Almost 99% of the body is made up of six elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium **(CHONPC)

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2 COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY Almost 99% of the body is made up of six elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium **(CHONPC) Only about 0.85% is composed of another five: Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium *all required for life

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5 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY There are additional 12 called trace elements that play a role in good health There are additional elements found that are not required for life (bystander contaminants: Caesium, titanium active toxins: Cadmium, Mercury, radioactives)

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7 COMPOSTITION OF THE HUMAN BODY CARBON forms the basis of all of the organic molecules in the body 2 nd most abundant element in the human body (18% of body weight) Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids C02 gas (exhaled gas rich in C02)

8 COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY Oxygen most abundant element by mass (65%) Most of the body is water. Oxygen atom is 16 times more massive than hydrogen

9 COMPOSTION OF THE BODY 70 kg man has 42 liters of water 28 liters is intracellular, 14 liters is extracellular And 3 liters is blood plasma 1 liter is trancellular (cerebrospinal, ocular, pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids) 10 liters is interstitial which is aqueous medium surrounding cells

10 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY Hydrogen 10% of mass, mostly as water Water functions to transport nutrients, remove Wastes, lubricate organs and joints, and regulate Body temperature Hydrogen important for energy production (a Hydrogen ion or proton pump is used to produce ATP

11 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY Nitrogen 3% of mass Proteins, nucleic acids and other organic molecules Nitrogen gas is found in lungs since the primary gas in air is nitrogen

12 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY Phosphorus 1.2% to 1.5% Important for bone structure and is part of the Important energy molecule in the body ATP=adenosine triphosphate Bones and teeth

13 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY Calcium 1.5% Calcium gives the skeletal system its rigidity and strength. Found in bone and teeth Ca++ important for muscle function

14 Materials and tissues Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material, such as: Muscle Fat Bone and teeth Brain and nerves Connective tissue Blood 7% of body weight. Lymph Contents of digestive tract, including intestinal gas Urine Air in lungs

15 COMPOSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY Human body contains hundreds of different types of cells but the largest NUMBER of Cells contained in the human body are not Human cells! *bacterial cells residing in the normal human Gi tract.

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17 CHEMICAL REACTIONS the number of electrons in atom s outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior Groups in the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons

18 CHEMICAL REACTIONS A main group element except hydrogen or Helium tends to react to form a closed shell octet rule to close their shell to s2p6

19 CHEMICAL REACTIONS The most reactive kind of metallic element is an Alkali metal of group 1 (Na, K). Only one valence electron so easily lost to form a cation (Na+) with a closed shell an Energy used to form Ionic bond (loses electron to close their shells)

20 CHEMICAL REACTIONS An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 (Mg) is less reactive since each atom has to lose two valence Electrons for form a positive ion with a closed shell (Mg2+)

21 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Within each group reactivity increases with each lower row of the table (light to heavy) *heavier elements have more electron shells, Exist at a higher prinipal quantum number so they are farther away from the nucleus-less tightly bound

22 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Non metals tends to attract valence Electrons to close their shells. 1. Either share electrons with neighboring Atom (COVALENT bonds) 2. Remove electron from another atom (IONIC)

23 CHEMICAL REACTIONS The most reactive nonmetal element is halogen Examples) Fluorine or chlorine (s2p5) which only requires one additional valence electron to form an anion (F-, CL-) Or shared to form covalent bond (H-F)

24 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Reactivity in non-metals decreases with each lower row (less tightly bound so less able to grab additional electrons) *oxygen is the most reactive nonmetal after Fluorine because the valence shell of a halogen Is at a higher principal quantum number

25 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Oxygen 8 Group 16 (chalcogen) Outer shell is 2s2p4 (valence is 6) Examples) water is H20 (takes 2 electrons from 2 hydrogen atoms. CO2 shares each Oxygen shares 2 electrons to One Carbon (Carbon 2s2p2 so valence of 4)

26 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Hydrogen 1 Valence of 1, 1s1 Examples, H20, H+ which is acid CH4 (methane gas)

27 CHEMICAL REACTIONS CARBON Group 14 valence 4 (2s22p2) CO2, H2CO3 (C02 + H20) Carbon shares 2 electrons with 2 Oxygen (4) and Oxygen shares 2 electrons with 2 hydrogen

28 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Nitrogen 7 Group 15 (2s2p3) valence 5 N2 ( each N shares 3 electrons) Amino acids (N shares 2 electrons with 2 hydrogen and 1 with carbon (NH2 is the amino-group)

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