AP Chemistry. Reactions in Solution

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "AP Chemistry. Reactions in Solution"

Transcription

1 AP Chemistry Reactions in Solution

2 S o l u t i o n s

3 solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances -- The solvent is present in greatest quantity. -- Any other substance present is called a. solute aqueous solutions: solutions in which water is the dissolving medium (i.e., the solvent) electrolyte: any substance whose aqueous solution will conduct electricity e.g., HCl, NaCl, KOH -- as opposed to a nonelectrolyte, e.g., any sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6, C 12 H 22 O 11 ) or any alcohol (CH 3 OH, CH 3 CH 2 OH)

4 Intermolecular forces (IMFs) operate between solvent and solute particles. Solutions form when solute-solvent IMFs are comparable to solute-solute IMFs. -- solvent particles pull solute ions from the crystal d + H + O H O d H H H O then solvation: solvent particles surround solute particles (if solvent is H 2 O, we say hydration ) H d +

5 As a general rule, ionic solids dissociate into ions in aqueous solution. The partial ( ) charge on the O and the partial (+) charge on the H atoms allow H 2 O to interact strongly with, and pull out, ions in the crystal lattice. Thus, ionic compounds are often strong electrolytes. d H + O H O d H H H O H d

6 For molecular compounds, structural integrity of molecules is maintained. Substance may dissolve, but generally won t split into ions. Thus, mol. comps. tend to be nonelectrolytes. -- major exceptions: acids and NH 3 (ammonia) ** When molecular compounds DO split into ions, it is called ionization, not dissociation.

7 Strong electrolytes exist almost completely as ions in aqueous solution. e.g., HCl(aq) KCl(aq) H + (aq) + Cl (aq) K + (aq) + Cl (aq) lots of product (note the one-sided arrow) Weak electrolytes produce only a small concentration of ions in reaching equilibrium. e.g., CH 3 COOH(aq) CH 3 COO (aq) + H + (aq) lots of reactant HF(aq) H + (aq) + F (aq) (note the double arrow)

8 Some of the strong electrolytes are the strong acids and strong bases. STRONG ACIDS STRONG BASES the hydroxides of... hydrochloric, HCl hydrobromic, HBr hydroiodic, HI chloric, HClO 3 perchloric, HClO 4 nitric, HNO 3 sulfuric, H 2 SO 4 Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba strong base cations

9 Be careful to distinguish between dissolution and dissociation/ionization in regard to strongs or weaks. For example, CH3COOH dissolves completely, but ionizes only slightly; it is therefore a weak electrolyte. On the other hand, Ba(OH)2 dissolves very little, but the amount that does dissolve dissociates almost completely. Ba(OH)2 is a strong electrolyte. The question is: Of the amount that dissolves, what fraction dissociates/ionizes? If most If not much STRONG WEAK

10 Sometimes it is not readily apparent whether a solution has been formed or whether a chemical reaction took place. To help you decide, consider the following: If the product is evaporated to dryness, a solution would give you what you started with. e.g., (SOLN) NaCl(s) + H 2 O(l) NaCl(aq) Ni(s) + 2 HCl(aq) NiCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) (RXN) Precipitation reactions are reactions in solution that form an insoluble product. The insoluble product is called a... precipitate.

11 Solubility Crystallization is the opposite of the solution process. solution SOLUTE + SOLVENT SOLUTION crystallization -- When the rates of solution and crystallization are equal, equilibrium is established. A saturated solution of NaCl, in which the rates of solution and crystallization are equal.

12 (aq) Suppose you mix solutions of lead(ii) nitrate and sodium iodide. Pb(NO 3 ) 2 The ions present are... Pb 2+, NO 3, Na +, I Write the overall ionic equation Pb NO Na I NaI PbI NO Na + (aq) (aq) (aq) (ppt) (aq) (aq) Cancel the spectator ions to get the net ionic equation Pb I PbI 2 (aq) (aq) (ppt)

13 Solubility Trends The solubility of MOST solids increases with temperature. The rate at which solids dissolve increases with increasing surface area of the solid. The solubility of gases decreases with increases in temperature. The solubility of gases increases with the pressure above the solution.

14 Therefore Solids tend to dissolve best when: o Heated o Stirred o Ground into small particles Gases tend to dissolve best when: o The solution is cold o Pressure is high

15 Solubility Chart

16 Concentration Calculation Concentration In a solution, the solute is distributed evenly throughout the solvent. This means that any part of a solution has the same ratio of solute to solvent as any other part of the solution. This ratio is the concentration of the solution. The concentration is the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a solution

17 Concentration, continued Calculating Concentration, continued Concentrations can be expressed in many forms. % by mass (g of solute/100 g solution) M = Molarity (mol of solute/l of solution) m = Molality (mol of solute/kg of solvent) Ppm = Parts per million (g solute/1,000,000 g solution)

18 Molarity A solution s concentration tells us the amount of solute per solvent. A common unit of concentration is molarity. -- equation: M M mol L mol L What mass of magnesium nitrite is needed to make 3.25 L of a 0.35 M solution? Mg 2+ NO 2 Mg(NO 2 ) 2 mol = M L = 0.35 M (3.25 L ) = mol g mol = 130 g Mg(NO 2 ) 2 1 mol

19 Steps for Properly Mixing an Aqueous Solution 1. Fill an appropriate container (e.g., graduated cylinder or volumetric flask) mostly full of water (~80% full). This is an approximate technique and should take very little time. 2. Weigh out the proper amount of solute and mix it into the water from Step Top off the solution to the proper volume and mix. DONE.

20 Preparing L of a M Solution

21 What is the conc. of sodium ions in a M solution of sodium phosphate? strong electrolyte Na + PO 4 3 Na 3 PO 4 Na 3 PO 4 (aq) 3 Na + (aq) + PO 4 3 (aq) M M

22 mass Solution Stoichiometry mass vol. mol mol vol. part. M L M L part. NaOH H 2 SO 4 V of gases V of sol ns at STP What volume of M sulfuric acid is needed to neutralize 26 g sodium hydroxide? H 2 SO NaOH Na 2 SO H 2 O 1 mol NaOH 1 mol H SO 26 g NaOH 2 4 = mol H 2 SO 4 40 g NaOH 2 mol NaOH mol mol H2SO4 L M M H SO = 2.2 L of M H 2 SO 4 2 4

23 Dilutions Aqueous acids (and sometimes bases) can be purchased in concentrated form and diluted to any lower concentration. A purchased bottle of acid is called a concentrate or a stock solution. -- **Safety Tip: When diluting, add acid or base to water, not the other way around. Dilution Equation: M C V C = M D V D C = conc. D = dilute Conc. phosphoric acid is 14.8 M. What volume of concentrate is req d to make 25.0 L of M acid? 14.8 (V C ) = (25.0) V C = L

24 What mass of lead(ii) nitrate will consume 85.0 ml of 0.45 M sodium iodide? Pb(NO 3 ) NaI PbI NaNO 3 mol NaI = M L = 0.45 M (0.085 L ) mol NaI = mol NaI 1 2 NaI Pb(NO 3 ) 2 mol Pb(NO3 ) g Pb(NO3 ) 2 2 mol NaI 1 mol Pb(NO3 ) 2 = 6.3 g Pb(NO 3 ) 2

Chapter 4. The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1

Chapter 4. The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1 Chapter 4 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4.1 The Role of Water as a Solvent 4.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions 4.3 Precipitation Reactions

More information

Reaction Classes. Precipitation Reactions

Reaction Classes. Precipitation Reactions Reaction Classes Precipitation: synthesis of an ionic solid a solid precipitate forms when aqueous solutions of certain ions are mixed AcidBase: proton transfer reactions acid donates a proton to a base,

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Solutions. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Solutions. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 in Solution 4.1 General Properties of Solutions Solutions Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is present in greatest abundance. All other

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is made when one substance (the solute) is

More information

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Copyright McGraw-Hill

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Copyright McGraw-Hill Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solution - a homogeneous mixture Solute: the component that is dissolved Solvent: the component

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Lecture Presentation Chapter 4 in Solution 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Properties of Solutions Solute: substance in lesser quantity in

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions In Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions In Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solution I) General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Homogeneous mixture on a molecular level - prop. same throughout - separable by physical means - variable composition

More information

H H H H H O H O. Role of Water. Role of Water. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution H 2 H H H 2 O. Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent.

H H H H H O H O. Role of Water. Role of Water. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution H 2 H H H 2 O. Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent. Role of Water Role of Water Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent The polar nature of water molecule Two key features: 1. The distribution of bonding electrons O H covalent

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Topics General properties of aqueous solutions Precipitation reactions Acid base reactions Oxidation reduction reactions Concentration of solutions Aqueous reactions

More information

SI session Grue 207A

SI session Grue 207A Chem 105 Wednesday 21 Sept 2011 1. Precipitation and Solubility 2. Solubility Rules 3. Precipitation reaction equations 4. Net ionic equations 5. OWL 6. Acids and bases SI session Grue 207A TR, 12:001:30

More information

Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction

Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction An Acid-Base reaction is also called a Neutralization reaction because the acid (generates H + or H 3 O + ) and base (generates OH ) properties of the reactants

More information

Chapter 4 Outline. Electrolytic Properties

Chapter 4 Outline. Electrolytic Properties +4.1 - General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solution = a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solvent = substance present in greatest quantity Solute = the other substance(s) present in a solution

More information

7/16/2012. Chapter Four: Like Dissolve Like. The Water Molecule. Ionic Compounds in Water. General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

7/16/2012. Chapter Four: Like Dissolve Like. The Water Molecule. Ionic Compounds in Water. General Properties of Aqueous Solutions General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Chapter Four: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is made when one substance

More information

Reactions in aqueous solutions Precipitation Reactions

Reactions in aqueous solutions Precipitation Reactions Reactions in aqueous solutions Precipitation Reactions Aqueous solutions Chemical reactions that occur in water are responsible for creation of cenotes. When carbon dioxide, CO2, dissolves in water, the

More information

Net Ionic Reactions. The reaction between strong acids and strong bases is one example:

Net Ionic Reactions. The reaction between strong acids and strong bases is one example: Net Ionic Reactions Model 1 Net Ionic Reactions. Net ionic reactions are frequently used when strong electrolytes react in solution to form nonelectrolytes or weak electrolytes. These equations let you

More information

Solution. Types of Solutions. Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry

Solution. Types of Solutions. Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry Solution homogenous mixture of 2 or more pure substances only one perceptible phase species do not react chemically Types of Solutions solid liquid gas Solutions

More information

AP Chemistry. Chapter 4

AP Chemistry. Chapter 4 AP Chemistry Chapter 4 1 Properties of Aqueous Solution Solutions Definition: Any substance (solid, liquid or gas) EVENLY distributed throughout another substance. Solutions have 2 parts: 1) Solvent the

More information

Chapter 4. Concentration of Solutions. Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined.

Chapter 4. Concentration of Solutions. Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined. Molarity Chapter 4 Concentration of Solutions Molarity (M) = moles of solute liters of solution Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined. Given the molarity and the moles

More information

Session 8: LECTURE OUTLINE (SECTIONS I1 I4 pp F61 F67)

Session 8: LECTURE OUTLINE (SECTIONS I1 I4 pp F61 F67) Session 8: LECTURE OUTLINE (SECTIONS I1 I4 pp F61 F67) I. Elecrolytes a. Soluble substances b. Insoluble substances c. Electrolytes d. Non-Electrolytes e. Ions and electrical conductivity f. Strong and

More information

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All s are to be sent to:

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All  s are to be sent to: CHEM 200/202 Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210 All emails are to be sent to: chem200@mail.sdsu.edu My office hours will be held in GMCS-212 on Monday from 9 am to 11 am or by appointment. ANNOUNCEMENTS

More information

Chapter 4. Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

Chapter 4. Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Lecture Presentation Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Reaction Stoichiometry: How Much Carbon Dioxide? The balanced chemical equations for fossilfuel combustion reactions provide the

More information

Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file)

Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file) Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file) Section 3.1: Solubility Rules (For Ionic Compounds in Water) Section 3.1.1: Introduction Solubility

More information

CHEM 200/202. Professor Gregory P. Holland Office: GMCS-213C. All s are to be sent to:

CHEM 200/202. Professor Gregory P. Holland Office: GMCS-213C. All  s are to be sent to: CHEM 200/202 Professor Gregory P. Holland Office: GMCS-213C All emails are to be sent to: chem200@mail.sdsu.edu My office hours will be held in GMCS-212 on Monday from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm or by appointment.

More information

Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution Learning Outcomes: Identify compounds as acids or bases, and as strong, weak, or nonelectrolytes Recognize reactions by type and be able to predict the products

More information

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Homework Chapter 4 11, 15, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 41, 45, 47, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 73, 75, 81, 85 1 2 Chapter Objectives Solution To understand the nature of ionic substances

More information

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.3 The Composition of Solutions (MOLARITY!)

More information

CHEMICAL REACTIONS. There are three ways we write chemical equations. 1. Molecular Equations 2. Full Ionic Equations 3. Net Ionic Equations

CHEMICAL REACTIONS. There are three ways we write chemical equations. 1. Molecular Equations 2. Full Ionic Equations 3. Net Ionic Equations CHEMICAL REACTIONS Reactants: Zn + I 2 Product: Zn I 2 Unit 2 Chemical Reactions The unit 2 exam will cover material from multiple chapters. You are responsible for the following from your text on exam

More information

Unit 10: Solutions. soluble: will dissolve in miscible: refers to two liquids that mix evenly in all proportions -- e.g., food coloring and water

Unit 10: Solutions. soluble: will dissolve in miscible: refers to two liquids that mix evenly in all proportions -- e.g., food coloring and water Unit 10: Solutions Name: Solution Definitions solution: a homogeneous mixture -- -- e.g., alloy: a solid solution of metals -- e.g., solvent: the substance that dissolves the solute soluble: will dissolve

More information

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 Water, The Common Solvent State why water acts as a common solvent. Draw the structure of water, including partial charge. Write equations

More information

SCHOOL YEAR CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A

SCHOOL YEAR CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A SCHOOL YEAR 2017-18 NAME: CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A Choose the best answer from the options that follow each question. 1. A solute

More information

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds Arrhenius Acid Base Theory

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds Arrhenius Acid Base Theory Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Ionic compounds dissociate in water yielding electrolyte solutions. H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) The ions are hydrated by water. Strong & Weak Electrolytes

More information

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Ionic compounds dissociate in water yielding electrolyte solutions. H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) The ions are hydrated by water. The Electrical Conductivity

More information

Solutions. Heterogenous Mixture (Not a Solution) Ice Water (w/ Ice Cubes) Smog Oil and Water

Solutions. Heterogenous Mixture (Not a Solution) Ice Water (w/ Ice Cubes) Smog Oil and Water Solutions Unit 6 1 Solutions Homogenous Mixture (Solution) two or more substances mixed together to have a uniform composition, its components are not distinguishable from one another Heterogenous Mixture

More information

The solvent is the dissolving agent -- i.e., the most abundant component of the solution

The solvent is the dissolving agent -- i.e., the most abundant component of the solution SOLUTIONS Definitions A solution is a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance homogeneous mixture -- uniform appearance -- similar properties throughout

More information

Precipitation Reactions

Precipitation Reactions Precipitation Reactions Precipitation reactions are reactions in which a solid forms when we mix two solutions reactions between aqueous solutions of ionic compounds produce an ionic compound that is insoluble

More information

What are the chemical forms in which substances occur in aqueous solutions? Solution Composition

What are the chemical forms in which substances occur in aqueous solutions? Solution Composition Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Solution Composition Water possesses many unusual properties. One of the most important properties of water is its ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances.

More information

Electrolytes do conduct electricity, in proportion to the concentrations of their ions in solution.

Electrolytes do conduct electricity, in proportion to the concentrations of their ions in solution. Chapter 4 (Hill/Petrucci/McCreary/Perry Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions This chapter deals with reactions that occur in aqueous solution these solutions all use water as the solvent. We will look

More information

9/24/09 Chem 111 Experiment #7 Solutions and Reactions Brown, LeMay, and Bursten Chapter

9/24/09 Chem 111 Experiment #7 Solutions and Reactions Brown, LeMay, and Bursten Chapter Chem 111 Experiment #7 Solutions and Reactions Brown, LeMay, and Bursten Chapter 4.1-4.4 KEY VOCABULARY: 1. Ionic compound a compound composed of cations (+) and anions (-). Many ionic compounds dissociate

More information

I. Properties of Aqueous Solutions A) Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes B) Predicting Solubility* II. Reactions of Ionic Compounds in Solution*

I. Properties of Aqueous Solutions A) Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes B) Predicting Solubility* II. Reactions of Ionic Compounds in Solution* Chapter 5 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Titrations Kick Acid!!! 1 I. Properties of Aqueous Solutions A) Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes B) Predicting Solubility* II. Reactions of Ionic Compounds in

More information

During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction:

During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction: Example 4.1 Stoichiometry During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction: Suppose that a particular plant consumes 37.8 g of CO 2

More information

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Water, the common solvent Solution is a homogeneous mixture Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving Solute is the substance that

More information

Quick Review. - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent

Quick Review. - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent Quick Review - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent Water H 2 O Is water an ionic or a covalent compound? Covalent,

More information

Announcements. There are 3-classes of chemical reactions that occur in aqueous solution.

Announcements. There are 3-classes of chemical reactions that occur in aqueous solution. Announcements Exam 1 Results: Mean: 71% Range: 39.5%-93.5% Median: 72% Other Bio-LS Class Mean 72% Please read Chapter 4 and complete problems. Please see me for help. There are 3-classes of chemical reactions

More information

Net Ionic Equations. Making Sense of Chemical Reactions

Net Ionic Equations. Making Sense of Chemical Reactions Making Sense of Chemical Reactions Now that you have mastered writing balanced chemical equations it is time to take a deeper look at what is really taking place chemically in each reaction. There are

More information

Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY

Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Stoichiometry allows chemists to predict how much of a reactant is necessary

More information

Chapter 4. Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry Solutions Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions. The component of the solution that changes state is called the solute. The component that keeps its state

More information

**The partially (-) oxygen pulls apart and surrounds the (+) cation. The partially (+) hydrogen pulls apart and surrounds the (-) anion.

**The partially (-) oxygen pulls apart and surrounds the (+) cation. The partially (+) hydrogen pulls apart and surrounds the (-) anion. #19 Notes Unit 3: Reactions in Solutions Ch. Reactions in Solutions I. Solvation -the act of dissolving (solute (salt) dissolves in the solvent (water)) Hydration: dissolving in water, the universal solvent.

More information

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute

More information

Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4) Example - Limiting Reagents. Percent Yield. Reaction Yields. Yield - example.

Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4) Example - Limiting Reagents. Percent Yield. Reaction Yields. Yield - example. Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4) Chem 107 T. Hughbanks Example - Limiting Reagents SiCl 4 is used in making computer chips. It is produced by the reaction: SiO 2 + 2 C + 2 Cl 2 SiCl 4 + 2

More information

Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4)

Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4) Solutions, Ions & Acids, Bases (Chapters 3-4) Chem 107 T. Hughbanks Example - Limiting Reagents SiCl 4 is used in making computer chips. It is produced by the reaction: SiO 2 + 2 C + 2 Cl 2 SiCl 4 + 2

More information

NET IONIC EQUATIONS. Electrolyte Behavior

NET IONIC EQUATIONS. Electrolyte Behavior NET IONIC EQUATIONS Net ionic equations are useful in that they show only those chemical species directly participating in a chemical reaction. They are thus simpler than the overall equation, and help

More information

A reaction in which a solid forms is called a precipitation reaction. Solid = precipitate

A reaction in which a solid forms is called a precipitation reaction. Solid = precipitate Chapter 7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1 Section 7.1 Predicting Whether a Reaction Will Occur Four Driving Forces Favor Chemical Change 1. Formation of a solid 2. Formation of water 3. Transfer of electrons

More information

SOLUTIONS. Homogeneous mixture uniformly mixed on the molecular level. Solvent & Solute. we will focus on aqueous solutions

SOLUTIONS. Homogeneous mixture uniformly mixed on the molecular level. Solvent & Solute. we will focus on aqueous solutions SOLUTIONS Homogeneous mixture uniformly mixed on the molecular level Solvent & Solute we will focus on aqueous solutions SOLUTE-SOLVENT SOLVENT INTERACTIONS Why do solutions form? Processes occur spontaneously

More information

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry Water, the Common Solvent One of the most important substances on Earth. Can dissolve many different substances. A polar molecule because

More information

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Sample Exercise 4.1 (p. 127) The diagram below represents an aqueous solution of one of the following compounds: MgCl 2, KCl, or K 2 SO 4. Which solution does it best represent? Practice Exercise 1 (4.1)

More information

9/24/12. Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

9/24/12. Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

More information

The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions Chapter 4 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 5.1 Properties of compounds in Aqueous Solution 5.2 Precipitation Reaction 5.3 Acids and Bases 5.4 Reactions of Acid and Bases 5.5 Gas-forming Reactions

More information

Aqueous Reactions. The products are just the cation-anion pairs reversed, or the outies (A and Y joined) and the innies (B and X joined).

Aqueous Reactions. The products are just the cation-anion pairs reversed, or the outies (A and Y joined) and the innies (B and X joined). Aqueous Reactions Defining Aqueous Reactions Aqueous reactions are reactions that take place in water. To understand them, it is important to understand how compounds behave in water. Some compounds are

More information

Section 4: Aqueous Reactions

Section 4: Aqueous Reactions Section 4: Aqueous Reactions 1. Solution composition 2. Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes 3. Acids, bases, and salts 4. Neutralization ti reactions 5. Precipitation reactions 6. Oxidation/reduction reactions

More information

Chapter 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Table of Contents 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.3 The Composition

More information

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Collision A bag of mostly water - Star Trek - Rareness No mobility Solution is the solution. Water, the Common Solvent A bag of mostly

More information

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is made when one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another (the solvent). The

More information

Ions in Solution. Solvent and Solute

Ions in Solution. Solvent and Solute Adapted from Peer-led Team Learning Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end: then stop." Early ideas of atoms and compounds, developed primarily through the reactions of solids and gases,

More information

Chapter 6. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 6. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 6 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 6 Table of Contents (6.1) (6.2) (6.3) (6.4) (6.5) (6.6) (6.7) (6.8) Water, the common solvent The nature of aqueous solutions: Strong

More information

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Solutions Chapter 4 and Solution Stoichiometry AP Chemistry 2014-15 North Nova Education Centre

More information

Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary

Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen s electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen s is low (2.1)

More information

CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water)

CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water) CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water) STRONG ELEC. 100% Dissoc. WEAK ELEC..1-10% Dissoc. NON ELEC 0%

More information

The ph of aqueous salt solutions

The ph of aqueous salt solutions The ph of aqueous salt solutions Sometimes (most times), the salt of an acid-base neutralization reaction can influence the acid/base properties of water. NaCl dissolved in water: ph = 7 NaC 2 H 3 O 2

More information

Practice questions for Chapter 4

Practice questions for Chapter 4 Practice questions for Chapter 4 1. An unknown substance dissolves readily in water but not in benzene (a nonpolar solvent). Molecules of what type are present in the substance? A) neither polar nor nonpolar

More information

CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide

CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide 1. Solubility Why are some compounds soluble and others insoluble? In solid potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, the potassium ions, which have a charge of +1, are

More information

Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. V. Molarity VI. Acid-Base Titrations VII. Dilution of Solutions

Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. V. Molarity VI. Acid-Base Titrations VII. Dilution of Solutions Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I. Electrolytes vs. NonElectrolytes II. Precipitation Reaction a) Solubility Rules III. Reactions of Acids a) Neutralization b) Acid and Carbonate c) Acid and

More information

Solubility Rules See also Table 4.1 in text and Appendix G in Lab Manual

Solubility Rules See also Table 4.1 in text and Appendix G in Lab Manual Ch 4 Chemical Reactions Ionic Theory of Solutions - Ionic substances produce freely moving ions when dissolved in water, and the ions carry electric current. (S. Arrhenius, 1884) - An electrolyte is a

More information

Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions Solution Stoichiometry Many reactions (biochemical, marine, etc.) take place in solution. We need to be able to express the number of moles of particles

More information

1. Hydrochloric acid is mixed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate Molecular Equation

1. Hydrochloric acid is mixed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate Molecular Equation NAME Hr Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Chemistry Practice A (Part 1 = Obj. 1-3) (Part 2 = Obj. 4-6) Objective 1: Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases a. Indicate whether each of the following is strong,

More information

Solubility & Net Ionic review

Solubility & Net Ionic review Solubility & Net Ionic review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. All ionic compounds

More information

Brass, a solid solution of Zn and Cu, is used to make musical instruments and many other objects.

Brass, a solid solution of Zn and Cu, is used to make musical instruments and many other objects. Brass, a solid solution of Zn and Cu, is used to make musical instruments and many other objects. 14.1 General Properties of Solutions 14.2 Solubility 14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 14.4 Concentration

More information

Stoichiometry: Chemical Calculations. Chemistry is concerned with the properties and the interchange of matter by reaction i.e. structure and change.

Stoichiometry: Chemical Calculations. Chemistry is concerned with the properties and the interchange of matter by reaction i.e. structure and change. Chemistry is concerned with the properties and the interchange of matter by reaction i.e. structure and change. In order to do this, we need to be able to talk about numbers of atoms. The key concept is

More information

ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sunday, August 18, 13

ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sunday, August 18, 13 ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances at the molecular level The solute(s) is(are)

More information

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 4 and Solution Stoichiometry John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville,

More information

Ch. 14/15: Acid-Base Equilibria Sections 14.6, 14.7, 15.1, 15.2

Ch. 14/15: Acid-Base Equilibria Sections 14.6, 14.7, 15.1, 15.2 Ch. 14/15: Acid-Base Equilibria Sections 14.6, 14.7, 15.1, 15.2 Creative Commons License Images and tables in this file have been used from the following sources: OpenStax: Creative Commons Attribution

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When the following equation is balanced, the coefficients are. 1) NH3 (g) + O2 (g) NO2

More information

Solution Chemistry. Chapter 4

Solution Chemistry. Chapter 4 Solution Chemistry Chapter 4 Covalent Molecule Dissolving in Water Ionic Compound Dissolving in Water Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Electrolytes/Nonelectrolytes Type Dissociation Electrical Conductivity

More information

Concentration of Solutions

Concentration of Solutions Solutions We carry out many reactions in solutions Remember that in the liquid state molecules move much easier than in the solid, hence the mixing of reactants occurs faster Solute is the substance which

More information

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions Dr. Sapna Gupta Aqueous Solutions Solution - a homogeneous mixture of solute + solvent Solute: the component that is dissolved Solvent: the component that does

More information

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Precipitation Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Precipitation Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Precipitation Reactions Dr. Sapna Gupta Aqueous Solutions Solution - a homogeneous mixture of solute + solvent Solute: the component that is dissolved Solvent: the component

More information

Concentration Units. Solute CONCENTRATION. Solvent. g L -1. (M, molarity) concentration in. mol / litre of solution. mol L -1. molality. molality.

Concentration Units. Solute CONCENTRATION. Solvent. g L -1. (M, molarity) concentration in. mol / litre of solution. mol L -1. molality. molality. CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CONCENTRATION Solute Solvent Concentration Units mass NaCl / unit volume of solution g L -1 (M, molarity) concentration in moles per litre of solution c NaCl c B

More information

Chemical Reactions: An Introduction

Chemical Reactions: An Introduction Chemical Reactions: An Introduction Ions in Aqueous Solution Ionic Theory of Solutions Many ionic compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water H 2O NaCl(s) Na Cl These compounds that

More information

Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1. The compound H 2 S is classified as a weak electrolyte. Describe/draw how it reacts when placed in water. Completely dissociates in water.

More information

are contained in 10 g of H 2 O can one get from 1 mole of O 2 O are produced from 10 g of H 2

are contained in 10 g of H 2 O can one get from 1 mole of O 2 O are produced from 10 g of H 2 Lecture 8 Review of Stoichiometry 1) g to mol, mol to g - molar mass (g/mol) 2) mol to mol - Stoichiometric (moles/moles) Ratio of atoms (mole/mole) 3) g to g - simply a combination of the two. The key

More information

SOLUBILITY REVIEW QUESTIONS

SOLUBILITY REVIEW QUESTIONS Solubility Problem Set 1 SOLUBILITY REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the solubility of calcium sulphate in M, g/l, and g/100 ml? 2. What is the solubility of silver chromate? In a saturated solution of silver

More information

Solutions. LiCl (s) + H2O (l) LiCl (aq) 3/12/2013. Definitions. Aqueous Solution. Solutions. How Does a Solution Form? Solute Solvent solution

Solutions. LiCl (s) + H2O (l) LiCl (aq) 3/12/2013. Definitions. Aqueous Solution. Solutions. How Does a Solution Form? Solute Solvent solution Solutions Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture A solute is dissolved in a solvent. solute is the substance being dissolved solvent is the liquid in which the solute is dissolved an aqueous solution

More information

Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions

Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions Jeffrey Mack California State University, Sacramento Chemical Reactions Reactants: Zn + I 2 Product: ZnI 2 Chemical Reactions Evidence of a chemical reaction: Gas Evolution

More information

9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Work directly from Zumdahl (Chapter 4). Work through exercises as required, then summarise the essentials of the section when complete. To understand the

More information

Lecture 4 :Aqueous Solutions

Lecture 4 :Aqueous Solutions LOGO Lecture 4 :Aqueous Solutions International University of Sarajevo Chemistry - SPRING 2014 Course lecturer : Jasmin Šutković 11 th March 2014 Contents International University of Sarajevo 1. Aqueous

More information

CSUS Department of Chemistry Experiment 3 Chem.1A

CSUS Department of Chemistry Experiment 3 Chem.1A Experiment 3: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Pre lab Name: 10 points Due at the beginning of lab. Section: 1. Precipitation Reactions a. On the reverse side of this page or on a separate piece of paper,

More information

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Precipitation Reactions Compounds Soluble Ionic Compounds 1. Group 1A cations and NH 4 + 2. Nitrates (NO 3 ) Acetates (CH 3 COO ) Chlorates (ClO 3 ) Perchlorates (ClO 4 ) Solubility

More information

CH 101 Fall 2018 Discussion #8 Chapter 6 Your name: TF s name: Discussion Day/Time: Things you should know when you leave Discussion today:

CH 101 Fall 2018 Discussion #8 Chapter 6 Your name: TF s name: Discussion Day/Time: Things you should know when you leave Discussion today: CH 101 Fall 2018 Discussion #8 Chapter 6 Your name: TF s name: Discussion Day/Time: Things you should know when you leave Discussion today: Precipitation Reaction & Solubility Solubility of Ionic compounds

More information

Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions

Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are

More information

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All s are to be sent to:

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All  s are to be sent to: CHEM 200/202 Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210 All emails are to be sent to: chem200@mail.sdsu.edu My office hours will be held in GMCS-212 on Monday from 9 am to 11 am or by appointment. ANNOUNCEMENTS

More information

Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations A chemical equation represents or symbolizes a chemical reaction. o Substances are represents by their chemical

More information