Citation for published version (APA): Hoekstra, S. (2005). Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium Isotopes s.n.

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1 University of Groningen Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium Isotopes Hoekstra, Steven IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2005 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Hoekstra, S. (2005). Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium Isotopes s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium Isotopes

3 COVER: A composite picture of a design drawing and a photograph of the trapping chamber of the Alcatraz experiment. Through the viewport a bright cloud of trapped calcium atoms can be seen This work is sponsored by the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) which is financially supported by the Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). PRINTED BY: Drukkerij Van Denderen, Groningen, March 2005.

4 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium Isotopes Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 15 april 2005 om uur door Steven Hoekstra geboren op 4 september 1975 te Groningen

5 Promotores: Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. ir. R. Hoekstra Prof. dr. R. Morgenstern Prof. dr. H.A.J. Meijer Dr. K. Wendt Prof. dr. H.W. Wilschut

6 Contents 1 Introduction Isotope abundances Why 41 Ca? The origin and decay of 41 Ca The lifetime and the abundance of 41 Ca Biomedical research Radiocalcium dating Cosmochemistry Experimental methods to detect 41 Ca Low Level Counting Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry Atom Trap Trace Analysis Outline of this thesis Laser Cooling and Trapping of Calcium Introduction Alkaline-earth atoms Calcium isotopes Electronic structure of the calcium isotopes The even calcium isotopes Isotope shifts Nuclear spin The odd calcium isotopes: hyperfine structure Interaction with an external magnetic field Transition strengths Laser cooling theory Interaction of light with atoms: saturation intensity Scattering rate and radiation pressure Optical Molasses and the spontaneous force The Doppler limit v

7 vi CONTENTS 2.4 Laser cooling of atomic beams Atomic beam compression Atomic beam deflection Atomic beam slowing Trapping The Magneto-Optical Trap The average trapping time and trap loss mechanisms The statistics of a few trapped atoms Experimental setup Introduction Vacuum system Laser-system Diode lasers The 423-nm laser The 672-nm laser Oven Atom beam compression Zeeman slower Deflection chamber Magneto-Optical Trap Detection system Photomultipliers CCD camera Isotope selectivity in laser cooling and trapping Introduction Optical selectivity Computer simulations Isotope selectivity in compression Isotope selectivity in atomic beam slowing Isotope selectivity in atomic beam deflection Isotope selectivity in a Magneto-Optical Trap Conclusion Experimental results and analysis Introduction Atomic beam Magneto-optical trap Trap decay time and loading time

8 CONTENTS vii 5.4 Number of trapped atoms Isotope selectivity Compression Trapping thermal atoms in the MOT Zeeman slower Deflection Single atoms in the trap Detection efficiency and sensitivity Efficiency and loading rate Measuring the isotope abundances Conclusions Summary and outlook 105 Bibliography 111 Nederlandse samenvatting 121 Dankwoord 125

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