for rinsing of a high-quality steel after etching [4]. Moreover, the electroplating rinse solutions contain significant amounts of valuable or toxic metal ions, which may be separated by Donnan dialysis [5], or using a liquid membrane [6]. Reverse osmosis was also applied for the concentration and separation of electroplating wastewater [7,8]. Results of our earlier work [9,10] have shown, that the hydrochloric acid may be separated from the solutions by membrane distillation. MD is the process in which a hydrophobic membrane separates the two aqueous solutions at different temperature and composition. The driving force for MD is a partial pressure difference induced by the temperature and composition of the layers adjacent to the membrane [11,12]. The separation mechanism is based on the liquid/vapor equilibrium of a liquid mixture. The process can be performed at a feed temperature considerably lower than its boiling point. This allows the utilization of the waste heat or alternative energy sources. The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of HCl recovery from a spent etching bath by MD. 2. Experimental The experimental set-up for the direct-contact membrane distillation studies with a capillary membrane module was presented earlier [9]. The main element of the system was a capillary module (the shell and tube design) equipped with polypropylene (PP) membrane Accurel, d out /d in = 2.6/1.8 mm. The effective area of capillary PP membrane was equal to 120 cm 2. In all the experiments the warm feed and cold distillate streams flowed in the module in a counter-current mode. The feed flew inside the capillaries, whereas the distillate flowed through the intertubular space (shell). The process solutions were circulated in the thermostated systems. The studies were performed using as a feed the model solutions containing FeCl 3 in hydrochloric acid or real metal pickling solutions. The ferric chloride was chosen for the preparation of the model solution, since this salt is most frequently occurring in the spent metal pickling solution. During MD of the solutions, the water vapor and hydrogen chloride are transported through the membrane. The vapor was condensed directly in the solution (distillate) in the cold compartment in which HCl was dissolved. The cold system was initially supplied by distilled water. The recovery of hydrochloric acid from the model or real pickling solutions was performed by means of, a gradual concentration of the feed to the supersaturated state and the separation of HCl on the distillate side. The initial volume of a feed was 2000 cm 3 (method I); simulation of the continuous process with hydrochloric acid recovery. In the latter process a part of the distillate volume (HCl solution), was removed from the distillate tank (every 5 7 h) to the initial volume, equal to 500 cm 3. Simultaneously, the same volume of the feed was periodically filled up with starting solution to the initial level (500 cm 3 ) (method II). The experiments were carried out at the inlet feed temperatures of 343 K. The inlet temperature of the cold distillate was kept at 293 K for all the experiments. The utilized control systems enable to maintain the assumed values of temperature and the flow rates of streams at the module entrance. The changes of volume of the cold distillate were measured every hour. The HCl flux was calculated from the material balance of HCl in the distillate performed every hour taking into account the changes of volume and the acid concentration in the distillate: N HCl = (c t+1v t+1 c t V t )24 AMt (mol HCl/m 2 per day) where c t and c t+1 are the distillate concentration at time t and t+1, V t and V t+1 are the volume of the distillate at time t and t+1, A, the membrane area inside capillaries, M, the molar weight of HCl, and t the time between the consecutive measurements.

3 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) Fig. 1. Influence of salt concentration in the liquid phase on the partial pressure of HCl. 3. Results and discussion HCl is a volatile compound hence, in accordance with the liquid/vapor equilibrium the vapor composition is affected by hydrochloric acid concentration in the feed and its temperature. The results of a gradual concentration of hydrochloric acid by MD (method I) was described in detail [9,10]. An increase of the acid concentration in the feed and its temperature resulted in the increase in HCl molar flux through a hydrophobic membrane, up to 600 mol/m 2 per day. Generally, the presence of salts in the feed containing HCl affects the results of MD due to a change of the vapor composition [10]. The addition of FeCl 3 to the hydrochloric acid solution raised the partial pressure of HCl simultaneously lowering that of water vapor. This effect is termed as the salting out. The HCl partial pressure determined versus the salt concentration in the liquid phase, at fixed hydrochloric acid concentration is presented in Fig. 1. It has an exponential character. The increase of FeCl 3 concentration from 80 to 120 g Fe/dm 3 results in the rise of HCl pressure from 0.7 to 5 mmhg. The second method of HCl recovery was studied using a model solution with the composition similar to a real pickling solution. The model solution contained hydrochloric acid g HCl/dm 3 and FeCl g Fe/dm 3. The temperature of feed entering the module was 343 K and the distillate 293 K. Fig. 2 presents the changes of HCl concentration in the feed and distillate versus the time of MD, whereas Fig. 3 presents changes of the salt concentration as a function of time. A periodical decrease of the solute concentrations, caused by filling up the feed by starting solution can be clearly seen. Initially the acid concentration in the feed increased to 141 g HCl/dm 3, then decreased to 3.43 g HCl/dm 3. The influence of the salt was so significant, that Fig. 2. Treatment of a model solution by MD (method II). Variations of the feed and distillate concentrations vs. time.

4 594 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) Fig. 3. Treatment of a model solution by MD (method II). Variation of salt concentration vs. time. Fig. 4. Treatment of a model solution by MD (method II). The influence of the feed composition on the HCl flux. the acid from the feed was practically completely recovered, although the feed was supplemented by the solution at initial concentration (104.6 g HCl/ dm 3 ). The changes of the feed composition presented in Figs. 4 and 5 are caused by a transfer of water vapor and gaseous HCl across the membrane. Since FeCl 3 is a non-volatile compound, therefore, it concentrates continuously on the feed side that results in HCl desalting out. Analysis of a partial pressure on both HCl and water vapor for hydrochloric acid solution (without salts) shows that for 20% HCl at 343 K, the fraction of water vapor in gaseous phase was much higher in comparison with gaseous HCl [13]. The influence of salt during concentration is so significant, that fraction of HCl in the gaseous phase was higher than that of water vapor. Therefore, the rate of

5 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) HCl desorption was higher than an increase of the acid concentration in the feed. Fig. 4 presents the influence of the feed composition on the HCl flux across the hydrophobic membrane. The flux decreases when the acid concentration in the feed is reduced. However, one should note, that the flux was equal to 300 mol/m 2 per day at the acid concentration ranging from 110 to 80 g/dm 3.The salt concentration was then in the range of g Fe/dm 3. The results presented in [9,10] show, if the feed was without salt (at the same values of the acid concentrations) partial pressure of HCl above the solution should be close to zero. Under such conditions only water vapor would be transported across the membrane, therefore, the acid would be concentrated in the feed during MD [9]. During the concentration of the model solution, the volumetric permeate flux gradually decreases from 80 to 40 dm 3 /m 2 per day (Fig. 5), which is associated with changes of water vapor pressure. As can be seen in Fig. 6, the concentration of the distillate was about 100 g HCl/dm 3 and it was much higher than that in the feed. A comparison of the experimental results obtained during the recovery of HCl from the model solutions by both the methods shows, that the acid concentration in the permeate obtained by method I can be higher that that obtained by method II, whereas in method II, the permeate concentration varies slightly from about 10 to 14%. However, it can be concluded that the amount of recovered HCl is higher for method II. A periodical dilution of the feed by the solution with the initial composition establishes the conditions for a continuous recovery of HCl. The HCl concentration in the permeate still increases in the first method, thus reducing the driving force for HCl transfer across a hydrophobic membrane to obtain the same HCl partial pressure on both sides of the membrane. Accumulation of HCl in the distillate is slower, when a part of the distillate is removed continuously (method II). Then, the difference of HCl partial pressures on both sides of the membrane is at the same level. Moreover, the results of experiments show that HCl recovery from the feed may be near completion in method II. The experiments with the model solutions confirm the necessity of membrane cleaning, especially on the feed side. Therefore, a periodic rinse of the warm side of the membrane with water was performed (after shutdown of the MD installation), to prevent the membrane from the formation of salt crystals in the membrane pores. The crystals may cause diffusion or leakage of the feed through the membrane and a pollution of the distillate. Fig. 5. The treatment of the model solution by MD (method II). The influence of the feed composition on the volumetric permeate flux.

6 596 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) Fig. 6. Treatment of a model solution by MD (method II). The effect of the feed composition on HCl concentration in the distillate. Fig. 7. Gradual concentration of a raw pickling solution by MD (method I). The effect of the feed composition on the distillate concentration. The experiments were also performed with a real metal pickling solution. The solution mainly contained salts of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mg. The HCl recovery was conducted by the first method, that is, by a gradual concentration of the solution to the supersaturated state. The hydrochloric acid concentration then varied from 85.5 to g HCl/dm 3 Fig. 7. The amount of salt in the feed increases more than two-fold, from to 361 g Me/dm 3 (Me, sum of the metal ions). The changes of cupric salt concentration versus time are presented in Fig. 8, which illustrates the salt concentration process. The solid residue in the raw solution was equal to g/dm 3. At such a large amount of salt in the feed, the HCl was already transferred during the first hour of the MD, although the acid concentration was rather low. As the concentration of the acid and salts in the feed increased, the HCl flux across the membrane increased to mol/m 2 per day, Fig. 9. The same figure presents the volumetric permeate flux, which was fixed at 150 dm 3 /m 2 per day. During

7 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) the concentration of the raw metal pickling solution by MD, the concentration of 165 HCl g/dm 3 in the distillate was achieved which was shown in Fig. 9; this value was higher than that of the feed. The course of MD of the solution mainly containing the salts of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mg was similar to MD of the model solution containing ferrous chloride in the hydrochloric acid solution. The solid residue in the feed after the concentration achieved 600 g/dm 3. Analysis of the solid residue by the X-ray diffraction analysis has shown the presence of CuCl 2 2H 2 O in a crystalline form. The other salts were in an amorphous form. The other metal pickling solution taken from an electroplating plant contained mainly ferrous chloride (22.6 g Fe/dm 3 ) besides hydrochloric acid (126.8 g HCl/dm 3 ). During the first 20 h of the Fig. 8. Gradual concentration of a raw pickling solution by MD (method I). Variation of cupric salt concentration vs. time. Fig. 9. Gradual concentration of a raw pickling solution by MD (method I). The effect of salt concentration in the feed on the volumetric and molar permeate fluxes. process the feed solution was continuously concentrated. The volume was reduced from 1000 to 500 cm 3. From this point HCl was recovered, by method II, simulating a continuous recovery of the acid. Simultaneously the feed was filled up by the raw pickling solution to 500 cm 3. The initial composition of the real pickling solution was different from that of the model solution. The periodical changes of the acid and salts concentrations in the feed versus time are presented in Figs. 10 and 11. The course of the separation and recovery of HCl by MD was similar to the case of a model solution. The acid concentration in the feed decreased gradually from 140 to 120 g HCl/dm 3. The salt retention was higher than 99.1%, which is related to its accumulation in the feed. The salt concentration increased about 3.5 times namely, from 22 to 78 Fe/dm 3 (Fig. 11). The effect of the feed composition on molar HCl flux is presented in Fig. 12. A comparison of Figs. 3 and 11 shows, that salt concentration in the pickling solution was fourfold lower than that in the model solution. Thus, the HCl flux gradually increased with an increase of salt concentration (Fig. 12). The desalting out effect favored the HCl desorption and its transfer across a hydrophobic membrane. In spite of nearly constant HCl concentration in the feed, the HCl flux increased to 350 mol/m 2 per day. For the same concentration of hydrochloric acid in the feed, being without the salt, the HCl flux was practically zero [10]. The volumetric permeate flux was nearly constant during the process and it was equal to 60 dm 3 /m 2 per day Fig. 13. Due to the increase of HCl flux, the distillate was hydrochloric acid solution with concentration in the range of g/dm 3 (from 25 to 90 h of the process), which was shown in Fig. 10. The distillate reached a higher concentration of the acid than that of the feed. The solid residue of the obtained concentrate was equal to g/dm 3. Therefore, a volume of the raw pickling solution, during the recovery of HCl, was reduced 3.5 times. Due to a very low concentration of salt in the pickling solution, the process was not carried out till the completion the HCl recovery from the feed. The results of the experiments were satisfactory. An example of a solution of the etching metal

8 598 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) Fig. 10. The treatment of a raw pickling solution by MD (method II). Variation of the feed and distillate concentrations vs. time. Fig. 11. Treatment of a raw pickling solution by MD (method II). Variation of Fe salt concentration vs. time. objects process integrated with the treatment of spent pickling solution by MD is presented in Fig. 14. The MD process was proposed for the separation of HCl from a spent etching bath and for the concentration of solutions from rinsing objects after etching. The retentate from the first stage of MD, after concentration of the feed to supersaturated state could be discharge to a crystallizer. The separated salts may be utilized or restored. The liquor after crystallization could be recycled to the first stage of MD, where a high salt concentration will favor the HCl recovery. The distillate from the first stage contains about 100 g HCl/dm 3 and can be recycled to fresh etching bath. When a higher acid concentration is required, the distillate can be concentrated in the third stage. The distil-

9 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) late from the latter stage can be recycled for rinsing. The solutions after rinse, can be concentrated in stage 2. Due to low solute concentrations, the distillate is pure water, which can be reused for rinsing. The retentate of the second stage will be concentrated together with the spent etching bath. This method permits the occasional closure of the cycles of hydrochloric acid, water, and salt. 4. Conclusions The results of studies performed have shown, that the magnitude of HCl flux through a hydrophobic membrane, and possibilities of HCl recovery by MD are influenced by superposition of the following effects. 1. The effect of temperature gradient between the feed and distillate. A higher feed temperature Fig. 12. Treatment of a raw pickling solution by MD (method II). The influence of the feed composition on the HCl flux. Fig. 13. Treatment of a raw pickling solution by MD (method II). The influence of the feed composition on the volumetric permeate flux.

10 600 M. Tomaszewska et al. / Separation/Purification Technology (2001) Fig. 14. The flow diagram of MD treatment of an electroplating effluent. results in an increase of the driving force of MD. The fluxes of volatile compounds water vapor and HCl rise exponentially, according to the curve of the vapor pressure. The temperatures of feed and distillate equal to 433 and 293 K were sufficient to obtain satisfactory fluxes. 2. The feed composition affected the composition of vapor phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase. The increase of hydrochloric acid concentration results in the increase of the HCl partial pressure but decreases the water vapor pressure. The presence of salt in a hydrochloric acid solution adversely affects the HCl solubility that causes an increase of HCl partial pressure (the effect of desalting out). When the acid concentration is low, a salt concentration should be high to obtain satisfactory HCl flux. However, one should remember that a high salt concentration reduces both water partial pressure and the volume permeate flux. 3. The effect of the acid concentration in distillate is as follows, with an increase of its concentration the partial pressure difference on both sides of a membrane is decreased, which denotes a decrease of the driving force causing transfer of HCl. The maximum HCl flux is observed under the conditions, where pure water is placed on the distillate side. When the concentration of the feed and distillate are similar, the HCl transfer can still be observed, as a result of the temperature difference across the membrane. The presence of salt may change the equilibrium of hydrochloric acid solution/vapor phase to such a large extent, that in spite of a much higher HCl concentration in the distillate than that in the feed, the transfer of HCl from the distillate can still occur. The results of the studies have shown, that MD can be applied for the treatment of industrial effluents. The salts was completely retained in the feed, therefore, the permeate was pure hydrochloric acid. The useful products might be pure water, hydrochloric acid and salts after crystallization from the supersaturated feed. References [1] K. Urano, T. Ase, Y. Nato, Recovery of acid from wastewater by electrodialysis, Desalination 51 (1984) [2] J. Wiśniewski, G. Wiśniewska, Acids and iron salts removal from rinsing water after metal etching, Desalination 109 (1997) [3] I. Dobrevsky, M. Dimova-Todorova, T. Panayotova, Electroplating rinse waste water treatment by ion exchange, Desalination 108 (1996) [4] J. Wiśniewski, S. Suder, Water recovery from etching effluents for the purpose of rinsing stainless steel, Desalination 101 (1995) [5] R. Wódzki, G. Sionkowski, T. Hudzik-Pięta, Recovery of metal ions from electroplating rinse solutions using Donnan dialysis technique, Pol. J. Environ. Studies 5 (4) (1996) [6] A.K. Guha, C.H. Yun, R. Basu, K.K. Sirkar, Heavy metal removal and recovery by contained liquid membrane permeator, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 40 (1994) [7] K. Scott, Handbook of Industrial Membranes, first ed., Elsevier, Oxford, UK, [8] Xijun Chai, Guohua Chen, Po-Lock Yue, Yongli Mi, Pilot scale membrane separation of electroplating waste water by reverse osmosis, J. Membr. Sci. 123 (1997) [9] M. Tomaszewska, M.M. Gryta, A.W. Morawski, Study on the concentration of acids by membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 102 (1995) [10] M. Tomaszewska, M.M. Gryta, A.W. Morawski, The influence of salt in solutions on hydrochloric acid recovery by membrane distillation, Sep. Pur. Technol. 14 (1998) [11] M. Tomaszewska, M.M. Gryta, A.W. Morawski, A study of separation by the direct-contact membrane distillation process, Sep. Technol. 4 (1994) [12] M. Tomaszewska, Membrane distillation, Dissertation, Technical University of Szczecin, 1997 (in Polish). [13] Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, WNT, Warsaw, 1974 (in Polish).

Separation of HCl from the mixture of KCl and HCl using membrane distillation

Separation of HCl from the mixture of KCl and HCl using membrane distillation Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 10, 2, 27 32, Pol. 2008, J. Chem. 10.2478/v10026-008-0024-4 Tech., Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008 27 Separation of HCl from the mixture of KCl and HCl using membrane distillation

More information

Physicochemical Processes

Physicochemical Processes Lecture 3 Physicochemical Processes Physicochemical Processes Air stripping Carbon adsorption Steam stripping Chemical oxidation Supercritical fluids Membrane processes 1 1. Air Stripping A mass transfer

More information

Removal of suspended and dissolved organic solids

Removal of suspended and dissolved organic solids Removal of suspended and dissolved organic solids Types of dissolved solids The dissolved solids are of both organic and inorganic types. A number of methods have been investigated for the removal of inorganic

More information

LlkJ-/ rpdf Pollution Prevention - Source Reduction with Electrodialytic Processes

LlkJ-/ rpdf Pollution Prevention - Source Reduction with Electrodialytic Processes w- LlkJ-/ rpdf Pollution Prevention - Source Reduction with Electrodialytic Processes by Daniel J. Vaughan This paper is focused on how not to make waste or how to prevent pollution at the source. I know

More information

Novel application of membrane distillation for acid and water recovery from mining waste waters

Novel application of membrane distillation for acid and water recovery from mining waste waters Novel application of membrane distillation for acid and water recovery from mining waste waters Uchenna K. Kesieme a, b, Nicholas Milne a, Hal Aral a, c, Chu Yong Cheng b, Mikel Duke a,d a. Institute of

More information

Process Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

Process Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Process Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Flowsheet Synthesis (Conceptual Design of

More information

Evaluation of a modified chitosan biopolymer for coagulation of colloidal particles

Evaluation of a modified chitosan biopolymer for coagulation of colloidal particles Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 147 (1999) 359 364 Evaluation of a modified chitosan biopolymer for coagulation of colloidal particles Jill Ruhsing Pan, Chihpin Huang *,

More information

Chapter 3 Membrane Processes for Water Production

Chapter 3 Membrane Processes for Water Production Chapter 3 Membrane Processes for Water Production Application of Membrane Processes in Water Environment Fusion Tech Hydrology Molecular biology Surface Chem Nano particles Biofilm CFD Catalyst Space station

More information

CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL

CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL *P15* Pre-Leaving Certificate Examination, 2012 Triailscrúdú na hardteistiméireachta, 2012 CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL TIME: 3 HOURS 400 MARKS Answer eight questions in all These must include at least two questions

More information

T.A. Davis Independent Consultant, 5 Davis Farm Road, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA

T.A. Davis Independent Consultant, 5 Davis Farm Road, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA DIALYSIS AND DIFFUSION DIALYSIS T.A. Davis Independent Consultant, 5 Davis Farm Road, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA Keywords: Dialysis, Diffusion, Hemodialysis, Economic Relevance, Equipment Design, Supplier

More information

CHLORINE RECOVERY FROM HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

CHLORINE RECOVERY FROM HYDROGEN CHLORIDE CHLORINE RECOVERY FROM HYDROGEN CHLORIDE The Project A plant is to be designed for the production of 10,000 metric tons per year of chlorine by the catalytic oxidation of HCl gas. Materials Available 1.

More information

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS FOR REPROCESSING DEFECTIVE FUEL ELEMENTS AND FOR DECONTAMINATING EQUIPMENT. S.V.Mikheykin, K.A.Rybakov, V.P.

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS FOR REPROCESSING DEFECTIVE FUEL ELEMENTS AND FOR DECONTAMINATING EQUIPMENT. S.V.Mikheykin, K.A.Rybakov, V.P. ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS FOR REPROCESSING DEFECTIVE FUEL ELEMENTS AND FOR DECONTAMINATING EQUIPMENT ABSTRACT S.V.Mikheykin, K.A.Rybakov, V.P. Simonov The Federal State Unitarian Enterprise A.A.Bochvar All

More information

Membrane processes selective hydromechanical diffusion-based porous nonporous

Membrane processes selective hydromechanical diffusion-based porous nonporous Membrane processes Separation of liquid or gaseous mixtures by mass transport through membrane (= permeation). Membrane is selective, i.e. it has different permeability for different components. Conditions

More information

General Separation Techniques

General Separation Techniques ecture 2. Basic Separation Concepts (1) [Ch. 1] General Separation Techniques - Separation by phase creation - Separation by phase addition - Separation by barrier - Separation by solid agent - Separation

More information

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) REMOVAL BY PERVAPORATION IN A TUBULAR TYPE MEMBRANE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PRELIMINARY TESTS

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) REMOVAL BY PERVAPORATION IN A TUBULAR TYPE MEMBRANE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PRELIMINARY TESTS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) REMOVAL BY PERVAPORATION IN A TUBULAR TYPE MEMBRANE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PRELIMINARY TESTS Ramin Nikpour Khoshgrudi a, Aleksandra Ciosek a, Michał Zalewski a, Maciej

More information

Lecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT

Lecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT Lecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT 25.1 Introduction - In this last lecture for the petrochemicals module, we demonstrate the process technology for Maleic anhydride and DDT. - Maleic

More information

EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield

EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. The word stoichiometry

More information

NUMERICAL STUDY ON DESALINATED WATER FLUX FROM NACL SOLUTION USING HOLLOW FIBER TYPE DCMD MODULE

NUMERICAL STUDY ON DESALINATED WATER FLUX FROM NACL SOLUTION USING HOLLOW FIBER TYPE DCMD MODULE HEAT2012 9 th International Conference on Heat Transfer, luid Mechanics and Thermodynamics 16 18 July 2012 Malta NUMERICAL STUDY ON DESALINATED WATER LUX ROM NACL SOLUTION USING HOLLOW IBER TYE DCMD MODULE

More information

SEPARATION BY BARRIER

SEPARATION BY BARRIER SEPARATION BY BARRIER SEPARATION BY BARRIER Phase 1 Feed Barrier Phase 2 Separation by barrier uses a barrier which restricts and/or enhances the movement of certain chemical species with respect to other

More information

CHLORINE PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No. 61A. Supplement A. by YEN CHEN YEN. May A private report by the STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE

CHLORINE PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No. 61A. Supplement A. by YEN CHEN YEN. May A private report by the STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE Report No. 61A CHLORINE Supplement A by YEN CHEN YEN May 1074 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 2 3 INTRODUCTION... 1 SUMMARY...

More information

Unit 4: Chemical Changes (Higher Content)

Unit 4: Chemical Changes (Higher Content) Metals react with oxygen to produce metal oxides. E.g. Copper + Oxygen > Copper Oxide The reactions are oxidation reactions because the metals gain oxygen. Reactivity of Metals Metal Extraction Metals

More information

Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions

Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Solutions Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Composition is uniform throughout the sample No chemical reaction between the components of the mixture Solvents

More information

EXPERIMENT 7 Precipitation and Complex Formation

EXPERIMENT 7 Precipitation and Complex Formation EXPERIMENT 7 Precipitation and Complex Formation Introduction Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution as the result of either a chemical reaction, or supersaturating a solution with a salt

More information

ABB Analytical ORP/pH Chemical and mining

ABB Analytical ORP/pH Chemical and mining White paper ABB Analytical ORP/pH Chemical and mining ORP, like ph, a valuable measure of where a reaction stands This document outlines six real-world ORP applications, in non-technical style, that will

More information

ISEC The 21st International Solvent Extraction Conference

ISEC The 21st International Solvent Extraction Conference Zinc(II) and Iron(III) Extraction From Chloride Media Using Pyridinecarboximidamides as Extractant Aleksandra WOJCIECHOWSKA*, Irmina WOJCIECHOWSKA, Karolina WIESZCZYCKA Poznan University of Technology,

More information

Atoms, Elements, Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures. Compounds and Mixtures. Atoms and the Periodic Table. Atoms and the.

Atoms, Elements, Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures. Compounds and Mixtures. Atoms and the Periodic Table. Atoms and the. Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Explain how fractional distillation can be used to separate a mixture. 1 Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Fractional distillation is used to separate components

More information

Pervaporation: An Overview

Pervaporation: An Overview Pervaporation: An Overview Pervaporation, in its simplest form, is an energy efficient combination of membrane permeation and evaporation. It's considered an attractive alternative to other separation

More information

MC 17 C SECTION - I (40 marks) Compulsory : Attempt all questions from this section.

MC 17 C SECTION - I (40 marks) Compulsory : Attempt all questions from this section. Question 1. (a) SECTION - I (40 marks) Compulsory : Attempt all questions from this section. Choose from the following list of substances, as to what matches the description from to given below : [Bronze,

More information

4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes

4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes 4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes Reactivity of metals When metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive

More information

FACTFILE: GCSE CHEMISTRY: UNIT 2.6

FACTFILE: GCSE CHEMISTRY: UNIT 2.6 FACTFILE: GCSE CHEMISTRY: UNIT Quantitative Chemistry Learning outcomes Students should be able to:.1 calculate the concentration of a solution in mol/dm 3 given the mass of solute and volume of solution;.2

More information

Electrochemistry: Oxidation-Reduction Electron Transfer Reactions

Electrochemistry: Oxidation-Reduction Electron Transfer Reactions E16 Electrochemistry: Oxidation-Reduction Electron Transfer Reactions Objective! To familiarize oneself with a number of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent

More information

Role of Ion exchange in permeation processes

Role of Ion exchange in permeation processes Talanta 71 (2007) 1054 1060 Role of Ion exchange in permeation processes Jayshree Ramkumar a, Tulsi Mukherjee b, a Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085,

More information

Technical Resource Package 1

Technical Resource Package 1 Technical Resource Package 1 Green Chemistry Impacts in Batch Chemical Processing UNIDO IAMC Toolkit Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated 1/5 The following list provides an overview of

More information

Warm UP. between carbonate and lithium. following elements have? 3) Name these compounds: 1) Write the neutral compound that forms

Warm UP. between carbonate and lithium. following elements have? 3) Name these compounds: 1) Write the neutral compound that forms Warm UP 1) Write the neutral compound that forms between carbonate and lithium 2) How many valence electrons do the following elements have? a) Chlorine b) Neon c) Potassium 3) Name these compounds: a)

More information

What type of samples are common? Time spent on different operations during LC analyses. Number of samples? Aims. Sources of error. Sample preparation

What type of samples are common? Time spent on different operations during LC analyses. Number of samples? Aims. Sources of error. Sample preparation What type of samples are common? Sample preparation 1 2 Number of samples? Time spent on different operations during LC analyses 3 4 Sources of error Aims Sample has to be representative Sample has to

More information

Recovery of Aromatics from Pyrolysis Gasoline by Conventional and Energy-Integrated Extractive Distillation

Recovery of Aromatics from Pyrolysis Gasoline by Conventional and Energy-Integrated Extractive Distillation 17 th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering ESCAPE17 V. Plesu and P.S. Agachi (Editors) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1 Recovery of Aromatics from Pyrolysis Gasoline by Conventional

More information

IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry

IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry Chemical Formulae, Equations and Calculations NOTES 1.25: Write word equations and balanced chemical equations (including state symbols): For reactions

More information

4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes

4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes 4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes Reactivity of metals When metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive

More information

Pilot scale application of the Membrane Aromatic Recovery System (MARS) for recovery of phenol from resin production condensates

Pilot scale application of the Membrane Aromatic Recovery System (MARS) for recovery of phenol from resin production condensates Journal of Membrane Science 257 (2005) 120 133 Pilot scale application of the Membrane Aromatic Recovery System (MARS) for recovery of phenol from resin production condensates Frederico Castelo Ferreira

More information

Chapter 11. Properties of Solutions

Chapter 11. Properties of Solutions Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions Section 11.1 Solution Composition Various Types of Solutions Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2 Section 11.1 Solution Composition Solution Composition

More information

Chapter 12: Solutions. Mrs. Brayfield

Chapter 12: Solutions. Mrs. Brayfield Chapter 12: Solutions Mrs. Brayfield 12.1: Solutions Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solvent the majority component Solute the minority component What is the solute and solvent

More information

1. Given below is a sketch of a Voltaic Cell. Name the two electrodes:

1. Given below is a sketch of a Voltaic Cell. Name the two electrodes: Chem 150 Answer Key Problem Electrochemistry and Thermochemistry 1. Given below is a sketch of a Voltaic Cell. Name the two electrodes: The copper electrode is the anode. The silver electrode is the cathode.

More information

Solutions. Solution Formation - Types of Solutions - Solubility and the Solution Process - Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility

Solutions. Solution Formation - Types of Solutions - Solubility and the Solution Process - Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility Solutions Solutions Solution Formation - Types of Solutions - Solubility and the Solution Process - Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility Colligative Properties - Ways of Expressing Concentration

More information

Unit-8 Equilibrium. Rate of reaction: Consider the following chemical reactions:

Unit-8 Equilibrium. Rate of reaction: Consider the following chemical reactions: Unit-8 Equilibrium Rate of reaction: Consider the following chemical reactions: 1. The solution of sodium chloride and silver nitrate when mixed, there is an instantaneous formation of a precipitate of

More information

D-MAVT Membrane Separation Processes

D-MAVT Membrane Separation Processes Membrane Separation Processes Federico Milella Rate Controlled Separation - Autumn 2017 Separation Processes Laboratory - Institute of Process Engineering Agenda Introduction Mass balances over a membrane

More information

CHAPTER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATIONS

CHAPTER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATIONS Islamic University in Madinah Department of Chemistry CHAPTER - ----- CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATIONS Prepared By Dr. Khalid Ahmad Shadid Chemistry Department Islamic University in Madinah TRADITIONAL

More information

AS Paper 1 Group VII: The Halogens

AS Paper 1 Group VII: The Halogens AS Paper 1 Group VII: The Halogens South Axholme School Q1.Which one of the following statements is true? A B C D Bromine liberates iodine from aqueous sodium iodide. Chlorine liberates fluorine from aqueous

More information

Ch Kinetic Theory. 1.All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles.

Ch Kinetic Theory. 1.All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. Ch. 15.1 Kinetic Theory 1.All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. Kinetic Theory 2.These tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the temperature, the faster the

More information

2.500 Desalination and Water Purification

2.500 Desalination and Water Purification MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 2.500 Desalination and Water Purification Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. MASSACHUSETTS

More information

Modeling and Simulation of Distillation + Pervaporation Hybrid Unit: Study of IPA - Water Separation

Modeling and Simulation of Distillation + Pervaporation Hybrid Unit: Study of IPA - Water Separation International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.10 No.5, pp 190-196, 2017 Modeling and Simulation of Distillation + Pervaporation Hybrid Unit:

More information

Removal efficiency on magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) of some multicomponent systems present in synthetic aqueous solutions

Removal efficiency on magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) of some multicomponent systems present in synthetic aqueous solutions Removal efficiency on magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) of some multicomponent systems present in synthetic aqueous solutions Andra Predescu, Ecaterina Matei, Andrei Predescu, Andrei Berbecaru Faculty of Materials

More information

Investigating the effect of graphene oxide on scaling in thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes

Investigating the effect of graphene oxide on scaling in thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes Investigating the effect of graphene oxide on scaling in thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes Ali Ansari, Bo Cao, Xinyi Yi, Yandi Hu, and Debora Rodrigues Civil and Environmental Engineering,

More information

Same theme covered in Combined but extra content Extra parts atomic symbols (first 20, Group 1 and Group 7)

Same theme covered in Combined but extra content Extra parts atomic symbols (first 20, Group 1 and Group 7) Co-teaching document new ELC Science 5960 and Foundation Level GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy (8464) Chemistry: Component 3 Elements, mixtures and compounds ELC Outcomes Summary of content covered in ELC

More information

AQA TRILOGY Chemistry (8464) from 2016 Topics T5.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table (Paper 1) To pic. Student Checklist

AQA TRILOGY Chemistry (8464) from 2016 Topics T5.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table (Paper 1) To pic. Student Checklist Personalised Learning Checklist AQA TRILOGY Chemistry (8464) from 2016 s T5.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table (Paper 1) State that everything is made of atoms and recall what they are 5.1.1 A simple

More information

The esterification of acetic acid with ethanol in a pervaporation membrane reactor

The esterification of acetic acid with ethanol in a pervaporation membrane reactor Desalination 245 (2009) 662 669 The esterification of acetic acid with ethanol in a pervaporation membrane reactor Ayça Hasanoğlu*, Yavuz Salt, Sevinç Keleşer, Salih Dinçer Chemical Engineering Department,

More information

Elements, compounds, Mixtures

Elements, compounds, Mixtures Elements, compounds, Mixtures Model Answers 1 Level IGCSE(9-1) Subject Chemistry Exam Board Edexcel IGCSE Module Double Award (Paper 1C) Topic Principles of Chemistry Sub-Topic Booklet Elements, Compounds,

More information

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE DESORPTION OF XYLENE FROM ZEOLITE

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE DESORPTION OF XYLENE FROM ZEOLITE SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE DESORPTION OF XYLENE FROM ZEOLITE Stéphane VITU and Danielle BARTH ( * ) Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques Laboratoire

More information

Soluble: A solute that dissolves in a specific solvent. Insoluble: A solute that will not dissolve in a specific solvent. "Like Dissolves Like"

Soluble: A solute that dissolves in a specific solvent. Insoluble: A solute that will not dissolve in a specific solvent. Like Dissolves Like Solutions Homogeneous Mixtures Solutions: Mixtures that contain two or more substances called the solute and the solvent where the solute dissolves in the solvent so the solute and solvent are not distinguishable

More information

MAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E.

MAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E. MAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E. GRADE - X (2017-2018) Exam No. : MT/ICSE/SEMI PRELIM - I-SET -A 008 Sulphuric acid, Ammonia, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry HCl, Nitric acid, Metallurgy Chemistry SCIENCE

More information

Adsorption (Ch 12) - mass transfer to an interface

Adsorption (Ch 12) - mass transfer to an interface Adsorption (Ch 12) - mass transfer to an interface (Absorption - mass transfer to another phase) Gas or liquid adsorption (molecular) onto solid surface Porous solids provide high surface area per weight

More information

Corrosion of mild steel in binary mixtures of acids

Corrosion of mild steel in binary mixtures of acids Available online at www.derpharmachemica.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7(10):296-303 (http://derpharmachemica.com/archive.html) Corrosion of mild steel in binary mixtures of acids

More information

Carbon dioxide removal processes by alkanolamines in aqueous organic solvents Hamborg, Espen Steinseth

Carbon dioxide removal processes by alkanolamines in aqueous organic solvents Hamborg, Espen Steinseth University of Groningen Carbon dioxide removal processes by alkanolamines in aqueous organic solvents Hamborg, Espen Steinseth IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's

More information

Process Classification

Process Classification Process Classification Before writing a material balance (MB) you must first identify the type of process in question. Batch no material (mass) is transferred into or out of the system over the time period

More information

Metal + water -> metal hydroxide + hydrogen Metal + acid -> metal salt + hydrogen

Metal + water -> metal hydroxide + hydrogen Metal + acid -> metal salt + hydrogen Name of Formula Formula of ion Name of salt Hydrochloric Sulphuric HCl Cl - Chloride H 2 SO 4 SO 4-2 Sulphate Key words: Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: gain of electrons Displacement reaction:

More information

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Water pollution is one of the largest environmental problems facing society today. Each year, millions of tons of toxic pollutants are discharged into rivers, lakes, and oceans

More information

METHOD 9012 TOTAL AND AMENABLE CYANIDE (COLORIMETRIC, AUTOMATED UV)

METHOD 9012 TOTAL AND AMENABLE CYANIDE (COLORIMETRIC, AUTOMATED UV) METHOD 9012 TOTAL AND AMENABLE CYANIDE (COLORIMETRIC, AUTOMATED UV) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 Method 9012 is used to determine the concentration of inorganic cyanide in an aqueous waste or leachate.

More information

Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 5 Distillation Lecture - 5 Fractional Distillation Welcome to the

More information

EVAPORATION YUSRON SUGIARTO

EVAPORATION YUSRON SUGIARTO EVAPORATION YUSRON SUGIARTO Evaporation: - Factors affecting evaporation - Evaporators - Film evaporators - Single effect and multiple effect evaporators - Mathematical problems on evaporation Principal

More information

Mass integration for recovery of zinc from galvanizing and metal finishing industry using supertargeting approach

Mass integration for recovery of zinc from galvanizing and metal finishing industry using supertargeting approach Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 13, July 2006, pp. 378-385 Mass integration for recovery of zinc from galvanizing and metal finishing industry using supertargeting approach Shabina Khanam* &

More information

Level 2: Input output structure

Level 2: Input output structure Level : Input output structure Cheng-Ching Yu Dept of Chem. Eng. National Taiwan University ccyu@ntu.edu.tw 0-3365-1759 1 Input/output Structure Hierarchy of decisions 1. batch versus continuous. Input-output

More information

SIR MICHELANGELO REFALO

SIR MICHELANGELO REFALO SIR MIELANGEL REFAL SIXT FRM Annual Exam 2015 Subject: hemistry ADV 2 nd Time: 3 hours ANSWER ANY 6 QUESTINS. All questions carry equal marks. You are reminded of the importance of clear presentation in

More information

Edexcel Chemistry Checklist

Edexcel Chemistry Checklist Topic 1. Key concepts in chemistry Video: Developing the atomic model Describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time. Describe the difference between the plum-pudding model of the atom and

More information

least reactive magnesium

least reactive magnesium 1 One way of establishing a reactivity series is by displacement reactions. (a) A series of experiments was carried out using the metals lead, magnesium, zinc and silver. Each metal was added in turn to

More information

Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS CST High School Chemistry Part 2. Student name:

Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS CST High School Chemistry Part 2. Student name: Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS Student name: Author: California District: California Released Tests Printed: Thursday January 16, 2014 1 Theoretically, when an ideal gas in a closed container cools,

More information

The Characteristics of a Soln

The Characteristics of a Soln Goal 1 The Characteristics of a Soln Define the term solution, and, given a description of a substance, determine if it is a solution. The Characteristics of a Soln Solution (as used in chemistry) A homogenous

More information

1. A solution that is 9% by mass glucose contains 9 g of glucose in every g of solution.

1. A solution that is 9% by mass glucose contains 9 g of glucose in every g of solution. Solutions molarity (Homework) For answers, send email to: admin@tutor-homework.com. Include file name: Chemistry_Worksheet_0144 Price: $3 (c) 2012 www.tutor-homework.com: Tutoring, homework help, help

More information

70 Example: If a solution is m citric acid, what is the molar concentration (M) of the solution? The density of the solution is 1.

70 Example: If a solution is m citric acid, what is the molar concentration (M) of the solution? The density of the solution is 1. 70 Example: If a solution is 0.688 m citric acid, what is the molar concentration (M) of the solution? The density of the solution is 1.049 g/ml molality definition molarity definition To solve the problem,

More information

Properties of Solutions

Properties of Solutions Properties of Solutions The Solution Process A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids. Each substance present is a component of the solution.

More information

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS EXPERIMENT 11 (2 Weeks) Chemistry 110 Laboratory TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is perform, balance and classify chemical reactions based on observations. Students

More information

CHEMISTRY PAPER 1999

CHEMISTRY PAPER 1999 CHEMISTRY PAPER 1999 (One and a half hours) Answers to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will NOT be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent

More information

Foundation Support Workbook AQA GCSE Combined Science Chemistry topics. Sunetra Berry

Foundation Support Workbook AQA GCSE Combined Science Chemistry topics. Sunetra Berry Foundation Workbook AQA GCSE Combined Science Chemistry topics Sunetra Berry 224708 Foundation Workbook_Sample_Chemistry.indd 1 4/22/16 4:17 PM Contents Section 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

More information

KEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work. Freezing Point Depression

KEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work. Freezing Point Depression KEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work Freezing Point Depression 1 Introduction Colligative properties are properties of liquids that depend only on the amount of dissolved matter (concentration),

More information

GCE O' LEVEL PURE CHEMISTRY (5073/02) Suggested Answers for 2016 O Level Pure Chemistry Paper 2

GCE O' LEVEL PURE CHEMISTRY (5073/02) Suggested Answers for 2016 O Level Pure Chemistry Paper 2 Section A (50 M) Aa) trend The number of electron shell increases The number of valence electrons increases Proton number increases There is a change in character from metallic to non-metallic Only true

More information

Personalised Learning Checklists AQA Chemistry Paper 2

Personalised Learning Checklists AQA Chemistry Paper 2 AQA Chemistry (8462) from 2016 Topics C4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change Calculate the rate of a chemical reaction over time, using either the quantity of reactant used or the quantity of product

More information

Revision Checklist :4.3 Quantitative Chemistry

Revision Checklist :4.3 Quantitative Chemistry Revision Checklist :4.3 Quantitative Chemistry Conservation of Mass The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the products equals the

More information

Sample. Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2012 HS Chemistry. - signup at to remove - Student name:

Sample. Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2012 HS Chemistry. - signup at   to remove - Student name: Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2012 HS Chemistry Student name: Author: Massachusetts District: Massachusetts Released Tests Printed: Thursday January 24, 2013 1 Which of the following statements

More information

Quantitative Chemistry. AQA Chemistry topic 3

Quantitative Chemistry. AQA Chemistry topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry AQA Chemistry topic 3 3.1 Conservation of Mass and Balanced Equations Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is when atoms are basically rearranged into something different. For

More information

Chemical reactions. least common reaction types. Balancing. A + B - (aq) + C + D - (aq) Double Displacement. aqueous.

Chemical reactions. least common reaction types. Balancing. A + B - (aq) + C + D - (aq) Double Displacement. aqueous. transfer of electrons examples: batteries, corrosion, metabolism production & burning of fuels REDOX reduction is gain of e oxidation is loss of e most common reaction types OILRIG Chemical reactions Balancing

More information

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 032/1 CHEMISTRY 1 (For Both School and Private Candidates) TIME: 3 Hours Tuesday afternoon 09/10/2007

More information

Further studies on phenol removal from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction

Further studies on phenol removal from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction Further studies on phenol removal from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction R. M.Abdelmonem, M. A. Hashem and A. A. Mohmed Chem. Eng Dept., Faculry of Engineering, El-Minia niversity, El-Minia, Egypt

More information

CHEMISTRY. SCIENCE Paper 2

CHEMISTRY. SCIENCE Paper 2 CHEMISTRY SCIENCE Paper 2 (Two hours) Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading

More information

CONCENTRATION UNITS 0.800? concentration? What is the molar concentration of mercury? solution contain? 0.150? CHANGING CONCENTRATION UNITS

CONCENTRATION UNITS 0.800? concentration? What is the molar concentration of mercury? solution contain? 0.150? CHANGING CONCENTRATION UNITS CONCENTRATION UNITS 1. How many grams of CuSO 4 are required to make 650. ml of a 0.115 M solution? 2. How many grams of NaCl are required to prepare 250. ml of a 0.241 M solution? 3. How many grams of

More information

Colligative Properties

Colligative Properties Colligative Properties Some physical properties of solutions differ in important ways from those of the pure solvent. For example, pure water freezes at 0 C, but aqueous solutions freeze at lower temperatures.

More information

General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 2)

General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 2) General Chemistry II Unit II Part 2 1 General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 2) CDS Chapter 17: Phase Equilibrium and Intermolecular Forces Introduction o In this chapter, we will develop a model

More information

- Let's look at how things dissolve into water, since aqueous solutions are quite common. sucrose (table sugar)

- Let's look at how things dissolve into water, since aqueous solutions are quite common. sucrose (table sugar) 68 HOW THINGS DISSOLVE - Let's look at how things dissolve into water, since aqueous solutions are quite common. sucrose (table sugar)... what happens? - Water molecules pull the sugar molecules out of

More information

LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry

LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry TYPICAL SOLVENT USE IN Pharma Industry Usage of solvents in an API process development is for: Diluent to carry out reaction

More information

The Atom, The Mole & Stoichiometry. Chapter 2 I. The Atomic Theory A. proposed the modern atomic model to explain the laws of chemical combination.

The Atom, The Mole & Stoichiometry. Chapter 2 I. The Atomic Theory A. proposed the modern atomic model to explain the laws of chemical combination. Unit 2: The Atom, The Mole & Stoichiometry Chapter 2 I. The Atomic Theory A. proposed the modern atomic model to explain the laws of chemical combination. Postulates of the atomic theory: 1. All matter

More information

CHEMISTRY 202 Hour Exam I. Dr. D. DeCoste T.A.

CHEMISTRY 202 Hour Exam I. Dr. D. DeCoste T.A. CHEMISTRY 0 Hour Exam I September, 016 Dr. D. DeCoste Name Signature T.A. This exam contains 3 questions on 11 numbered pages. Check now to make sure you have a complete exam. You have two hours to complete

More information