Course Goals for CHEM 202

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Course Goals for CHEM 202"

Transcription

1 Course Goals for CHEM 202 Students will use their understanding of chemical bonding and energetics to predict and explain changes in enthalpy, entropy, and free energy for a variety of processes and reactions. Students will use their understanding of collision theory, temperature, and average kinetic energy of the system to make predictions about reaction rate and explain in the context of a reaction coordinate diagram. Students will be able to demonstrate their understanding of chemical equilibrium and acid base chemistry through two different approaches: quantitative (mathematical calculations) and qualitative (structural analysis). Students will apply their understanding of acids and bases, thermodynamics, and kinetics to predict and explain simple organic reactions: substitution, elimination, and nucleophilic acyl substitution. Students will illustrate their understanding of reaction mechanisms by using curved arrow formalisms and proposing reaction coordinate diagrams. Students will interpret experimental kinetic data to distinguish between unimolecular and bimolecular substitution and elimination mechanisms and explain the differences in mechanisms from a structural perspective.

2 Class Topics and Demos/Applications Introduction to Free Energy Free Energy Continued Collision Theory Intro to Equilibrium LeChatelier Connecting equilibrium and free energy Learning Objectives 1. Calculate the enthalpy of a reaction ( H ) from bonds broken and bonds formed. 2. Describe the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions. 3. Define enthalpy and explain how it relates to free energy. 4. Describe the difference between spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes. 1. Define enthalpy, entropy, and free energy as well as describe the relationship between them. 2. Explain the difference between spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes and how this connects to G. 3. Predict changes in enthalpy and entropy for a given 4. Develop criteria for determining whether a reaction will be spontaneous or not at high or low temperatures 5. Apply the concept of temperature dependence of spontaneity and describe what is meant by entropy- or enthalpy-driven reactions. 6. Describe how enthalpy changes with protein folding (considering both the interactions along the protein chain and those with the solvent). 7. Explain the hydrophobic effect and draw simple diagrams to back up your explanation. 1. Describe what interactions are involved in a physical vs. a chemical change. 2. Write reactions to illustrate changes of state. 3. Define temperature and describe how it relates to kinetic energy. 4. Define activation energy and explain how changing temperature affects particle collisions and the rate of 5. Describe how particle orientation affects whether or not a reaction will occur. 6. Explain how some particles can react even when the avg. kinetic energy of the system is less than the activation energy for the 7. Describe how concentration influences rates within a gas-phase reaction 8. Interpret and draw thermal energy distribution graphs. 1. Define dynamic equilibrium and the law of mass action. 2. Use the law of mass action to write an equilibrium constant expression for any reaction and calculate the value from provided data. 3. Calculate the reaction quotient (Q) and use it to determine the direction of the 4. Calculate equilibrium concentrations or the equilibrium constant depending on the information provided. 1. Predict how changes in concentration, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst affect equilibrium. 2. Calculate new equilibrium concentrations from any of the above changes. 3. Describe how certain changes cause the equilibrium to shift in one direction or the other and propose an explanation for why this happens (rates of reactions and collisions). 4. Graphically represent how changes in concentration or temperature affect concentrations. 1. Describe what is meant by the standard state. Give examples of elements and compounds in their standard states. 2. Write and apply the mathematical relationship between G and K. Be able to represent G on a graph of free energy as a function of the ratio between reactants and products. 3. Explain, from a free energy perspective, why reactions proceed to a lower energy state when they reach equilibrium.

3 7 Conformations of Cyclohexanes 4. Explain the difference between G and G. 1. Draw chair and boat conformations as well as ring flipped conformations for cyclohexane 2. Identify the most stable conformation of mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes and explain why these conformations are the most stable. 3. Draw reaction coordinate diagrams for the ring flip of cyclohexanes Intro to acid base chemistry Weak acids and bases Combining quantitative and qualitative Predicting acid strength Qualitative Salt Hydrolysis 1. Define and identify acids and bases using the Lewis definition. 2. Describe how the Lewis definition of acids and bases includes all Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. 3. Use curved arrow notation to show the flow of electrons in acid-base reactions. 4. Memorize the six strong acids. 5. Describe the autoionization of water and the relationship between K a, K b, and K w. 1. Write a Ka expression in a chemical equation, its equilibrium ratio, and draw the curved arrows to show the proton transfer. 2. Write a Kb expression in a chemical equation, its equilibrium ratio, and draw the curved arrows to show the proton transfer. 3. Calculate equilibrium concentrations of all species for a weak acid or weak base hydrolysis in water. 4. Understand the 5% rule and explain why it is a valid approximation. 5. Interconvert the Ka value of a weak acid and the Kb value of its weak conjugate base. Understand the inverse relationship between these two values. 6. Apply the concept of conjugate base stability and how it relates to acid strength 7. Define and identify a strong electrolyte (no equilibrium here). 1. Predict relative acidity of one acid compared to another based on the stability of their conjugate bases. 2. Predict which side of an acid-base equilibrium will be favored based on which side has the weaker conjugate acid-base pair. 3. Use curved arrows to convert one resonance structure to another. 4. Use the following to predict stability: a) Element effects b) Resonance effects c) Inductive effects d) Hybridization effects 1. Predict whether a salt dissolved in water will be acidic, basic, or neutral. Be able to recognize garbage ions that have no effect on ph. 2. Write out any appropriate reactions with curved arrow notation to support your prediction of the acidity or basicity of various salts. 3. Calculate the ph of a solution containing a non-neutral salt. 4. Predict shifts in equilibrium due to the common ion effect and calculate the resulting changes in ph. 13 Buffers 1. Predict shifts in equilibrium due to the common ion effect and calculate the resulting changes in ph.

4 Introduction to Carbonyl Compounds Carbonyl Reactivity Continued Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis of esters: Proposing mechanisms Driving reactions uphill : base-promotion and SOCl 2 2. Identify the major species in a buffer solution the ones with the highest concentration will affect the ph. 3. Write the uni-directional reaction or equilibrium reactions needed to calculate the final ph of a buffer or the ph after acid or base has been added. 4. Predict acid-base reactions and determine whether or not a buffer has been formed. 5. Explain what a buffer is and why it s important 6. Explain two ways of making a buffer from a conceptual standpoint. 7. Calculate the final ph of a buffer solution that is formed from one of the two ways in #6. 8. Calculate the final ph of a buffer solution after strong acid or base has been added. 1. Predict the relative order of Lewis acidity or electrophilicity based on the carbonyl compound s structure. 2. Explain why a carbonyl compound can be electrophilic using Lewis structures. 3. Draw an energy diagram for a one- or two-step mechanism showing how free energy changes as a function of reaction progress. 4. Draw an energy diagram to show the free energy change of a reaction based on equilibrium position. 5. Use your newly gained vocabulary, structures, and curved arrows in the context of reactions: mechanisms, reaction pathway, and transition state. 6. Apply pka data as a method to predict the position of equilibrium in a nucleophilic acyl substitution 1. Use your knowledge of electrophiles, nucleophiles, and Bronsted-Lowry acid base reactions to propose mechanistic pathways with curved arrows for acid catalyzed NAS reactions. 2. Explain how basicity and nucleophilic strength are correlated. 3. Apply the concept of LeChatelier to drive equilibrium towards the products. 4. Draw a reaction coordinate diagram for multi-step mechanisms 5. Define what is meant by a leaving group. 1. Identify all steps of a mechanism as Bronsted-Lowry acid-base, nucleophilic addition, or elimination steps. 2. Use the pka of the conjugate acid to predict which substituent will be the best leaving group. 3. Illustrate, with a mechanism and arrows, how protonating an ester, amide, or carboxylic acid increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon and also affects the exophilicity of a leaving group. 4. Draw an energy diagram to show how the addition of a catalyst speeds up the reaction by making the carbonyl a better electrophile. (Be aware that catalysts affect the rate of the reaction, not the equilibrium.) 1. Apply your knowledge of pka to illustrate how a reaction could be defined as uphill. 2. Recognize the concept of kinetic vs. thermodynamic products and the conditions that lead to each. 3. Apply your knowledge of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity to new nucleophiles and electrophiles. 4. Explain the difference between an acid-catalyzed reaction and a base-promoted 5. Draw mechanisms for base-promoted reactions that result in a carboxylate anion. 6. Predict the products of a NAS Also be able to predict when a reaction will not occur. 7. Explain why the reaction between a carboxylic acid and SOCl 2 is considered entropy-driven. Draw the mechanism for this

5 Intro to reaction rates through S N 1 reactions Rate Laws, Initial Rates, and Mechanism The S N 2 Reaction and how kinetics can help determine reaction mechanism Factors affecting S N 1 reaction mechanisms Predicting S N 1 vs S N 2 mechanism and carbocation rearrangements. Biological Applications of carbonyl chemistry 1. List all of the factors that may affect the rate of a chemical 2. Explain how increasing concentration, temperature, and adding a catalyst can all increase the rate of the 3. Define rate, rate law, average rate, instantaneous rate, and initial rate. 4. Interpret graphical data to determine average rate, instantaneous rate, and initial rate. 5. Determine the rate of formation or disappearance of any reactant or product knowing only one rate. 1. Predict the units of a rate constant based on the order of a reaction or vice versa. 2. Apply the method of initial rates using a given set of experimental data to determine rate laws and calculate a rate constant. 3. Make a hypothesis about the order of a reaction based on the structure of an alkyl halid and the strength of a nucleophile. 4. Interpret and explain a given table of experimental data correlating structure with rate constants. 1. Use pka data to predict leaving group ability. 2. Know the relative rates of common leaving groups: Halides, OTf, OMes, OH 3. Explain the typical correlation between nucleophilicity and basicity 4. Make predictions about what substitution reactions will follow an S N 2 pathway based on leaving group ability, alkyl halide structure, and the strength of the incoming nucleophile. 1. Compare the rates of S N 1 reactions of alkyl halides in common protic and aprotic solvents and explain any differences using your knowledge of intermolecular forces. 2. Propose a substitution mechanism based on the relative stability of a carbocation intermediate. 3. Explain, using appropriate diagrams, how hyperconjugation stabilizes carbocations 4. Use your knowledge of relative rates of S N 1 reactions, proton transfer, and nucleophilic attack to predict the mechanistic pathway(s) of a reaction 1. Summarize the major factors for S N 1 and S N 2 reactions. 2. Predict if a reaction will proceed through an S N 1 or S N 2 mechanism and draw a supporting energy diagram. 3. In reactions with carbocation intermediates, make a prediction about when a hydride or alkyl shift will likely occur. 4. Predict the products of an S N 1 reaction that undergoes hydride or alkyl shifts and draw the mechanism, transition state, and energy diagrams for the reaction 1. Identify acyl derivatives in biological molecules. 2. Explain how entropy and intermolecular forces drive reactivity in biological systems. 3. Explain reaction rate acceleration when enzymes are involved. 4. Explain how enzymes accelerate a reaction rate by chemical complementarity (spatial orientation and the formation of non-covalent interactions).

ORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 7 - NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS

ORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 7 - NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTITUTION Previously, we discussed the various ways that acids could react with bases: Recall that in these mechanisms, electrons always travel from density

More information

Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - Organic Reactions I

Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - Organic Reactions I Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - rganic Reactions I I. Introduction to Reactions II. Principles of Kinetics III. Principles of Thermodynamics IV. Nucleophiles and Electrophiles V. Acids and Bases What a

More information

Classroom: 318 Subject: AP Chemistry Quarter 2 Teacher: van Balveren, Suzanne

Classroom: 318 Subject: AP Chemistry Quarter 2 Teacher: van Balveren, Suzanne Livingston American School Quarterly Lesson Plan Concept / Topic To Teach: Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Equilibrium Equilibrium Acids and Bases Acids and Bases Standards Addressed: College Board canbe formed

More information

Chemistry 12 - Learning Outcomes

Chemistry 12 - Learning Outcomes Chemistry 12 - Learning Outcomes A: Chapt 1. Reaction Kinetics - (Introduction) A1. give examples of reactions proceeding at different rates A2. describe rate in terms of some quantity (produced or consumed)

More information

Basic Organic Chemistry Course code : CHEM (Pre-requisites : CHEM 11122)

Basic Organic Chemistry Course code : CHEM (Pre-requisites : CHEM 11122) Basic Organic Chemistry Course code : CHEM 12162 (Pre-requisites : CHEM 11122) Chapter 01 Mechanistic Aspects of S N2,S N1, E 2 & E 1 Reactions Dr. Dinesh R. Pandithavidana Office: B1 222/3 Phone: (+94)777-745-720

More information

Acid-Base -Bronsted-Lowry model: -Lewis model: -The more equilibrium lies to the right = More [H 3 O + ] = Higher K a = Lower pk a = Stronger acid

Acid-Base -Bronsted-Lowry model: -Lewis model: -The more equilibrium lies to the right = More [H 3 O + ] = Higher K a = Lower pk a = Stronger acid Revision Hybridisation -The valence electrons of a Carbon atom sit in 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 orbitals that are different in energy. It has 2 x 2s electrons + 2 x 2p electrons are available to form 4 covalent bonds.

More information

B L U E V A L L E Y D I S T R I C T C U R R I C U L U M Science AP Chemistry

B L U E V A L L E Y D I S T R I C T C U R R I C U L U M Science AP Chemistry B L U E V A L L E Y D I S T R I C T C U R R I C U L U M Science AP Chemistry ORGANIZING THEME/TOPIC UNIT 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE Atomic Theory Electron configuration Periodic Trends Big Idea 1: The chemical

More information

Big Idea 1: Structure of Matter Learning Objective Check List

Big Idea 1: Structure of Matter Learning Objective Check List Big Idea 1: Structure of Matter Learning Objective Check List Structure of Matter Mole Concept: Empirical Formula, Percent Composition, Stoichiometry Learning objective 1.1 The student can justify the

More information

CHEM 251 (4 credits): Description

CHEM 251 (4 credits): Description CHEM 251 (4 credits): Intermediate Reactions of Nucleophiles and Electrophiles (Reactivity 2) Description: An understanding of chemical reactivity, initiated in Reactivity 1, is further developed based

More information

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH.4 - ACIDS AND BASES.

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH.4 - ACIDS AND BASES. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: FREE ENERGY DIAGRAMS Atoms save energy by forming bonds. Free energy diagrams show overall changes in potential energy during reactions. Free energy diagrams give us information

More information

BSc. II 3 rd Semester. Submitted By Dr. Sangita Nohria Associate Professor PGGCG-11 Chandigarh 1

BSc. II 3 rd Semester. Submitted By Dr. Sangita Nohria Associate Professor PGGCG-11 Chandigarh 1 BSc. II 3 rd Semester Submitted By Dr. Sangita Nohria Associate Professor PGGCG-11 Chandigarh 1 Introduction to Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an

More information

Spanish Fork High School Unit Topics and I Can Statements AP Chemistry

Spanish Fork High School Unit Topics and I Can Statements AP Chemistry Spanish Fork High School 2014-15 Unit Topics and I Can Statements AP Chemistry Properties of Elements I can describe how mass spectroscopy works and use analysis of elements to calculate the atomic mass

More information

Glendale Community College Chemistry 105 Exam. 3 Lecture Notes Chapters 6 & 7

Glendale Community College Chemistry 105 Exam. 3 Lecture Notes Chapters 6 & 7 Sevada Chamras, Ph.D. Glendale Community College Chemistry 105 Exam. 3 Lecture Notes Chapters 6 & 7 Description: Examples: 3 Major Types of Organic Halides: 1. Alkyl Halides: Chapter 6 (Part 1/2) : Alkyl

More information

Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry

Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry covered by A-Level Chemistry products Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant 1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances. Moles and Formulae 1.1.2 Determine the number

More information

10/26/2010. An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of H 2 O to Ethylene. to Ethylene

10/26/2010. An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of H 2 O to Ethylene. to Ethylene 6.5 An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of H 2 O to Ethylene Addition of water to ethylene Typical polar process Acid catalyzed addition reaction (Electophilic addition reaction) Polar Reaction All

More information

Homework for Chapter 7 Chem 2310

Homework for Chapter 7 Chem 2310 omework for Chapter 7 Chem 2310 Name I. Introduction to Reactions 1. Explain why the following fits the definition of a chemical reaction. C 3 Na C 3 Na 2. Using the chemical reaction above, give all compounds

More information

Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - Organic Reactions I

Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - Organic Reactions I Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - rganic Reactions I I. Introduction to Reactions II. Principles of Kinetics III. Principles of Thermodynamics IV. cleophiles and Electrophiles V. Acids and Bases What a chemical

More information

75. A This is a Markovnikov addition reaction. In these reactions, the pielectrons in the alkene act as a nucleophile. The strongest electrophile will

75. A This is a Markovnikov addition reaction. In these reactions, the pielectrons in the alkene act as a nucleophile. The strongest electrophile will 71. B SN2 stands for substitution nucleophilic bimolecular. This means that there is a bimolecular rate-determining step. Therefore, the reaction will follow second-order kinetics based on the collision

More information

CHEMISTRY 12 SYLLABUS Online 2010

CHEMISTRY 12 SYLLABUS Online 2010 CHEMISTRY 12 SYLLABUS Online 2010 Mr. Lockwood Email: plockwood@sd43.bc.ca Personal: https://my43.sd43.bc.ca/schools/pinetreesecondary/classes/plockwood/default.aspx UserName: Password: WebCT: http://bb.etc.bc.ca/webct/entrypageins.dowebct

More information

Identify the bonding types molecular, covalent network, ionic, and metallic - in various solids (11.8)

Identify the bonding types molecular, covalent network, ionic, and metallic - in various solids (11.8) Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids (Chapter 11) Very brief review of Lewis structures and molecular geometry Draw Lewis structures for and determine polarity of molecules through sp 3 8.45 8.64,

More information

H H H H S H H H NO 2 O H H 3 C. OMe CH 3

H H H H S H H H NO 2 O H H 3 C. OMe CH 3 Fall Workshop #9 Question #1 Using the tables on pages 18-19 of SAM, the table inside the back cover of Jones, and the figure we created in class: (a) Report an estimated pka value for each hydrogen atom

More information

General Chemistry (Third Quarter)

General Chemistry (Third Quarter) General Chemistry (Third Quarter) This course covers the topics shown below. Students navigate learning paths based on their level of readiness. Institutional users may customize the scope and sequence

More information

Chapter 6 Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms

Chapter 6 Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms Chapter 6 Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms 6.1 Enthalpy Enthalpy (ΔH or q) is the heat energy exchange between the reaction and its surroundings at constant pressure Breaking a bond requires the system

More information

General Chemistry (Second Quarter)

General Chemistry (Second Quarter) General Chemistry (Second Quarter) This course covers the topics shown below. Students navigate learning paths based on their level of readiness. Institutional users may customize the scope and sequence

More information

Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides

Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols Structure and Bonding Enols and Phenols Compounds having a hydroxy group on a sp 2 hybridized carbon enols and phenols undergo different reactions than alcohols. Chapter

More information

COURSE UNIT DESCRIPTION. Type of the course unit. Mode of delivery Period of delivery Language of instruction Face to face Autumn English

COURSE UNIT DESCRIPTION. Type of the course unit. Mode of delivery Period of delivery Language of instruction Face to face Autumn English Course unit title Organic Chemistry I Lecturer(s) Dr. Rimantas Vaitkus COURSE UNIT DESCRIPTION Department Dept. Organic Chemistry, Vilnius University Cycle First Type of the course unit Mode of delivery

More information

PAPER No. 05: TITLE: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II MODULE No. 12: TITLE: S N 1 Reactions

PAPER No. 05: TITLE: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II MODULE No. 12: TITLE: S N 1 Reactions Subject hemistry Paper o and Title Module o and Title Module Tag 05, ORGAI EMISTRY-II 12, S 1 Reactions E_P5_M12 EMISTRY PAPER o. 05: TITLE: ORGAI EMISTRY-II TABLE OF OTETS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction

More information

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH. 8 - ELIMINATION REACTIONS.

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH. 8 - ELIMINATION REACTIONS. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: THE E2 MECHANISM A strong nucleophile reacts with an inaccessible leaving group to produce beta-elimination in one-step. E2 Properties (Circle One) Nucleophile = Strong /

More information

Chapter 3 An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases

Chapter 3 An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases There are 4 types of Organic Reactions Chapter 3 An Introduction to Organic Reactions: SUBSTITUTION: ADDITION: X Y + A X A + Y Example Example A B + X Y A B X Y ELIMINATION There are 4 Types of Organic

More information

Homework - Review of Chem 2310

Homework - Review of Chem 2310 omework - Review of Chem 2310 Chapter 1 - Atoms and Molecules Name 1. What is organic chemistry? 2. Why is there an entire one year course devoted to the study of organic compounds? 3. Give 4 examples

More information

Chapter 8: Nucleophilic Substitution 8.1: Functional Group Transformation By Nucleophilic Substitution

Chapter 8: Nucleophilic Substitution 8.1: Functional Group Transformation By Nucleophilic Substitution hapter 8: Nucleophilic Substitution 8.1: Functional Group Transformation By Nucleophilic Substitution Nu: = l,, I Nu - Nucleophiles are Lewis bases (electron-pair donor) Nucleophiles are often negatively

More information

Chapter 5. Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution mechanism. by G.DEEPA

Chapter 5. Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution mechanism. by G.DEEPA Chapter 5 Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution mechanism by G.DEEPA 1 Introduction The polarity of a carbon halogen bond leads to the carbon having a partial positive charge In alkyl halides this polarity

More information

Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry

Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry Enduring Understandings & Essential Knowledge for AP Chemistry Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements

More information

CHM 152 Final Exam Review

CHM 152 Final Exam Review CHM 152 Final Exam Review Kinetics Chapter 12 End-of-Chapter Suggested problems: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 29, 31, 33 (graphing), 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 53, 57, 63, 67, 68, 69,

More information

Chapter 7 Substitution Reactions 7.1 Introduction to Substitution Reactions Substitution Reactions: two reactants exchange parts to give new products

Chapter 7 Substitution Reactions 7.1 Introduction to Substitution Reactions Substitution Reactions: two reactants exchange parts to give new products hapter 7 Substitution eactions 7.1 Introduction to Substitution eactions Substitution eactions: two reactants exchange parts to give new products A-B + -D A-D + B- 3 2 + Br 3 2 Br + Elimination eaction:

More information

Student Achievement. Chemistry 12

Student Achievement. Chemistry 12 Student Achievement Chemistry 12 Key Elements: Reaction Kinetics Estimated Time: 14 16 hours By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the significance of reaction rates, demonstrate

More information

Writing a Correct Mechanism

Writing a Correct Mechanism Chapter 2 1) Balancing Equations Writing a Correct Mechanism 2) Using Arrows to show Electron Movement 3) Mechanisms in Acidic and Basic Media 4) Electron rich Species: Nucleophile or Base? 5) Trimolecular

More information

Organic Chemistry. Second Edition. Chapter 19 Aromatic Substitution Reactions. David Klein. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e

Organic Chemistry. Second Edition. Chapter 19 Aromatic Substitution Reactions. David Klein. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e Organic Chemistry Second Edition David Klein Chapter 19 Aromatic Substitution Reactions Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e 19.1 Introduction to Electrophilic

More information

Substitution and Elimination reactions

Substitution and Elimination reactions PART 3 Substitution and Elimination reactions Chapter 8. Substitution reactions of RX 9. Elimination reactions of RX 10. Substit n/elimin n of other comp ds 11. Organometallic comp ds 12. Radical reactions

More information

LO 1.2 SP 2.2] LO 1.3 SP

LO 1.2 SP 2.2] LO 1.3 SP This is a condensed version of the new curriculum framework for the AP Chemistry course. EU = Enduring Understanding EK = Essential Knowledge LO = Learning Objective SP = Science Practice (separate file

More information

CHAPTER 7. Further Reactions of Haloalkanes: Unimolecular Substitution and Pathways of Elimination

CHAPTER 7. Further Reactions of Haloalkanes: Unimolecular Substitution and Pathways of Elimination CHAPTER 7 Further Reactions of Haloalkanes: Unimolecular Substitution and Pathways of Elimination 7-1 Solvolysis of Tertiary and Secondary Haloalkanes The rate of S N 2 reactions decrease dramatically

More information

Chem 3719 Klein Chapter Practice Problems

Chem 3719 Klein Chapter Practice Problems Chem 379 Klein Chapter Practice Problems Dr. Peter Norris, 208 Klein Chapter Problems : Review of General Chemistry. Draw viable structures for molecules with the following molecular formulae. Remember

More information

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Alkyl halides react with a nucleophile in one of two ways. Either they eliminate an X to form an alkene, or they undergo a substitution with the nucleophile, Nu,

More information

Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids have the formula RCO2H. Nomenclature Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids For the parent alkane, drop the terminal e and add the suffix oic acid. The parent alkane is the longest continuous chain

More information

40 46, 51, ,

40 46, 51, , cha02680_fm.indd Page xxvi 12/27/12 4:05 PM GG-009 /Volumes/107/GO01228/CHANG_11E/ANCILLARY/CHANG/007_665610_1_P1 BIG IDEA 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all

More information

Chapter 8. Substitution reactions of Alkyl Halides

Chapter 8. Substitution reactions of Alkyl Halides Chapter 8. Substitution reactions of Alkyl Halides There are two types of possible reaction in organic compounds in which sp 3 carbon is bonded to an electronegative atom or group (ex, halides) 1. Substitution

More information

A. Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis (1) proximity effect (2) acid-base catalysts (3) electrostatic (4) functional groups (5) structural flexibility

A. Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis (1) proximity effect (2) acid-base catalysts (3) electrostatic (4) functional groups (5) structural flexibility (P&S Ch 5; Fer Ch 2, 9; Palm Ch 10,11; Zub Ch 9) A. Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis (1) proximity effect (2) acid-base catalysts (3) electrostatic (4) functional groups (5) structural flexibility B.

More information

UNIT 4 REVISION CHECKLIST CHEM 4 AS Chemistry

UNIT 4 REVISION CHECKLIST CHEM 4 AS Chemistry UNIT 4 REVISION CHECKLIST CHEM 4 AS Chemistry Topic 4.1 Kinetics a) Define the terms: rate of a reaction, rate constant, order of reaction and overall order of reaction b) Deduce the orders of reaction

More information

Exam 1 (Monday, July 6, 2015)

Exam 1 (Monday, July 6, 2015) Chem 231 Summer 2015 Assigned Homework Problems Last updated: Friday, July 24, 2015 Problems Assigned from Essential Organic Chemistry, 2 nd Edition, Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Prentice Hall, New York, NY,

More information

DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction

DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 5 Dr Ali El-Agamey 1 Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction The vertical axis in this graph represents the potential energy. The transition

More information

21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids. Acids Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids.

21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids. Acids Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids. 21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and in pharmaceuticals. 21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids The US produces over 2.5 million tons of acetic acid per year, which

More information

Carboxylic Acids & Their Derivatives. Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition David R. Klein

Carboxylic Acids & Their Derivatives. Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition David R. Klein Carboxylic Acids & Their Derivatives Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition David R. Klein Introduction to Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are compounds with a -COOH group. These compounds are abundant in nature,

More information

Organic Chemistry I Lesson Objectives, Lesson Problems, Course Outline Spring 2008

Organic Chemistry I Lesson Objectives, Lesson Problems, Course Outline Spring 2008 Organic Chemistry I Lesson Objectives, Lesson Problems, Course Outline Spring 2008 Lesson Date Assignment Lesson Objective Description Lesson Problems 4 14-Jan Chapter 1 Quiz Describe how bond polarity

More information

S N 1 Displacement Reactions

S N 1 Displacement Reactions S N 1 Displacement Reactions Tertiary alkyl halides cannot undergo S N 2 reactions because of the severe steric hindrance blocking a backside approach of the nucleophile. They can, however, react via an

More information

7. Haloalkanes (text )

7. Haloalkanes (text ) 2009, Department of hemistry, The University of Western Ontario 7.1 7. aloalkanes (text 7.1 7.10) A. Structure and Nomenclature Like hydrogen, the halogens have a valence of one. Thus, a halogen atom can

More information

Many Organic compounds are acids or bases (or both) Many Organic compounds undergo acid-base reactions

Many Organic compounds are acids or bases (or both) Many Organic compounds undergo acid-base reactions Objective 4 Intro to Reactivity 1: identify acids and bases using Lewis definition. Use curved arrows to show how base reacts with acid. Relate strength to pk a. Determine direction of equilibrium. Use

More information

AP Chemistry Standards and Benchmarks

AP Chemistry Standards and Benchmarks Standard: Understands and applies the principles of Scientific Inquiry Benchmark 1: Scientific Reasoning Course Level Benchmarks A. Formulates and revises scientific explanations and models B. Understands

More information

Chapter 9. Nucleophilic Substitution and ß-Elimination

Chapter 9. Nucleophilic Substitution and ß-Elimination Chapter 9 Nucleophilic Substitution and ß-Elimination Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophile: From the Greek meaning nucleus loving. A molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to another atom or

More information

Reavis High School AP Chemistry Curriculum Snapshot

Reavis High School AP Chemistry Curriculum Snapshot Reavis High School AP Chemistry Curriculum Snapshot Unit 1: Science Fundamentals 5 Students will learn the saftey rules and laboratory equipment of the science laboratory and demonstrate their competence

More information

Basic Chemistry 2014 Timberlake

Basic Chemistry 2014 Timberlake A Correlation of Basic Chemistry Timberlake Advanced Placement Chemistry Topics AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not

More information

CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1:

CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1: CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Atomic Structure - Valence Electrons Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule - Ionic bond - Covalent bond How to write Lewis

More information

Study guide for AP test on TOPIC 1 Matter & Measurement

Study guide for AP test on TOPIC 1 Matter & Measurement Study guide for AP test on IC 1 Matter & Measurement IC 1 Recall a definition of chemistry Understand the process and stages of scientific (logical) problem solving Recall the three states of matter, their

More information

Chemistry 2

Chemistry 2 WTCS Repository 10-806-129 Chemistry 2 Course Outcome Summary Course Information Description Total Credits 4.00 Further study of basic chemical principles (e.g. atomic and molecular structure, reactions,

More information

Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i. Chapter 6. Modified by Dr. Juliet Hahn

Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i. Chapter 6. Modified by Dr. Juliet Hahn Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i Chapter 6 Modified by Dr. Juliet Hahn Copyright 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

More information

ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY

ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY AP Chemistry is a second year chemistry for students planning to pursue a science or technology-related college curriculum or for those desiring college chemistry credit. BIG IDEA 1: The chemical elements

More information

QUESTION CATEGORIES (CHEMISTRY)

QUESTION CATEGORIES (CHEMISTRY) QUESTION CATEGORIES (CHEMISTRY) CRITICAL THINKING: Potential Categories Bloom s Level 01 Remembering (previously Knowledge) 02 Understanding (previously Comprehension) 03 Applying (previously Application)

More information

The Study of Chemical Reactions. Mechanism: The complete, step by step description of exactly which bonds are broken, formed, and in which order.

The Study of Chemical Reactions. Mechanism: The complete, step by step description of exactly which bonds are broken, formed, and in which order. The Study of Chemical Reactions Mechanism: The complete, step by step description of exactly which bonds are broken, formed, and in which order. Thermodynamics: The study of the energy changes that accompany

More information

Specific Curriculum Outcomes (updated September 18, 2016)

Specific Curriculum Outcomes (updated September 18, 2016) 1 Chemistry 12 Specific Curriculum Outcomes (updated September 18, 2016) Unit A: Thermochemistry Overview: In this unit, students study energy as it relates to chemical changes and quantify the energy

More information

Chem 263 March 28, 2006

Chem 263 March 28, 2006 Chem 263 March 28, 2006 Properties of Carboxylic Acids Since carboxylic acids are structurally related to both ketones and aldehydes, we would expect to see some similar structural properties. The carbonyl

More information

PAPER No. 5: REACTION MECHANISM MODULE No. 2: Types of Organic Reaction Mechanisms

PAPER No. 5: REACTION MECHANISM MODULE No. 2: Types of Organic Reaction Mechanisms Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper No. 5:Organic Chemistry-II Module No. 2: Overview of different types of Organic Reaction Mechanisms CHE_P5_M2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

More information

REACTION AND SYNTHESIS REVIEW

REACTION AND SYNTHESIS REVIEW REACTION AND SYNTHESIS REVIEW A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PREDICT PRODUCTS, IDENTIFY REACTANTS, GIVE REACTION CONDITIONS, PROPOSE SYNTHESES, AND PROPOSE MECHANISMS (AS LISTED BELOW). REVIEW THE MECHANISM

More information

CHEM 109A Organic Chemistry

CHEM 109A Organic Chemistry CHEM 109A Organic Chemistry https://labs.chem.ucsb.edu/zakarian/armen/courses.html Chapter 2 Acids and Bases Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry Draw the conjugate acid of each of the following:

More information

An Overview of Organic Reactions. Reaction types: Classification by outcome Most reactions produce changes in the functional group of the reactants:

An Overview of Organic Reactions. Reaction types: Classification by outcome Most reactions produce changes in the functional group of the reactants: An Overview of Organic Reactions Reaction types: Classification by outcome Most reactions produce changes in the functional group of the reactants: 1. Addition (forward) Gain of atoms across a bond Example:

More information

CHEMISTRY 231 GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I FALL 2014 List of Topics / Examination Schedule

CHEMISTRY 231 GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I FALL 2014 List of Topics / Examination Schedule Page 1 of 5 CHEMISTRY 231 FALL 2014 List of Topics / Examination Schedule Unit Starts Topic of Study 20 Aug 2014 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Suggested Reading: Chapter 1 29 Aug 2014 ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES Suggested

More information

Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles

Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) are compounds with an OH attached to a carbonyl. Nitriles (RC N) are compounds a carbon-nitrogen triple bond. Naming Carboxylic Acids 1. Replace

More information

Big Idea 6 Equilibrium

Big Idea 6 Equilibrium Big Idea 6 Equilibrium AP CHEMISTRY Course and Exam Description Effective Fall 2013 The College Board New York, NY AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework The Concept Outline The focus of Chapters 15-17 is on

More information

Chem 251 Fall Learning Objectives

Chem 251 Fall Learning Objectives Learning Objectives Chapter 8 (last semester) 1. Write an electron-pushing mechanism for an SN2 reaction between an alkyl halide and a nucleophile. 2. Describe the rate law and relative rate of reaction

More information

Chapter 2 Acids and Bases. Arrhenius Acid and Base Theory. Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Base Theory

Chapter 2 Acids and Bases. Arrhenius Acid and Base Theory. Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Base Theory hapter 2 Acids and Bases A significant amount of chemistry can be described using different theories of acids and bases. We ll consider three different acid-base theories (listed in order of increasing

More information

Química Orgânica I. Organic Reactions

Química Orgânica I. Organic Reactions Química Orgânica I 2008/09 w3.ualg.pt\~abrigas QOI 0809 A6 1 Organic Reactions Addition two molecules combine Elimination one molecule splits Substitution parts from two molecules exchange Rearrangement

More information

A-LEVEL A-LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY NOTES

A-LEVEL A-LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY NOTES A-LEVEL A-LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY NOTES snaprevise.co.uk I have designed and compiled these beautiful notes to provide a detailed but concise summary of this module. I have spent a lot of time perfecting

More information

Miami Dade College CHM Second Semester General Chemistry

Miami Dade College CHM Second Semester General Chemistry Miami Dade College CHM 1046 - Second Semester General Chemistry Course Description: CHM 1046 is the second semester of a two-semester general chemistry course for science, premedical science and engineering

More information

5. Reactions of Alkenes (text )

5. Reactions of Alkenes (text ) 2009, Department of hemistry, The University of Western Ontario 5.1 5. Reactions of Alkenes (text 5.1 5.5) A. Addition Reactions In hapter 4, we saw that π bonds have electron density on two sides of the

More information

COURSE OBJECTIVES / OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES.

COURSE OBJECTIVES / OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES. COURSE OBJECTIVES / OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES. By the end of the course, students should be able to do the following: See Test1-4 Objectives/Competencies as listed in the syllabus and on the main course

More information

Proposed Content for the Project (Scope and Sequence)

Proposed Content for the Project (Scope and Sequence) Proposed Content for the Project (Scope and Sequence) The scope and sequence of the proposed project is not unusual. It follows the path of many available general chemistry texts. What we feel is innovative

More information

1/4/2011. Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction at the -carbon of carbonyl compounds

1/4/2011. Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction at the -carbon of carbonyl compounds Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction at the -carbon of carbonyl compounds The Acidity of the Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions Hydrogens on carbons to carbonyls are unusually acidic

More information

Study of Chemical Reactions

Study of Chemical Reactions Study of Chemical Reactions Introduction to Mechanisms There are four different types of organic reactions: Additions Eliminations Substitutions Rearrangements 149 Addition Reactions Occur when 2 reactants

More information

UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FOUNDATIONS

UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FOUNDATIONS Advanced Placement AP Chemistry builds students' understanding of the nature and reactivity of matter. After studying chemical reactions and electrochemistry, students move on to understand how the chemical

More information

The Electrophile. S N 2 and E2 least stable most stable least hindered most hindered. S N 1 and E1. > x > >

The Electrophile. S N 2 and E2 least stable most stable least hindered most hindered. S N 1 and E1. > x > > The Electrophile 1 Recall that electrophile means electron- loving. When considering substitution and elimination reactions we must consider the carbon attached to the leaving group. Is it a primary, secondary,

More information

TOK: The relationship between a reaction mechanism and the experimental evidence to support it could be discussed. See

TOK: The relationship between a reaction mechanism and the experimental evidence to support it could be discussed. See Option G: Further organic chemistry (15/22 hours) SL students study the core of these options and HL students study the whole option (the core and the extension material). TOK: The relationship between

More information

Chem 263 Nov 24, Properties of Carboxylic Acids

Chem 263 Nov 24, Properties of Carboxylic Acids Chem 263 ov 24, 2009 Properties of Carboxylic Acids Since carboxylic acids are structurally related to both ketones and aldehydes, we would expect to see some similar structural properties. The carbonyl

More information

Nucleophiles: nucleus liking species. Nucleophilic substitution

Nucleophiles: nucleus liking species. Nucleophilic substitution 1 Nucleophiles: nucleus liking species Electron rich Possesses negative charge or non bonded valence electrons Large abundance of nucleophiles in the environment (water itself is a nucleophile) Nucleophilic

More information

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM COLLEGE CHEMISTRY II

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM COLLEGE CHEMISTRY II STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM 155 - COLLEGE CHEMISTRY II Prepared by: Nicole A. Heldt, Ph.D. SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

More information

Acid-Base Chemistry. Introduction to Reaction Mechanism

Acid-Base Chemistry. Introduction to Reaction Mechanism Acid-Base Chemistry Introduction to Reaction Mechanism What is an acid and what is a base? Bronsted-Lowry definition Acids are proton donors (A-H) e.g. HCl, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3, HI etc. Bronsted-Lowry

More information

Chapter 11: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Walden Inversion

Chapter 11: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Walden Inversion hapter 11: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Walden Inversion (S)-(-) Malic acid [a] D = -2.3 Ag 2, 2 Pl 5 l Ag 2, 2 ()-2-hlorosuccinic acid l (-)-2-hlorosuccinic acid Pl 5 ()-() Malic acid [a]

More information

Chapter 19. Organic Chemistry. Carbonyl Compounds III. Reactions at the a-carbon. 4 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice

Chapter 19. Organic Chemistry. Carbonyl Compounds III. Reactions at the a-carbon. 4 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice Organic Chemistry 4 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 19 Carbonyl Compounds III Reactions at the a-carbon Disampaikan oleh: Dr. Sri Handayani 2013 Irene Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland,

More information

Aldehydes and Ketones : Aldol Reactions

Aldehydes and Ketones : Aldol Reactions Aldehydes and Ketones : Aldol Reactions The Acidity of the a Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions Hydrogens on carbons a to carbonyls are unusually acidic The resulting anion is stabilized by

More information

Chapter 11, Part 1: Polar substitution reactions involving alkyl halides

Chapter 11, Part 1: Polar substitution reactions involving alkyl halides hapter 11, Part 1: Polar substitution reactions involving alkyl halides Overview: The nature of alkyl halides and other groups with electrophilic sp 3 hybridized leads them to react with nucleophiles and

More information

Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group

More information

Georgia Standards of Excellence Curriculum Map High School Chemistry

Georgia Standards of Excellence Curriculum Map High School Chemistry Vocabulary Standards and elements with main topics Unit Name Focus Georgia Standards of Excellence Curriculum Map 2017-18 High School Chemistry Unit # Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Pace 26 days 12 days 30

More information

Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013

Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Lecture 9 Biochemical Transformations I. Carbon-carbon bond forming and cleaving reactions in Biology (see the Lexicon). Enzymes catalyze a limited

More information