A = number of protons + number of neutrons Z = number of protons
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1 Worksheet 3 Fundamentals Objectives To understand and be able to apply the fundamental laws. The Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can be neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The Law of Constant Composition Any given compound always has the proportion, by mass, of it s const s constituent elements. The Law of Multiple Proportions When two elements combine to form two or more different compounds, the ratio of the ratio of the mass of one element to 1 gram of another element in one compound to that same ratio in the second compound is a ratio of small whole numbers. That s const s a lot of ratios! It is really a ratio of ratios. To know the parts of Dalton s const s Atomic theory. Dalton s Atomi s Atomic Theory 1.) All elements are made up of small particles, these are called atoms. 2.) All atoms of a given element are identical to each other and different from the atoms of any different element. 3.) Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Any given compound always has the same number of each type of element that it contains. 4.) In a chemical reaction elements rearrange to form new compounds, but the elements themselves remain unchanged. To know and be able to describe the basic constituent parts of an atom, the electron and the nucleus. The electron Discovered and characterized by J.J. Thomson (cathode ray tube) and Robert Millikan (oil drop experiment). Mass to charge ratio, e/m = 1.76 x 10 8 C/g (Thomson) Mass = x kg (Millikan) Charge = x C (Millikan) The nucleus Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus with his metal foil experiment. The nucleus is where most of the mass, all of the positive charge, and very little of the volume of the resides. The electrons in an atom occupy most of the volume and are where the negative charge resides. To understand what isotopes are and be able to describe the make up of any given isotope. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element (which means they have the same number of protons as each other) that have different masses. This is due to them having different numbers of neutrons. Neutrons reside in the nucleus along with protons and have a slightly larger mass than protons, but no electric charge. The symbol for an isotope is: Here A is the mass number and Z is the atomic number. A = number of protons + number of neutrons Z = number of protons Page 1 of 5
2 Problems 1.) A sample of naproxen sodium contains 16.8 grams of carbon, 1.31 grams of hydrogen, 2.30 grams of sodium, and 4.80 grams of oxygen. How many grams of each element does a gram sample of naproxen sodium contain based on the law of definite proportions? Carbon Hydrogen Sodium Oxygen 2.) Three samples of a solid substance composed of elements B and X were prepared. The first contained 5.99 g B and 6.59 g X. The second sample was 47.6% B and 52.4% X. It was observed that g B reacted with X to form g of the third sample. Show that these data illustrate the law of constant composition. Page 2 of 5
3 3.) Two elements, X & Y, combine to form two binary compounds. In the first compound grams of X combines with grams of Y. In the second compound grams of X combines with grams of Y. Prove that these data support the law of multiple proportions. If the formula of the first compound is X 2 Y 5, what is the formula of the second compound? Formula of Second Compound 4.) Complete the following table. Symbol # Protons # Neutrons # Electrons Net Charge 201 Hg W Ni 238 U Page 3 of 5
4 5.) If the total charge on an oil drop is x C, how many negative charges (electrons) does the drop hold? 6.) In a chemical reaction 12.1 grams of aluminum reacts with 34.0 grams of chromium (III) oxide, to produce aluminum oxide and chromium. If 22.8 grams of aluminum oxide is produced, what mass of chromium is produced? 7.) A chemist on another planet performed the Millikan oil drop experiment and got the following results for the charges on various drops. Use these data to calculate the charge of the electron in CoulMatts x CoulMatts x CoulMatts x CoulMatts x CoulMatts Page 4 of 5
5 8.) A sample of a certain drug is found to contain g of carbon, g of hydrogen, g of nitrogen, and g of oxygen. If a second sample of this same drug is found to contain g of carbon, how many grams of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are in the second sample? What is the total mass of this drug in the second sample? Mass of Hydrogen Mass of Nitrogen Mass of Oxygen Total Mass 56 9.) Calculate the density of an atom of iron 56 ( 56 ( Fe) in g/cm 3. Take mass of a neutron as x g, the mass of a proton as x g, the mass of an electron as x g, and the atomic radius of iron 56 ( 56 as 126 pm. The volume of a sphere is given by where r is the radius of the sphere. Page 5 of 5
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