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1 Quantitative Chemical Analysis Required math skills: ACCURATE ACCURATE NOT Accurate PRECISE NOT precise PRECISE Add Add Subtract Multiply Divide Powers Powers Logarithms Random error systematic error 1
2 Orders of magnitude Estimation Units Conversions Powers of 10 Prefixes Errors Statistics Estimation and orders of magnitude: How many piano tuners are there in Chicago? Estimation and orders of magnitude: What is the national debt? 2
3 Estimation and orders of magnitude: What is the world population? Estimation and orders of magnitude: How many water molecules in 1000 droplets? Estimation and orders of magnitude: A cube 1 on a side (2.6) 3 cm 3 ~ 18 cc 1 g 18 cc = 18 cc 18 g 1 cc N molecules 18 g g = 18 g x 10 molecules powers of 10 rders of magnitude: Estimation and ord 3
4 4
5 Chemical concentrations Chemical concentrations Chemical concentrations A sample of NaNO 3 weighing 8.50 grams is placed in a 500. ml volumetric flask and distilled water was added to the mark on the neck of the flask. Calculate the Molarity of the resulting solution. 5
6 A sample of NaNO 3 weighing 8.50 grams is placed in a 500. ml volumetric flask and distilled water was added to the mark on the neck of the flask. Calculate the Molarity of the resulting solution. 1. Convert the given grams of solute to moles of solute : mole NaNO3 0 g N ano mole NaNO g NaNO 2. Convert given ml of solution to liters liter 500. ml liter 0 ml 3. Apply the definition for Molarity: Molarity = moles NaNO 3 / volume of the solution in liters mole Concentration M liter Chemical concentrations Determine the molality of grams of solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. 1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl 1 mole KCl 37.3 g KCl mole KCl 74.6 g KCl 2. Determine the mass of pure solvent from the given grams of solution and solute Determine the molality of grams of solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. 1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl 1 mole KCl 37.3 g KCl mole KCl 74.6 g KCl 2. Determine the mass of pure solvent from the given grams of solution and solute Total grams = 3000 grams = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent Mass of pure solvent = ( ) gram = gram 6
7 Chemical concentrations. 3. Convert grams of solvent to kilograms 1kg grams solvent kg 1000 grams 4. Apply the definition for molality moles concentration m kg Determine the mole fraction of KCl in grams of solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. 1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl 1 mole KCl 37.3 g KCl mole KCl 74.6 g KCl 2. Determine the mass of pure solvent from the given grams of solution and solute Determine the molality of grams of solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. 1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl 1 mole KCl 37.3 g KCl mole KCl 74.6 g KCl 2. Determine the mass of pure solvent from the given grams of solution and solute Total grams = 3000 grams = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent Mass of pure solvent = ( ) gram = gram 7
8 3. Convert grams of solvent H 2 O to mols 1 mol grams water mols H2O 18.0 grams 4. Apply the definition for mole fraction mole fraction = moles of KCl = total moles of KCl + water Chemical concentrations Determine the mass % of a NaCl solution if 58.5 grams of NaCl was dissolved in 50 ml of water (assume the density of water to be 1 g/ml) 1. Convert ml of water to grams 1 g 50 ml 50 grams water 1 ml 2. Determine total mass of solution Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent = = g 3. Apply the definition of mass percent mass % = 58.5 (100) / = 53.9% NaCl Chemical concentrations 8
9 Assuming the density of water to be 1 g/ml we approximate the density of a dilute aqueous solution to be 1 g/ml 1 ppm = 1 g 1g 1 g 1 g 1 g 1 g 1 ml 1 ml 1 ppm = 1 μg/ml =1mg/L 1 ppb = 1 ng/ml = 1 μg/l Determine the ppm of a NaCl solution if 58.5 grams of NaCl was dissolved in 50.0 ml of water (assume the density of water to be 1 g/ml) Convert ml of water to grams 1 g 50 ml 50 grams water 1 ml Determine total mass of solution Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent = = g Apply the definition of ppm 58.5 (10 6 ) / = 5.39 x 10 5 ppm NaCl 9
10 10
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