Chemistry and the Body ITEC Homework

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Chemistry and the Body ITEC Homework This homework is following the information in the 5 th edition Louise Tucker book, so the answers should be easy to find.

Topic 1 Structure of the Atom The Atom: 1 An Atom is a P of M. It is the S particle of matter that exists in a S form. The different types of matter that atoms make are called the C E.

1 Chemistry and the Body ITEC Homework This homework is following the information in the 5 th edition Louise Tucker book, so the answers should be easy to find. Atoms are all around us in the A we breathe, the H we live in, the C we wear, the F we eat and even the W we drink. In fact the W and E in it, including the H B is made up of ATOMS! Topic 1 Structure of the Atom The Atom: 1 An Atom is a P of M. It is the S particle of matter that exists in a S form. The different types of matter that atoms make are called the C E. Elements such as C, I, O and H, are made of only one type of atom and the atom uniquely defines that element. The atom of an element also determines the element s C - how it B when it is on its O and when it comes into contact with other elements. Cells

Protons carry a P electrical charge, Electrons carry a N E C and N carry N E C 4. The Nucleus The P and N cluster together in the central part of the atom called the N.

2 2. The Human body is formed largely of F elements: C H O N These E are taken into the body by B, D and E Did you know? Different E are represented by different letters: Carbon is C, Hydrogen H, O, and Sodium N 3. Sub-Atomic Particles Atoms are themselves made up of S P called P, E and N. Protons carry a P electrical charge, Electrons carry a N E C and N carry N E C 4. The Nucleus The P and N cluster together in the central part of the atom called the N. Each element has a different number of P in the nucleus of its atoms. The different number of P in the N determines what element the atom forms. It also gives the element s atomic number. A carbon atom for example has S protons in its N and its atomic number is Using your book, complete this table: Cells

5. Electrons A good way to visualise the structure of the A is to think of the E orbiting around the N in a number of concentric C. Each C can only hold a certain number of E before it becomes F.

3 5. Electrons A good way to visualise the structure of the A is to think of the E orbiting around the N in a number of concentric C. Each C can only hold a certain number of E before it becomes F. The innermost circle can hold a maximum of T electrons, the second circle a maximum of E electrons and the subsequent circles are each able to hold increasing numbers of E. However, there are N more than 32 E orbiting around the nucleus in the atom s O circle. Using your book complete this table: Cells

4 Topic 2 Molecules and Compounds 1. Reactive and Unreactive elements Atoms can R and C with one another to produce M and C. The B uses M and C to maintain its S and their F. We know that the atoms of each element have a specific N of E circling around the nucleus. When the number of electrons in the O circle of the A is either the maximum number allowed in that circle, or a whole F of this number, the E is described as C U or I i.e. it will N combine with other E. 2. What is a Molecule? When T or more reactive A donate and receive or S electrons in their O C they join together to form a M. Some M are made from A of the same element: for example a M of O in the air we breath (02) is formed when T O A are joined together. Other M are made from T or more different E. For example a W M (H2O) consists of T H A and an O A. 3. Organic and Inorganic Compounds When different E join together as a M the substance formed is called a C. Compounds are divided into T groups, I and O compounds. The P D between I and O compounds is that organic compounds contain C while Cells

5 I compounds do not. The H B requires B types of C to function effectively. Inorganic compounds These are S compounds such as W, S C, and A. S C is made of one sodium A and one C atom, and its general name is S. In the human body, W and S are required for F balance and for many activities of C. A is made of one N atom and T H A (NH3). It is used by the L to produce U which is essential for the E of W Organic Compounds Organic Compounds are more C groups of several elements. One of the elements in the group is always C. Organic compounds are vital for L. C (sugars) in F are composed of C, H and O and provide energy for the B. L (fats) are compounds of the same three elements and are used by the body to S E and form the M of cells. Cells

6 4. How to Atoms join together? Covalent bonds (pronounce: co-valent) When atoms share E to form M and C that sharing is called a C bond. Most M are held together with this type of bond, which forms a strong link between the atoms. The H and O atoms in a W molecule are joined together by C bonds. The two H atoms each have one E circling round the N. The maximum number of electrons allowed in this circle is T, so each H A gives itself the full number of E by sharing an E with the O A. An atom of oxygen has T circles of E with S electrons in its second, outermost circle. The maximum number of Electrons in the second circle is E. By sharing the electrons with the two H A, the O outer circle of electrons is now E and therefore C. Da dah! Oh phew that s a relief Label this diagram of Covalent bonds in a water molecule: Cells

7 Using your book, label this diagram of ionic bond for salt Ionic Bonds When an atom donates an E to another A, the resulting C has an I B. For example, the one E in the outer E circle of a S A can be donated to the S E in the outer circle of a C A. Because the S A has lost an E and the chlorine atoms has gained an E, the number of electrons and P in each A is no longer equal and the atoms are now C. By losing an E, S is positively charged. Because it has gained an E, C becomes negatively charged In this charge state the atoms is called an I. These oppositely charged E or I, attract each other and form an I B. The resulting compounds, S C, is electrically N overall. Ionic B are weaker than C bonds and break apart more easily. Cells

8 Anions, Cations and Electrolytes (pronounced Ann-ions and cat-ions) When a C with I B is put in W the bond between the atoms breaks and they S. Because the atoms are now electrically charged, the W contains charged I rather than N particles. A negatively charged I is called an A and a positively charged I is called a C. The solution can now C E and it is called an E. The presence of E in the B enable E S to be conducted along the N C, and are also necessary for the function of M (AHA! At last something familiar) Cells

Topic 3 Acids, Alkalis and the ph Scale Using your book, complete the table below of the ph Scale 1 How Acids and Alkalis are Formed The amount of H I (depicted as H+) in a S determines its A.

9 Topic 3 Acids, Alkalis and the ph Scale Using your book, complete the table below of the ph Scale 1 How Acids and Alkalis are Formed The amount of H I (depicted as H+) in a S determines its A. The mount of H I present is called the solution s potential H or ph. A substances release H I when in solution, whereas an A substance will accept H I and lower the amount. 2 The ph Scale The ph scale measures how A or A a substance is. The scale ranges from 0 -. The midpoint being N. A ph reading below indicates an A solution, while readings above indicate A. A ph of is N. A neutral substance (such as W ) is neither A or A. Each whole ph value below 7 is ten times more A than the next higher value. For example, ph4 is ten times more A than ph and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than ph. The same holds true for ph values above 7. Each of which is T times more A than the next lower whole value. For example, ph 10 is ten times more A than ph 9 and 100 times more A than ph 8. Cells

10 3. ph Values in the Body A key factor in maintain the body s stable I E is the control of H I levels in B F. If the body s ph is not correctly B, systems and O cannot function effectively or A E N in F. The body contains D to keep the ph of fluids within N R. These defences, or B, are themselves W A and A. The A accept H I if the fluid becomes too A, and the A release H I when it is too A. In addition, E help to maintain the levels of W in the body and resist ph changes. Blood: has a ph of approximately which is very slightly A. This near neutral level must be maintained to prevent damage to T in the B and that can be caused by levels at either end of the ph scale. Saliva: the ph of saliva is between With this ph the saliva can begin the P of the D of S in F. A higher A would cause D to minerals in the T. Gastric Juice: in the stomach has a ph between and 3.5. This highly A ph D H B that may be present in F. When the S A gets beyond the protective sphincter in the O, heartburn and a S T may be experienced. The B S is caused by A damage to the tissue in the O. Cells

When in S some A make A and A : these are V for the stability of the B S. Phew!

11 Summary: Chemistry and the body: The H B is made of A with common properties called E. A E join together to form C : the B uses and breaks apart these compounds to perform its function. When in S some A make A and A : these are V for the stability of the B S. Phew! Keep these pages in your file in the Chemistry section along with the test paper It will help you to revise Just remember: Cells

A. MOLECULE: B. CHEMICAL BOND:

A. MOLECULE: B. CHEMICAL BOND: What is a molecule? A. MOLECULE: a group of atoms bonded together 1. Molecules can be made of one kind of atom or many different kinds of atoms. Oxygen we breathe is an example of one kind of atom in a