Sustainable Energy Technologies

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1 Sustainable Energy Technologies Molecular Heterogeneous Catalysis Hydrogen Technology Renewable feedstocks Fuel cell catalysis Prof. Dr. Emiel Hensen Prof. Dr. Peter Notten Prof. Dr. Jaap Schouten Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

2 Molecular Heterogeneous Catalysis We study Heterogeneous catalysis at the molecular level Our expertises Computational Catalysis Catalyst synthesis Heterogeneous Catalysis Electrocatalysis k 3.χ (k ) k (Å -1 ) Molecular modeling Spectroscopy & Microscopy Molecular reactivity

3 Molecularly defined reactive systems

4 Topics (a limited selection ) Synthesis metal nanoparticles liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch & biomass utilization (fuels, chemicals..) catalysis by gold The next generation of zeolites combining micropores/mesopores in one zeolite improved refinery processes Low temperature steam reforming CO 2 -free production of hydrogen

5 Conversion biorenewable feedstocks Photosynthesis Biorefinery Biomass Chemicals Fuels Miscanthus: High Growth Rate Non food Crop Biomass Feedstock Hydrolysis Sugars Biochemical Platform Catalytic Conversion Chemical Platform Polymers DHM THF Cellulose (35 50%) Linear Polymer of Glucose H Glucose Catalyst HMF O Furan Solvents Aim of the Study: Catalyst Development for Glucose Conversion into HMF Levulinic Acid Liquid Alkanes

6 Catalysis in ionic liquids H OH HO HO H H O OH H -3H 2 O H Glucose OH HMF

7 Analysis of reaction mechanisms MMIM + Cr MMIM + 4- MMIM + MMIM + 20 [Cr 4 ] 2- (MMIM + ) 2 MMIM + 2- Cr MMIM + MMIM 25 MMIM + MMIM + 3- Cr MMIM + -8 [Cr 4 ] 2- (MMIM + ) 2 2x MMIM MMIM + 2- Cr Cr MMIM +

8 Molecularly defined reactive systems Nanostructured catalysts active site second shell matrix nm nm Novel inorganic catalysts for syngas chemistry valorization biorenewable feedstocks methane activation μm

9 The next generation of zeolites Aim: Mesopores in microporous zeolites Applications: Conversion heavy oil feedstocks Fine chemistry ean fossil fuel/biomass conversion Hensen et al., Chem. Comm (2008), J. Catal. (2008) in situ synthesis studies template-silica interactions modeling NMR electron microscopy reactivity testing

10 Self-assembled metal nanoclusters nanostructured catalysts from molecularly defined precursors naked atoms - nucleation growth & stabilization liquid phase liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch H 2 - solvent - syngas to ethanol - CO activation in water Ru(COD) n Pt 2 (dba) 3 ligands low temperature reforming/ Fischer-Tropsch support particle size/support effect - coke deactivation - sintering - elementary steps Ga(CH 3 ) 3 Zn(CH 3 ) 2 Fe(OCH 3 ) 2 CH 4 oxidation (Fe) CH 4 dearomatization(mo/zn) direct MTO (Rh) - clustering EF species - self-repair - mechanism

11 Low temperature steam reforming methane Aim: Stable catalysts for low temperature steam reforming Applications: Sorption enhanced reforming Produce clean H 2 and separate CO 2 Fuel + air Heat Combustion Heat Flue gas CH CH 4 +H 2 O CO+3H 4 + H 2 O 2 CO CO+H 2 O CO 2 +H 2 2 Membrane compress storage H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 Sweep CeO 2 {111} 2.2 nm Rh Approach Synthesis nanoparticles Study reduction/oxidation Reaction rates vs. particle size Quantum chemical calculation

12 A typical assignment (does not exist) Many topics to choose from Dynamic group of ~20 scientists in catalysis research Expertises ranging from synthesis to characterization and reactor testing Synthesis, characterization and reactivity - homo catalyticus - get to know all aspects of catalysis or - one specific technique in depth Guidance by PhD student or postdoc Bring your own idea!! Typically 6-9 months Combinations with industrial internships possible - Remco Lancee: Singapore ICES during graduation project

13 Energy Materials and Devices Dr. Bert Hintzen Prof. dr. Peter Notten

14 ENERGY SOURCE Sustainable Energy Conversion Processes photo voltaics spectral conversion Photons photo catalysis ENERGY CARRIER Electrons electrolysis fuel cell Hydrogen ENERGY STORAGE Battery Metal Hydride Battery Hydrogen storage ENERGY CONSUMPTION Materials and Devices for Sustainable Energy Technologies

15 Program Energy Materials & Devices Hydrogen storage materials with increased storage capacities (collaboration with ECN) Li 3 N + 2 H 2 2 LiH + LiNH 2 Lithium ionic conducting materials for all solid state batteries (collaboration with Philips and Department of Applied Physics) Spectral conversion materials for LEDs and solar cells (collaboration with LWB and Department of Applied Physics)

16 Hydrogen storage materials Increase of storage capacity required! -LaNi 5 -alloys: 1.2 wt.% H (commercially applied) -Mg-alloys: 6-7 wt.% H (running projects) -Nitride materials: > 10 wt.% H! (just started) Collaboration with ECN (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands)

17 EMD Graduation projects Project in industry or research institute possible (collaborating partner) Project in foreign country possible (student exchange program) Project between several departments possible Experimental versus theoretical focus

18 CNF integration to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Serdar Çelebi Prof. dr. Jaap Schouten

19 What is a PEMFC? An Electrochemical cell! Proton transfer to cathode through a polyelectrolyte membrane. Splitting of H 2 and O 2 by Platinum Efficiencies of Fuel Cells: % Problems in current technology: e - H + contact resistance splitting of oxygen Corrosion Low accessibble area for platinum H 2 2H + + 2e - ε 0 = 0 4H + + 4e - + O 2 2H 2 O ε 0 = V 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O ε cell 0 = V

20 Why do we need CNF integrated Carbon Paper? Increased hydrophobicity Reducing the droplet blocking in the pores of carbon paper Less corrosive Weight reduction compared to Outlet Hydrogen inlet Anode Membrane Cathode Air inlet Air + water Outlet PTFE coatings Increases current conduction wrt Catalyst Layer Gas Diffusion Layer activated carbon High accessibble surface area for H 2 and O 2

21 Master Projects 1. Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) production 1. Investigation of two nickel deposition strategy 2. CNF growth chracteristics: temperature, time and the effect of catalyst loading 3. Surface characterization by using contact angle measurements, mercury intrusion porosimetry, BET and TEM analyses. 2. Platinum (Pt) deposition onto Carbon Nanofiber grown Carbon Paper 1. Different deposition methods and the determination of the amount of Pt deposited by ICP, particle analyses by TEM and structure investigation by XRD will be carried out 2. Corrosion investigation of Pt and CNF by using cyclic voltammetry 3. Mass transport characteristics of the CNF integrated carbon paper Case 1 Case 2 N 2 + H 2 O N 2 + H 2 O Liquid water Liquid water Pure N 2 N 2 + H 2 O CNF-Carbon paper Pure N 2 N 2 + H 2 O

22 Getting to know us better. Monday December 1 st, hours Programme Welcome and brief introduction Labtour of Energy Materials & Devices Labtour of Inorganic Materials Chemistry: Catalysis Possibilities for questions