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1 Name: Hour: Teacher: ROZEMA / Chemistry Electrons & Ions

2 Technicolor Atoms ( Flame Tests ) Purpose To provide evidence for the presence of certain atoms within compounds. Procedure Follow your teacher s instructions in the lab. Write your observations in the table below. Substance Name Formula Solution Color Flame Color

3 Analysis 1. Group the substances based on the flame colors produced. 2. What patterns do you notice in the groupings? 3. Predict the flame color for a substance called strontium sulfate. Explain your reasoning. 4. Predict the flame color for a substance called potassium acetate. Explain your reasoning. 5. Do you think you could predict the color for a substance called zinc nitrate? Why or why not? 6. Can a flame test be used to identify a metal atom in a compound? Why or why not? 7. Can a flame test be used to identify nonmetal atoms (such as chlorine, Cl, or the nitrate group, NO3)? Why or why not?

4 Directions: Where do electrons go? To start this, go to the Build an Atom Phet simulation. Take out your periodic table. When building atoms in this, use the number of neutrons you would need to build an atom closest to the average atomic mass on the periodic table. Example: Lithium has an average atomic mass of 6.94, which is closest to 7amu, so build a nucleus of lithium that has a mass of 7. 1) Start with Hydrogen. Place the proper number of protons and neutrons into the nucleus. Now, take an electron and place it in the atom. Where does this electron go? 2) When you try moving the electron to the outer ring, what happens? 3) Now build the helium nucleus with the proper number of protons and neutrons. Then, add the proper number of electrons to make it neutral. 4) Where does this electron go? When you try moving the electron to the outer ring, what happens? 5) Build the lithium nucleus with the proper number of protons and neutrons. What is the charge of the NUCLEUS right now? How do you know this? 6) Add the proper number of electrons to this atom. Where does the last electron go? What happens when you try to move this electron? 7) What happened on the periodic table as you moved from Helium to Lithium? How do you think this corresponds with what you are seeing in the simulation in terms of the placement of electrons?

5 Life on the Edge --Valence and Core Electrons-- Purpose To discover the arrangements of electrons within atoms. Directions: Complete the table on the handout, filling in the missing atoms. Then answer the questions. 1. How does the number of electrons change as you move from left to right across a period? 2. What do all the atoms of Group 1A elements have in common? 3. List three things that all the atoms of the elements in period 3 have in common. 4. Which atoms have two electrons in the first shell and eight electrons in the second shell? 5. What happens to the electron count and the number of shells when you move from neon, Ne, to sodium, Na? 6. How many shells of electrons does rubidium, Rb, have? How many electrons are in the outermost shell? Draw a shell model of a rubidium atom.

6 7. Draw a shell model of an atom with two shells and six electrons. What element is this? How many electrons are in the outermost shell? 8. Draw a shell model of an atom with three shells and two electrons in the outermost shell. How many total electrons does this atom have? What element is this? 9. Look at the periodic table and the handout The Shell Model. Explain why the number of electrons in the third shell suddenly changes from 8 to 18 between the element calcium, Ca, and the element gallium, Ga. 10. Summarize at least three patterns you discovered during this lesson. 11. Explain how you can determine the arrangement of an element s electron from the element s position in the periodic table. How do you determine the number of shells? How do you determine the number of valence (outer) electrons? 12. If you finish early: Predict the electron arrangement of tin, Sn. Draw a shell model of it. Explain your reasoning.

7

8 Forming Ions Element Total electrons/protons Shell model drawing New shell model (what does it look like?) Total electrons/protons Overall charge?

9 Forming Compounds Metal # valence electrons Cation Nonmetal # valence electrons Anion Forming Zero Charge Formula Name

10 Summary Notes

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