2/23/2009. Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Minerals. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 2 Minerals: Earth s Building Blocks

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1 Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 2 Minerals: Earth s Building Blocks Chapter Overview Minerals The Nature of Matter Identifying Minerals Classifying Minerals Mineral Resources Minerals How do Earth Scientists define minerals? Minerals are substances which Are naturally occurring solids Are formed from inorganic processes Have a characteristic crystal structure Have a specific chemical composition Rocks are solid aggregates of minerals 1

2 Minerals Minerals Atoms The simplest structures from which bulk matter on Earth is formed Are exceedingly small Contain very massive, positively charged nuclei with Protons positively charged Neutrons electrically neutral Contain lighter particles called electrons Found in space around the nucleus Are negatively charged Have specific energies 2

3 Elements and Isotopes Elements Are the simplest substances in basic structure Are formed from the same kind of atom All bulk matter is formed from the combination of one or more elements Atoms of the same type have the same number of protons Isotopes of an element have differing numbers of neutrons in the atoms Different isotopes of an element have different atomic masses Elements and Isotopes Ions Atoms are normally electrically neutral They have equal number of electrons and protons Ions are atoms which lose or gain electrons Ions are electrically charged as a result 3

4 Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding between two or more atoms A result of electromagnetic forces Due to the attraction of ions of opposite charge ionic bond Due to the sharing of electrons covalent bond The resulting arrangement of atoms is a molecule Compounds and Minerals Compounds Consist of molecules made from chemical bonding of atoms Have specific chemical structure Minerals are solid, crystalline, naturally formed, inorganic compounds Compounds and Minerals 4

5 Compounds and Minerals Crystal Structure of Minerals Minerals have a crystal structure of atoms and molecules Which is definite Has a regular geometric pattern Luster Shine of light reflected due to Quality mirror-like or diffuse Intensity 5

6 Crystal face structure Regular geometry due to internal structure For unconfined and slow growth Habit Characteristic physical shape Hardness of sample is Governed by Crystal structure Strength of chemical bonds between atoms Measured with Mohs Scale of relative hardness Assessed by Scratch tests with minerals and common objects 6

7 When mineral samples break or shatter Characteristic planes along which breakage occurs is cleavage Depends on crystal structure Color Not a reliable marker Streak - Reduces error from color identification - Characteristic color of streak left on porcelain streak plate 7

8 Continental Crust composed chiefly of compounds of Oxygen and Silicon Other 10 elements with concentration above 1 out of 1000 parts Few minerals compared to all possible compounds Mineral Families Common Elements in the Earth s Crust Mineral Families The Silicate Minerals Most abundant of minerals in the crust Formed from the silicate ion Chemical structure (SiO 4 ) 4- Strong bonds (covalent and ionic) Simplest shape is a tetrahedron Bonding of two tetrahedra known as polymerization Mineral Families The Silicate Minerals 8

9 Mineral Families The Silicate Minerals Mineral Families Rock-forming and Accessory Minerals Oxide minerals next in abundance Formed from the Oxide ion O 2- Carbonates and Sulfates Ions: (CO 3 ) 2- and (SO 4 ) 2- Rock forming minerals forming 99% of crust Silicates Oxides Calcium compounds: Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate Accessory Minerals Less common but often economically important Mineral Resources Ore deposits Scarce and localized deposits of useable minerals Mostly of unknown abundance in any country Nonrenewable 9

10 Mineral Resources Mineral Deposits Ore Mining Disturbs the crust Often environmentally destructive Chapter Summary Minerals: Definition Naturally occurring solid compound with crystalline structure The nature of matter composing minerals Atoms, bonding and the formation of compounds How do earth scientists identify minerals? Assessing mineral properties Shape, color and streak, hardness Classification of minerals Abundance of minerals and their constituting elements Mineral resources Accessible ores Mineral scarcity Effects of mining 10

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