Fat: Who Says? Measuring Obesity by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
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1 Fat: Who Says? Measuring Obesity by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Circuitous Adventures Activity 3C Part 2 Objectives: Using simple electrical components, students will be able to: Identify a simple series circuit. Create a simple circuit using components provided. Define current, voltage, and resistance. Describe how current, voltage, and resistance are related (Ohm s law). Use a multimeter to determine the voltage, current, and amperage in a simple series circuit. Determine factors that affect conductivity of substances. Activity Description: This activity contains five parts. Part A: Students will be given the components of a simple DC (Direct Current) circuit wires, buzzer, batteries, battery holder, and switch. By manipulating the different components they will create a simple DC series circuit. Part B: Students will use a multimeter to measure the electrical values of voltage, current and resistance in their newly created circuit. After values are measured and recorded, students will participate in an online Virtual Voltage activity that will help them determine the relationship of voltage to resistance and current in a simple Direct Current (DC) circuit. By participating in this virtual lab they will generate the mathematical relationship called Ohm s Law. Part C: Using knowledge acquired in previous parts of the activity, students will explore the concept of conductors vs. insulators to determine which materials make the best conductors of electricity. Part D: Using prior knowledge acquired in the previous parts of this activity, students will explore the effects of distance on the resistance of carbon. Carbon is used as an electrode in a common battery and can conduct electricity (although not as well as metals). This activity develops concepts needed to interpret electrical bioimpedance measurements from leg to leg, arm to leg, etc. Activity Overview 1
2 Part E: Students will determine another factor that affects conductivity by measuring the difference in conductivity between thick pieces of graphite versus a thinner piece of graphite. (Graphite is the carbon used in the lead of a pencil). This activity will help students understand the effect of thickness on electrical conductivity. Activity Background: A battery converts chemical energy stored in its active materials into electrical energy. This energy transformation occurs by means of an electrochemical reaction. Batteries produce DC electricity, which is the continuous movement of charged particles (such as electrons) through a conducting material. In solid metal conductors, such as metal wires, the charged particles are electrons. Electrons move from an area of excess electrons (negative terminal of a battery) toward an area of fewer electrons (positive terminal of a battery). A simple circuit must have three parts. First, it must have a source of electrical potential (battery). Second, there must be a conducting path that allows the movement of charged particles (wire). Third, there must be an electrical resistance, which is an object that uses electricity to do work (light bulb, heater, speaker, etc.). See Figure 1. Figure 1 Simple Circuit In a series circuit all components (switches, resistors, wires, and power sources) form one continuous path. See Figure 2. Figure 2 Series Circuit + + Complete Circuit + + Electrodes Switch Battery Battery 2
3 Ohm s law states that the amount of current (I) flowing through a conductor times the resistance (R) of the conductor is equal to voltage (V) of the source of power (i.e. batteries). This law is often expressed in the following form: V = I X R All conductors offer some degree of resistance to the flow of electric current. This is what happens: as charged particles (such as electrons) travel through the conductor, they bump into atoms, losing some of their movement. The result is that the current flowing through the conductor is slowed down, and the conductor is heated. The amount that a given conductor resists the flow of electric current is measured in units called Ohms (Ω). It is similar to the concept of friction which works against an object in motion. Whenever charged particles are taken from one object and given to another object, an imbalance of charge occurs. This imbalance of charge is called voltage (or potential difference). Voltage is measured in units called Volts (V). An electric current is nothing more than the flow of electric charges from one location to another. The measure of how much flow is occurring at any given point is called the amperage and is measured in units called amps (A). Electric charges can only flow through certain materials, called conductors. Materials that resist the flow of current are called insulators. Some mathematical relationships to consider with a simple series direct current (DC) circuit: V (total) = V 1 +V 2 +V 3 + etc. The total voltage is the sum of the voltages across the source of power (batteries) and V 1 is the voltage across the first resistance (buzzer) and so on. I (total) = I 1 =I 2 =I 3 etc. This equation simply states that the current in a series circuit is the same anywhere in the circuit. R (total) = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + etc. The total resistance is equal to the sum of each of the resistors in a simple series circuit. 3
4 A multimeter is a common device that can be purchased just about anywhere. The best way to learn to use one is to read the directions provided with the multimeter whether it be digital or analog. The analog multimeter has been chosen to introduce students to new tools that they might find at home and to provide a strong math connection with this activity. Ions are electrically charged elements because they have either gained or lost electrons. When compounds such as acids, bases, and salts are dissolved in water, ions are formed. Acids, bases, and salts are ionic compounds, which dissolve in water to produce both positive and negative ions called electrolytes. The human body has many electrolytes, which are positively and negatively charged particles (ions) that form when salts dissolve and separate (dissociate) in water. Electrolyte balance is important to the normal functions of cells, nerves, muscles, blood pressure, and glands. When electrolytes become unbalanced as in excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or serious burns and wounds, they need to be replaced. With severe electrolyte loss, life threatening conditions can arise. Metals have some degree of resistance. Silver has the lowest resistance to electrical current but is rather expensive to place in household wiring. Copper would be the next best but is also an expensive choice. Most wiring today is made of steel or aluminum. There are many factors that affect the conductivity of substances. Since this activity relies on the conductivity of the human body, these factors might help understand why different bioelectrical impedance machines might work better than others. Some of these factors include: 1. Length of the conducting material. The longer the length, the lower the conductivity (or the greater the resistance to the flow of current.) 2. Thickness of the conducting material. The thicker the metal, the higher the conductivity of the metal. 3. Temperature of the conducting material. The higher the temperature, the greater the conductivity. 4. Core materials of the conducting material. Some metals like silver are better conductors of electricity than copper. 4
5 Activity Materials: (per group or station for all parts of this activity the materials are listed separately for each activity in the Student Data Pages) 1 Multimeter (Radio Shack Part No. Part # is suggested) Several electrical wires stripped or with alligator clips attached (Radio Shack Part No: inch insulted test /jumper leads with alligator clips attached) 1 Buzzer (Radio Shack 75 db Piezo Electrical Buzzer Part No which works with 3 Volts) 1 Switch Various materials such as a toothpick, rubber band, cotton ball, paper clip, pieces of wire 24 gauge, thick pencil lead. [For Part 3] [Note: All the wires must be the same length and gauge except they must be made of different materials. There should be no insulation on the wire for this part of the activity. Label each piece of wire indicating the name of the metal or alloy it represents. This kind of wire can be found at a craft store that sells wire to make necklaces such as Hobby Lobby or Michaels.] 5 Plastic cups (5 oz plastic bathroom cups are ideal for this) Distilled water Tap water Table salt Table sugar 1 Metric ruler Computer with access to Internet Volt batteries 1 Battery holder 1 Plastic teaspoon ml beakers or some container to make the solutions 1 Bottle electrode gel (See Activity One: Human Electrochemical Cell for instructions to make this gel) Woodless Graphite sticks (These can be found in the drawing sections at craft stores such as Hobby Lobby. They are approximately 6 mm thick and 15 cm long. A sharp knife can be used to scrape off a thin coating along the 15 cm length) 2m (refers to lead softness) Lead from a Technical Drawing Pen these can be found at office supply stores such as Office Depot, or Staedtler Mars Technico) Paper towels or baby wipes 1 stick of butter Permanent marking pen to label the cups 5
6 Activity Management Suggestions: It is strongly advised that each student work through Instruction Cards 2 & 3 (or instructions that come with multimeter) successfully before getting back in the group to do the activity. No student should be allowed to use the multimeter until they know how to use it properly. The Instruction Cards 2 & 3 provided in this activity enable students to understand both how to use the meter and how to read the scales on the top of the face of the meter. A Teacher Answer Sheet is provided that has all the answers to the student questions. It is strongly recommended that the teacher read through this Teacher Worksheet before students do the lab so that you can guide them as needed. An analog multimeter is used in this activity. This becomes a teaching opportunity to integrate math with science. The Radio Shack 18-Range analog multimeter (Part #22-223) has been selected because of its accessibility and its relatively low cost. If you use the metals provided to test the relationship between distance and resistance, you would find that the metals used would not produce a noticeable difference. Look at the animation found on the following website - it shows what happens to salt when it is placed in water. Salt is an ionic compound. An ionic compound when dissolved in water produces both positive and negative ions. You may also opt to have students look at the animation to help them understand how charged particles are formed when acids, bases, or salts are dissolved in water. Biology1111/animations/dissolve.html You can choose to use a light bulb with a socket rather than a buzzer. This might cut down on the sound in the room. Make sure the voltage of the bulb is set for slightly more than 3 volts. Students might create a circuit that is not a series but a parallel one therefore it is important that they select one device such as the buzzer or light bulb to test their circuit. Having 10 pieces of the metals, wires and such allows groups to choose their items and then switch with other groups. Students might draw the direction of flow of electrons incorrectly at first. i.e. from positive terminal to negative terminal. That is OK for this part of the lab activity. 6
7 The diagram needed for Part B showing the placement of the voltmeter and the ammeter is shown in Figure 3. There is a full-sized drawing at the end of the Teacher Information Page this diagram can be made into a transparency. Switch Battery + -- Buzzer V Voltmeter Figure 3 The voltmeter must be placed across the buzzer, the circuit must be broken, and the ammeter inserted to measure current between the batteries and the buzzer. Remind the student to measure resistance of each component when the battery is NOT connected to the circuit. Five cups need to be prepared for each group. The cups are labeled as follows: Tap water Salt water Distilled Water Sugar Water Butter You will probably want to make the solutions a day ahead of time. Make a large batch of salt water. To do this, add 6 heaping teaspoons of salt into a 1000 ml beaker with distilled water. [Kosher Salt is better for this activity since it dissolves easily in water.] Mix until the salt dissolves. For the sugar water, add 5 heaping teaspoons of sugar to a 1000 ml beaker filled with distilled water. Mix until the sugar dissolves. For each group fill a cup half full with each liquid and place a large pat of butter on the bottom of one cup. A Ammeter 7
8 Extensions: 1. Students can be encouraged to learn about series and parallel circuits using multiple sources of resistance (bulbs with sockets, buzzers or other suitable devices.) 2. Look into the historical development of electricity to identify the contributions of the scientists, such a Volta, Ohms, etc. Activity References Used: Conductivity of metals Simple series circuits cess/electricalcircu/introduction/default.htm National Renewable Energy Laboratory Public Broadcasting Service Tesla Inside the Lab Think Quest 8
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