Appendix. Abbreviations

Transcription

1 Abbreviations Abbreviation Full form ALD Approximate lethal dose BW Body weight CDTA 1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid CSF Cerebrospinal fluid F Fluoride g Gram h Hour HF Hydrogen fluoride ISE Ion selective electrode kg Kilogram km Kilometer L Liter LC 50 Median lethal concentration LD 50 Median lethal dose LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level m Milli µg Microgram mg Milligram ml Milliliter mv Millivolt NaF Sodium fluoride NOAEL No observed adverse effect level NOEC No observed effect concentration (also called as NOEL: No observed effect level) NRC National Research Council ppm Parts per million The Author(s) 2015 R. Ranjan and A. Ranjan, Fluoride Toxicity in Animals, SpringerBriefs in Animal Sciences, DOI /

2 102 Abbreviation PMNs SPADNS TISAB UNICEF USEPA WHO Full form Polymorphonuclear cells Trisodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-napthalenedisulfonate salt Total ionic strength adjustment buffer United Nations Children s Fund United States Environmental Protection Agency World Health Organization Preparation of Different Types of TISAB Methods for preparation of different types of TISAB are given below. It is important to note that composition of commercially available TISABs may differ from those described herein. 1. TISAB I (Low-Level TISAB) (Reference: Frant MS, Ross JW (1968) Use of a total ionic strength adjustment buffer for electrode determination of fluoride in water supplies. Anal Chem 40: ) 1. Sodium chloride 2. Sodium citrate dihydrate 3. Glacial acetic acid 4. Sodium hydroxide Take a beaker (one-liter capacity) and add 500 ml distilled water. Add 57 ml glacial acetic acid, 58 g sodium chloride, and 0.3 g sodium citrate dihydrate. Mix well by stirring. Adjust the ph of this mixture between 5.0 and 5.5 by dropwise adding 5 M NaOH. Cool the solution to room temperature and transfer the contents into a one-liter volumetric flask. Adjust the final volume to one liter by adding distilled water. 2. TISAB II (Reference: Liberti A, Mascini M (1969) Anion determination with ion selective electrodes using Gran s plot. Anal Chem. 41: ) 1. Sodium nitrate 2. Sodium acetate trihydrate 3. Sodium citrate dihydrate

3 103 Take a beaker (one-liter capacity) and add 500 ml distilled water. Add 170 g sodium nitrate, 68 gm sodium acetate trihydrate, and 92.4 g sodium citrate dihydrate. Mix well by stirring. Adjust the ph of this mixture between 5.0 and 5.5 by dropwise adding 5 M NaOH. Cool the solution to room temperature and transfer the contents into a one-liter volumetric flask. Adjust the final volume to one liter by adding distilled water. 3. TISAB III (Reference: Peters MA, Ladd DM (1971) Determination of fluoride in oxides with fluoride-ion activity electrode. Talanta 18: ) 1. CDTA 2. Sodium hydroxide 3. Sodium citrate dihydrate 4. Sodium chloride Take a beaker (one-liter capacity) and add 500 ml distilled water. Add g CDTA and 40 % sodium hydroxide drop by drop until the salt is dissolved. Add 300 g sodium citrate dehydrate and 60 g sodium chloride and mix well using a magnetic stirrer and rotator. Transfer the content into a one-liter volumetric flask. Adjust the final volume to one liter by adding distilled water. 4. TISAB IV 1. Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane 2. Sodium tartarate dihydrate (Na 2 C 4 H H 2 O) 3. Hydrochloric acid (36 38 %) Take a beaker (one-liter capacity) and add 500 ml distilled water. Add 84 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid (36 38 %) and 242 g tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and 230 g sodium tartrate dihydrate. Dissolve the solids by stirring and cool the solution to room temperature. Transfer the mixture into a one-liter volumetric flask and adjust the final volume to one liter by adding distilled water. Analytical Methods for Fluoride Analysis Given below are some simple methods for fluoride analysis developed/adopted by different workers. The authors of this book are not responsible for the accuracy and efficacy of these methods.

4 Fluoride Assay in Bone (Reference: Mikaelian I, QuallsJr CW, Guise S De, Whaley MW, Martineau D (1999) Fluoride concentrations in Beluga Whales from Canada. J Wildlife Dis 35: ) The bone sample is cleaned by boiling in water for 15 min and adhering tissue is removed with a razor blade. Care should be taken to avoid removal of any bony material because it may affect the actual fluoride concentration in the bone. Thereafter, the sample is placed in petroleum ether for 72 h and the ether is changed twice daily. The clean bone sample is then dried overnight in an oven, weighed, and ashed at 550 C. The ash obtained is weighed and then pulverized into fine powder. The ash powder is dissolved in 2 ml of 0.25 M HCL to which 8 ml of TISAB IV buffer is added and fluoride concentration is measured using ISE. 2. Fluoride Assay in Soft Tissues (Reference: Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Krechniak J (2003) Determination of fluoride in soft tissues. Fluoride 36: 16 20) The soft tissue sample is cut into pieces with the help of a scalpel. A platinum crucible is taken and 0.5 to 1.0 g of the tissue sample is transferred into it. The appropriate NaF solution is then added and then 1.0 ml of 5 % magnesium acetate solution is poured over the tissue sample. The mixture is dried at 105 C for 12 h. The dried tissue sample is pyrolized in an oven at 500 C for 24 h. The cooled sample is then transferred into a polyethylene measuring vessel by rinsing the crucible successively with 1 ml perchloric acid solution, add 1.5 ml of 1 M sodium citrate solution, and 1.5 ml TISAB buffer, measure the fluoride concentration using ISE. 3. Fluoride Assay in Vegetation and Fodder Samples Method 1 The fodder sample is cut into small pieces of approximately one inch length. Ten grams of the sample are dried at 110 C for 24 h in a hot air oven and weighed again after drying. Another 5 to 10 g of the fodder sample is taken into a 50-ml nickel crucible and 10 ml (6.7 g) of NaOH is added. The mixture is dried for 2 h at 150 C. Thereafter, the sample is ashed at 550 C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. The sample is cooled and the ash is dissolved into distilled water and the final volume is adjusted to 50 ml. The solution obtained is filtered through a Whatman No. 41 paper into a plastic beaker and the ph is adjusted to 5.2 with acetic acid. The fluoride concentration in the final solution is measured using ISE. Method 2 The fodder is washed with distilled water and dried at 800 C for 24 h. Then dried material is ground to pass through a 60-mesh sieve. The powered material (2 g) is taken into a 150-ml plastic beaker and 100 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid is added. The mixture is stirred continuously on a magnetic stirrer for at least 20 min. The suspension obtained is divided into two parts for duplicate analysis. The fluoride concentration in the suspension is measured using ISE.

5 Fluoride Assay in Soil, Feed, and Mineral Mixture (Reference: Madhavan N, Subramanian V (2002) Fluoride in fractionated soil samples of Ajmer district, Rajasthan. J Environ Monit 4: ) The soil sample is air dried and 1 gm of the sample is mixed with 10 ml of aqua regia and digested in a Teflon bomb at 60 C for 90 min. The volume of the digested sample is adjusted to 100 ml with distilled water in a polypropylene volumetric flask. Then 2 ml of the sample is mixed with 8 ml of 45 % sodium acetate solution to make the ph of the final solution neutral. Then the sample is diluted with TISAB and the fluoride concentration is determined using ISE. Some Other Analytical Techniques Baker RL (1972) Determination of fluoride in vegetation using the specific ion electrode. Anal Chem 44: McQuaker NR and Gurney M (1977) Determination of total fluoride in soil and vegetation using an alkali fusion-selective ion electrode technique. Anal Chem 49: Patterson MM, Reddy KJ and Jackson R (2003) Comparison of two methods for analysis of fluoride in vegetation standard reference material. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 34: Vijan PN and Alder B (1984) Determination of fluoride in vegetation. Am Lab 83: Villa EV (1979) Rapid method for determining fluoride in vegetation using an ion-selective electrode. Analyst 104: