SKILLS FOR PRACTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
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1 INDEX Unit Page SKILLS 17 SKILLS FOR PRACTICAL INVESTIGATIONS Development of sciences Scientific research Types of research Variables Relationship between variables Table Other information to analyse the data Conclusion and evaluation 23 Exercise Lab equipment Thermometers Scales Meterstick Graduated cylinder Pipette Burette 31 Activity 1 31 Exercise 2 32 KNOWLEDGE AREA MATTER AND MATERIALS 35 Unit 1 ORGANIC MOLECULES Organic compounds Structure of organic molecules 37 Experiment 1 43 Experiment Isomers 47 Exercise Naming organic structures Alkanes Cycloalkanes 53 Exercise Alkenes Cycloalkenes Dienes 58 Exercise Alkynes Alkyl halides (haloalkanes) 62 Exercise Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones 69 Exercise Carboxylic acids Esters 73 Activity 2 74 Exercise 8 74
2 1.5 Structural relationships and physical properties Boiling points Melting points Vapour pressure Physical state (gases (g), liquids (l) and solids (s)) Density Flammability Odour Molecular shape 95 Exercise Application of organic chemistry Combustion Preparation of esters 102 Experiment Exercise Reactions Substitution reactions Substitution in alkanes Substitution in alcohols Substitution in haloalkanes (alkyl halides) Addition reactions Hydrohalogenation Halogenation Hydration Hydrogenation 113 Experiment 4 (demonstration) Applications of addition reactions Elimination Dehydrohalogenation Dehydration Cracking 120 Exercise Summary of Unit Unit 2 PLASTICS AND FIBRES What is a polymer? Plastics Addition reactions 139 Experiment Properties and uses 142 Activity Activity Fibres Condensation polymerisation Nylon Polyesters Polylactic acid (PLA) 149 Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment 9 153
3 2.4 Identify Monomer Reaction Recycling 157 Activity Exercise Summary of Unit Question paper: Matter and materials 168 KNOWLEDE AREA MECHANICS 177 Unit 1 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE Momentum Change in momentum 178 Exercise Newton s second law in terms of momentum Impulse 185 Exercise The law of conservation of momentum 192 Experiment Elastic collisions 197 Experiment 11 (demonstration) 198 Exercise Summary of Unit KNOWLEDE AREA WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT Introduction The Doppler effect Sound and ultrasound Stationary sound source and listener Moving sound source and stationary listener 208 Experiment 12 (demonstration) Calculations Application Nature Other applications Medical field Light 215 Exercise Summary 217 Question paper: Waves, sound and light 219 KNOWLEDE AREA MATTER AND MATERIALS 223 Unit 1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Transmission and scattering of light What is the photoelectric effect? 224 Experiment 13 (demonstration) Work function and threshold frequency Intensity and frequency of light The quantum theory 233 Exercise Summary of Unit 1 237
4 Unit 2 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA Emission spectra Continuous emission spectrum Line emission spectrum Absorption spectra Infrared spectra Differences between the different spectra 241 Exercise Summary of Unit Question paper: Matter and materials (physics) 244 KNOWLEDGE AREA CHEMICAL SYSTEMS 249 THE FERTILISER INDUSTRY Nutrients required by plants NPK fertiliser NPK ratio Calculations Preparation of fertiliser Synthesis gas Sasol Ammonia Urea Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Ammonium phosphate Superphosphate and triple superphosphate Sources Influence of fertiliser on people and the environment 260 Activity Sasol s role in fertiliser manufacturing Eutrophication Causes 261 Activity Consequences Reduction and prevention 263 Activity Alternatives to inorganic fertiliser 264 Activity Exercise Summary 267 Question paper: Chemical systems 270 KNOWLEDE AREA ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 277 Unit 2 ELECTRODYNAMICS Electromagnetic induction and electric generators Direct current generator Alternating current generator (alternator) Comparison of DC and AC generators 283 Project 283 Exercise The motor effect and electric motors Direct current motors (DC motors) 288
5 2.2.2 Alternating current motors (AC motors) Comparison of DC and AC motors 290 Project 291 Exercise Alternating current Change in potential difference and current for AC Root mean square current and potential difference 294 Exercise Summary of Unit KNOWLEDE AREA MECHANICS 305 Unit 2 PROJECTILE MOTION What is a projectile? Gravitational acceleration 305 Experiment Terminal velocity Equations of motion Problem solving 310 Exercise Summary of Unit Unit 3 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER Work and energy Work (W) Resistance forces (friction) 337 Exercise Potential energy (E P ) Kinetic energy (E K ) Mechanical energy The work-energy principle Forces 348 Exercise Power or rate of work (P) 358 Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Question paper: Mechancis 365 KNOWLEDGE AREA CHEMICAL CHANGE 371 Unit 1 RATE OF REACTIONS What is reaction rate? What is required for reactions to occur? Factors that influence reaction rate Nature of reactants Concentration 375 Experiment State of division (reaction surface) 378 Experiment Temperature 380 Experiment Catalyst 381 Experiment
6 Exercise Graphic presentation Experimental determination Colour change Volume and mass changes Temperature change Change in ph Turbidity 388 Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Exercise Reaction mechanisms Activation energy Activated complex Energy changes during chemical reactions 399 Exercise Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution Effect of temperature change Effect of concentration Effect of a catalyst 404 Exercise Summary of Unit Unit 2 EQUILIBRIUM AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Open, closed and isolated systems Reversible changes Physical changes Chemical reactions Conditions of equilibrium Catalyst The equilibrium constant 418 Exercise Irreversible chemical reactions Calculation of equilibrium concentrations 422 Exercise Dynamic chemical equilibrium system Le Chatelier s principle Dynamic chemical equilibrium in solutions 432 Experiment Experiment Exercise Equilibrium and reaction rate graphs Equilibrium in an isolated system Reactants change Products change Temperature change Pressure change Catalyst 446 Exercise
7 2.10 Equilibrium in industrial chemical processes Haber process Contact process 451 Exercise Summary of Unit Unit 3 ACIDS AND BASES Properties Acids Bases 459 Activity Acid-base theory Arrhenius Brønsted-Lowry Monoprotic and polyprotic acids 462 Experiment Acid-base reactions Conjugate bases Conjugate acids Conjugate acid-base pairs 464 Exercise Ampholytes Strong and weak acids and bases Acids Bases Hydrolysis 470 Exercise Reactions of acids Acid-metal reactions Acid-metal oxide reactions Acid-metal hydroxide reactions Acid-metal carbonate reactions Neutralisation reaction between acids and bases 476 Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Indikators 482 Exercise Solutions Calculations Preparation of a standard solution 488 Experiment Dilution 490 Exercise Titrations What is a titration? How is a titration conducted? Calculations 493 Experiment Experiment
8 Exercise Equilibrium constant K a values K b values Relationship between K a and K b values Distinction between strong and weak acids ph Conductivity Reaction rate Concentrated and dilute acids and bases 502 Exercise Water Autoionisation Ion product, K w ph scale Calculation of ph strong acid Calculation of ph strong base Applications Chloro-alkali industry Hair salons 509 Exercise Summary of Unit KNOWLEDE AREA ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 515 Unit 1 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Introduction Potential difference Current Resistance Series and parallel connections Internal resistance 518 Experiment Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Question paper: Electricity and magnetism 533 KNOWLEDGE AREA CHEMICAL CHANGE 539 Unit 4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Oxidation and reduction Oxidation numbers Direct electron transfer Indirect electron transfer Oxidation and reduction half reactions 543 Experiment Experiment Exercise Electrochemical cells Electrolytic cell Electrolysis of a melted ionic substance Electrolysis of an ionic solution 555 Experiment
9 Exercise Applications 559 Exercise Galvanic or voltaic cells Salt bridge Cell notation Standard conditions 570 Exercise The standard hydrogen electrode 573 Experiment Prediction of cell potential 577 Exercise Equilibrium, current and emf Current and reaction rate Potential difference and equilibrium 581 Exercise Summary of Unit4 583 Question paper: Chemical change 586 Information pages 592 Work cited 598
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