Scientific insights: answers? When do I take action or believe? Inductive reasoning: bottom up
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1 Scientific insights: answers? When do I take action or believe? Inductive reasoning: bottom up Honey bees Apis mellifera how do they find their way? Widespread melting of arctic perennial sea ice: 15-20% loss over 30 years Deductive reasoning: top down Using a general theory, derive a testable prediction about a specific case: Sea otters as keystone predators 1
2 Ice-dependent marine mammals Polar bear Ringed seal Harp seal Walrus On December 26, 2004, the world s largest earthquake in 40 years created a series of devastating tsunami s across 12 countries in South Asia and Africa. Before and After, Khao Lak, Thailand Ice Plant and the Problems of Invasive Non-Native Weeds Sarah Stuve 2
3 Worldview: what the world means to me (and my kind) Religion Resource abundance Standard of living Interaction with outgroups Government Imbalances? 1/5 of the world s population live in the 20 richest countries (25K/yr) Yet in the U.S 35 million people (1/3 children) live without sufficient food. U.S spends $38 billion yr. on diet programs And.? Education and fertility rates (women) 2000 Inverse relationship (education/tfr) Ethopia: 6%/6.6 Cambodia: 17%/5.1 Egypt: 80%/3.4 South Africa: 95%/3.1 Italy: 95%/1.3 U.S: 95%/2.0 Religion (2000) 83% of the world is religious (5 billion people). 2/3 belong to the big three Christian: 33%, (2 billion) Islam: 20%, 1.2 billion Hindu: 12.5 %, 800 million Quality of life indicators U.S. consumption/production
4 Haiti and Costa Rica: a case study History Religion Occupation Government Status today How we think, what we believe, how we are governed, all influence how we behave, including our behavior towards our environment Energy Flow in the Biosphere Energy Transformations and Entropy 1st and 2nd Laws of thermodynamics 1 st - Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes forms 2 nd - Without energy input, systems will go towards higher disorder (Entropy) Energy Flow at the organismal level- Autotrophs and Heterotrophs at the organellar level: Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration What does this have to do with chemistry: matter and energy????? Chemistry is how the world works, part I It occurs at a level we can t really see, but its effects can be very tangible The behavior of matter and energy is NOT dependent on worldview How you interpret this behavior IS How you act IS Let s try and understand the basics Matter and Energy Matter quality Phases of matter Types of energy Energy quality Thermodynamics and energy transfer Laws of thermodynamics Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Electrons and stability Bonds and Bond strength Organic vrs. Inorganic Chemical reactions Photosynthesis and respiration Water Biogeochemical cycles Matter quality (as a resource) High quality is organized, concentrated and easy to access Low quality is dilute and disorganized 4
5 Phases of matter: heat and pressure change states Solid: dense and organized. Gold ore vrs. Panning in a river Liquid: Atoms hit each other often Gas: Atoms vibrate in their own space But water is different Solid: less dense! It floats Liquid: Gas: least dense Water doesn t behave like most substances Movement of atoms/molecules Energy The ability to do work, or cause a temperature change (heat transfer) Kinetic energy: energy of mass and motion. Temperature is a measure of mke of a molecule Potential energy: stored energy. Energy in chemical bonds Thermodynamics First Law: Energy in = Energy out Energy cannot be created or destroyed it just changes form Second Law: As energy changes form, some of it degrades Higher energy form to a lower one Law of conservation of matter: Matter is not created or destroyed, it just changes physically or chemically Biological Chemistry Inorganic Molecules Organic Molecules: carbon - creating large, complex, diverse molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 5
6 Chemical forms of matter Molecules and compounds Figure 2.4 Elements: building blocks Compounds and molecules: water Mixtures: compounds and elements: air 2-4 Matter: Elements and Compounds Periodic table of the elements Figure naturally occurring elements. Gold, Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc. 2-1 Elements and compounds Matter: Elements and Atoms Matter is made of Elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down. Elements are made up of atoms Protons (+) Neutrons (----) Electrons (-) smallest 2-2 6
7 Electrons occupy shells 8 in the outermost shell is ideal! How do they get there? Share. Matter: Atoms Protons and neutrons are in the center of an atom = nucleus Electrons move around the nucleus in orbitals (2 per) Orbitals are grouped in shells Movement of electrons between shells either requires or releases energy Atomic Structure Elements combine to form Compounds -Compound = NaCl Elements = Na and Cl Each element is made of one kind of atom which is different from every other Atoms are made of protons, electrons and neutrons Atomic numbers Orbitals and electron shells Atom (carbon-12) Figure
8 Atoms of the four elements most common in life Molecules and Bonding Why do atoms bond together to form molecules? Ionic Bonding Ions donating electrons Covalent Bonds Sharing electrons Complex Molecules Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity Hydrogen bonds Molecules and Bonding Reactive elements can join together Ionic Bonds Ions donating electrons One becomes + One becomes These now attract each other and bond Molecules and Bonding Reactive elements can join together Ionic Bonds Donating electrons Covalent Bonds Sharing electrons Polar/non-polar Hydrogen bonds Polar and Non-polar bonds Polar and Non-polar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity Polar molecules can be weakly attracted to each other and form Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bonds 8
9 Biological Significance of H-bonds: An environment for the chemistry of life. Solubility - polar molecules can dissolve into solution because of H-bond formation whereas non-polar molecules cannot Stability - Some polar molecules form H- bonds internally. These attractive forces serve to strengthen their internal structure. #1: ionic Bond strengths #2: covalent #3: polar (hydrogen) Why does this matter to YOU? Organic compounds Organic molecules Figure Sodium Chloride Water Nitrous oxide Ammonia Hydrogen sulfide No carbon Inorganic molecules Chemical Dissociation Salts, Acids, and Bases ph Buffers 9
10 Concentrations of solutions # of molecules in a specific volume Diffusion and Osmosis: Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration Passive - requires no energy input Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane that prevents solutes (large molecules) from passing. Net movement is from high to low concentrations Diffusion Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Diffusion goes in all directions Osmosis- passive transport of water across a membrane Chemical reactions The making and breaking of chemical bonds - changing the composition of matter Some reactions progress to completion, but MOST are reversible Concentration of reactants can affect the rate of the reaction Chemical equilibrium Activation energy - some need it Catalysts - enhance or speed up the reaction Chemical Reactions 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H
11 Photosynthesis/Respiration Photosynthesis: Plants use carbon dioxide and produce starch and oxygen H 2 O + CO 2 = Starch/sugar + O 2 Respiration Animals use starch/sugar and oxygen, and produce carbon dioxide Starch/sugar + O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 How do we get to this energy? Cellular Respiration Aerobic (w/ oxygen) need for efficient transfer 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Properties of Water 1. Cohesion and adhesion 2. High specific heat 3. High heat of evaporation 4. High thermal conductivity 5. Less dense when frozen 6. Excellent biological solvent The Magic of Water 1. Cohesion and Adhesion Water is attracted to other water and to other polar substances by the charges in the structure. Hydrophilic = water loving. 11
12 2. Excellent biological solvent 3. High heat capacity 4. High thermal conductivity The Magic of Water 5. Less dense when frozen Matter and Energy Matter quality Phases of matter Types of energy Energy quality Thermodynamics and energy transfer Laws of thermodynamics Atoms, Molecules and Compounds Electrons and stability Bonds and Bond strength Organic vrs. Inorganic Chemical reactions Photosynthesis and respiration Water Biogeochemical cycles 12
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