Course: Practical Science with Chemistry Year: Teacher: Ziccardi

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1 Course: Practical Science with Chemistry Year: Teacher: Ziccardi Unit 1: UNIT TITLE: The Chemistry of Cooking Approximate Time Frame: 5-6 weeks Standards Essential Questions Enduring Understandings Skills Content Vocabulary ATOMIC & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: The periodic table displays the elements in increasing atomic number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates to atomic structure. CHEMICAL BONDS: Biological, chemical and physical properties of matter result from the ability of atoms to form bonds from electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientific inquiry is a thoughtful and coordinated attempt to search out, describe, explain and predict natural phenomena. Scientific inquiry progresses through a continuous process of questioning, data collection, analysis and interpretation. SCIENTIFIC NUMERACY Scientific numeracy includes the ability to use mathematical operations and procedures to calculate, analyze and present scientific data and ideas. 1. What is matter? 2. How is matter classified? 3. How is the periodic table organized? 4. How can a mixture be separated? 5. How does heat flow in a system? 1. The periodic table arranges elements together by similar properties. 2. The periodic table indicates the element name, symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. 3. Metals, metalloids, and nonmetals have identifying physical and chemical properties. 4. Matter can be separated by physical or chemical means. 5. Phase changes involve the transfer of energy 6. Heat transfer always occurs from a system of higher kinetic energy to lower kinetic energy. 1. Define vocabulary terms 2. Classify matter as an element, compound, solution, or heterogeneous mixture 3. Describe how to physically separate a mixture using physical properties. 4. Explain how the period table is arranged. 5. Classify an element and its properties as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. 6. Differentiate between physical and chemical properties & physical and chemical changes 7. Calculate the density for a given object. Properties of Matter - Matter can be classified into pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous) - Matter can be separated by physical or chemical means. - Separating mixtures using physical means (i.e.: Density, phase changes, filtration, etc.) Reading the Periodic Table - The element symbol on the periodic table states the symbol, atomic number, and the average atomic mass. - The periodic table is organized by 7 periods and 18 groups. - Groups 1, 2, are the main block elements. - 80% of the periodic table are metals, 15% are nonmetals, and 5% are metalloids. - Metals are solids at room temperature, are great conductors (poor insulators), have high melting points, and are malleable, ductile, and shiny in appearance. (Hg is a liquid at room temp) - Nonmetals can be either solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. They are often colorful in appearance, and are poor conductors of electricity (good insulators) Matter mass density pure substance element compound mixture solution heterogeneous mixture filtration chemical property physical property chemical change physical change phase change endothermic exothermic atomic number mass number chemical symbol group period metal nonmetal metalloid reactants products chemical equation

2 8. Explain how heat transfer occurs. 9. Compare the specific heats of different substances in relation to the amount of heat required to change the temperature of that substance. Chemical vs Physical Properties - Chemical properties can only be determined when the identity of the substance changes. - Physical properties can be determined without a change in the identity of the substance. - Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids have different physical and chemical properties. - Density is a measure of the amount of mass in a given volume for an object. Chemical vs Physical Changes - Cooking a substance where the identity is altered is a chemical change. - Cooking a substance to change the phase, shape, or size is a physical change. - Reactions that release energy are exothermic and reactions that absorb energy are endothermic. Thermodynamics - Heat transfer always occurs through the movement of kinetic energy from a hotter substance to a colder substance (Ex: choosing the best tools) - Hot and cold are all relative based on the direction of the heat transfer. - Some substances heat up and cool down faster than other substances based on their specific heat value. - Varying cooking oils have different smoke-points making each of them an optimal choice depending on the goal.

3 Unit 2: UNIT TITLE: The Chemistry of Cleaning, Hygiene, Waste Disposal, & Water Approximate Time Frame: 7-8 weeks Standards Essential Questions Enduring Understandings Skills Content Vocabulary SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientific inquiry is a thoughtful and coordinated attempt to search out, describe, explain and predict natural phenomena. Scientific inquiry progresses through a continuous process of questioning, data collection, analysis and interpretation. SCIENTIFIC NUMERACY Scientific numeracy includes the ability to use mathematical operations and procedures to calculate, analyze and present scientific data and ideas. What causes one substance to dissolve in another? What are the factors that increase or decrease solubility? What is the best cleaning product to use for a given task? How does soap work? How do antacids work? What are the hazards of using cleaning products? How should cleaning products be stored or disposed of? How are swimming pools kept clean? How do I manage my well water? 1. Polarity determines if substances are able to mix in one another 2. Reactants rearrange to form the products in a chemical reaction. 3. Mass and energy are conserved in a chemical reaction 4. Chemicals require specific guidelines for storage. 5. Acids have low ph, bases have high ph, and neutral ph is Acids and bases can be neutralized. - Explain how to increases the solubility of a solid in a liquid. - Explain the phrase likes dissolve likes - Use polarity to evaluate which substance is the best choice to remove a given solute that has formed a stain - Explain the relationship between the intermolecular forces of a substance and its volatility. - State and explain the unique properties of water - State the health hazards of cleaning solutions. - Use acid base indicators to determine the ph of a substance. - Relate the concentration Factors that Affect Solubility - surface area - temperature - agitation (stirring) Polarity - polar vs nonpolar (Styrofoam acetone water demo) - Solutions with the same polarity are able to dissolve in one another (Ex: Organic solvents vs inorganic) (solubility and cleaning clothes or spills (laundry, hair dye, nail polish remover, bathroom/kitchen product spills) - Soap works because it has a polar head and a nonpolar tail. The head of the molecular orients itself toward the water and uses the nonpolar tail to encapsulate the nonpolar solute so that it can be removed from the mixture. Solutions: - (Miscible vs immiscible liquids) - Well water must be maintained with the proper concentrations of ionic salts to avoid hard water and calcium deposits. - Volatile liquids evaporate quickly because they have weak IMFs - IMFs are weak are a result of London dispersion forces, which are weak forces of attraction - Small amounts of energy are required to break weak IMFs - Large amounts of energy are required to break strong IMFs - Water has unique properties that make life possible on earth including high specific heat, polarity, high Acid-base indicator ph poh acidic basic neutralization ionic salt aqueous solution concentration electrolytes immiscible miscible polarity polar nonpolar soluble solubility solute solvent solvation dissolving ionic dissociation organic solvent inorganic solvent volatile flammable IMFs (Intermolecular Forces)

4 of hydronium or hydroxide ions to the identity of that substance being an acid or base - State the industrial uses of acids - Explain how a neutralization reaction occurs. surface tension, homeostasis, cohesion adhesion, density. - Some cleaners are hazardous to human health because of their volatility Acids & Bases - Chemical indicators are used to determine if a substance is acidic or basic - The concentration of a solution is determined by the amount of solute in the solvent. For acids and bases, the concentration related to the amounts of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions respectively. - Acids have industrial uses in the making of fertilizer, paper, etc. - There are many types of acid/base indicators. - Neutralization reaction occurring in the stomach (A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.) - Acids have a ph less than 7, a neutral solution has a ph of 7, and bases have a ph greater than 7. - The ph is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in a solution - A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.

5 Unit 3: UNIT TITLE: Chemistry in the Garage & Chemical Safety Approximate Time Frame: 6-7 weeks Standards Essential Questions Enduring Understandings Skills Content Vocabulary SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientific inquiry is a thoughtful and coordinated attempt to search out, describe, explain and predict natural phenomena. Scientific inquiry progresses through a continuous process of questioning, data collection, analysis and interpretation. SCIENTIFIC NUMERACY Scientific numeracy includes the ability to use mathematical operations and procedures to calculate, analyze and present scientific data and ideas. 1. How should chemicals be stored in the garage? 2. How does the combustion from cars contribute to acid rain? 3. Why do metals corrode? 4. What makes something toxic? 5. What are the relationships between pressure, temperature, volume, and the amount of gas? 6. How do phase changes occur? 1. Chemicals must be stored according to their explicit specifications. 2. Metals oxidize due to reactions with other chemicals. 3. Toxicity depends on both the identity and amount of the substance in question. 4. Gas behavior changes when the temperature, pressure, amount of gas, and volume of that gas change. 5. The relationship between two variables in the behavior of a gas can be determined if all other variables are held constant. 6. Phase changes occur due to heat exchanges with their surroundings. 1. Explain how to neutralize an acid 2. Explain how combustion creates acid rain. 3. Label the reactants and products for a given chemical reaction. 4. Explain how reactants can recombine to form products 5. Evaluate what it means for a substance to toxic. 6. Explain the relationship between pressure and temperature, pressure and volume, volume and the amount of gas, & volume and temperature, when all other variables are being held constant. 7. Explain how phase changes occur. Acids & Bases - Chemical safety in the storage of chemicals found in the garage (ex: battery acid disposal using ph and neutralization) - The combustion reactions from cars contribute to pollution and acid rain. Chemical Reactions - Reactants are the starting parts of a chemical reaction and are found on the left side of the chemical equation. Products are a result of the new combination of reactants and are found on the right side of the chemical equation. - Mass and energy are conserved in a chemical reaction. - The activity series can be used to clean silver. - Metals rust because they react with the air to form new compounds - Toxicity, LD50 (both the identity and the amount of a substance determines the toxicity of that substance Phases of Matter/Gas Laws - The relationship between volume, pressure, the amount of gas, and temperature in relation to tires & pressure. - The process in which an airbag is deployed in a car. - When the temperature of the windshield is colder than the air outside, water vapor condenses on it to form a fogging of the glass (in some cases frost) - Purpose and function of using rainex and deicer ph poh neutralization corrosion pressure volume temperature inverse relationship direct relationship VOCs NO x Acid rain Heat transfer Condensation Evaporation Melting Freezing Endothermic Exothermic

6 8. State which phases changes are exothermic and endothermic 9. Explain how to properly store chemicals found in the garage. Chemical Storage - Chemicals must be stored : o in the proper type of container o at the correct temperature o away from other chemicals as specified o with the correct label - The shelf life is all chemicals is not infinite

7 Unit 4: UNIT TITLE: Current Issues in Science (OPTIONAL) Approximate Time Frame: 1-2 weeks Standards Essential Questions Enduring Understandings Skills Content Vocabulary SCIENTIFIC LITERACY 1. How is 1. Chemistry is all (Highly variable) chemistry around us and is an applicable to the essential part of world around our everyday lives me? Scientific literacy includes the ability to read, write, discuss and present coherent ideas about science. Scientific literacy also includes the ability to search for and assess the relevance and credibility of scientific information found in various print and electronic media. SCIENTIFIC NUMERACY 1. Develop group project and oral presentation skills 2. Develop research skills 3. Evaluate the credibility of an online source 4. Relate applications of chemistry to your own life. Possible: pesticides, global climate change, GMOs, fossil fuels, fracking & the natural gas industry, petroleum industry, coal industry, ocean acidification, nanotechnology, polymer science, food production & management, livestock management, landscaping management, farm management, greenhouse management, flower industry, waste management, water treatment, septic & well management. Scientific numeracy includes the ability to use mathematical operations and procedures to calculate, analyze and present scientific data and ideas.

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