Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis. S.PS Knows that conceptual principles and knowledge guide scientific inquiries

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1 ICC-Science Strand: Science as Inquiry Identifies questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations 1. Formulate a testable hypothesis 2. Demonstrates the logical connections between the scientific concepts guiding a hypotheses and the design of an experiment 3. Demonstrate appropriate procedures Designs and conducts scientific investigations 1. Systematic observation 2. Accurate measurements 3. Identifying and controlling variables 4. Clarify ideas that are influencing and guiding the inquiry Comparison Document: Standards and Benchmark Document, S.PS S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis S.PS Knows that conceptual principles and knowledge guide scientific inquiries Designs and conducts scientific investigations. S Demonstrates an understanding of scientific methods and how they are used in the process of experimentation. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data. S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data. S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation. S Demonstrates an understanding of scientific methods and how they are used in the process of experimentation. S.PS Designs and conducts scientific investigations. S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis to guide exploration S.PS Knows that hypotheses are widely used in science for choosing Comments: Please Read: This table as be edited from its original to represent the work done by the MISIC Science Ladder Team during the winter of 2007/spring of It is in response to MISIC Leaders request for an analysis of the gaps identified on the Science Extraction and Consensus Table for the MISIC Science Standards and Benchmarks. For additional information about the people involved, the process they used and the resulting product, click on ncegapanalysisproject/. Color Key: Black = text from the original document created by alignment specialists. 8/07 Blue and Italic = MISIC Science Ladder Team s responses to the gaps identified on the original document. Last updated: 4/08 Red and Underlined = MISIC Science Ladder Team s suggestions for improvement/additions to the MISIC Science Standards and Benchmarks. Last updated: 4/08 Contact Sue Beers, suebeers@netins.net Nancy Lockett, nlockett@aea267.k12.ia.us Page 1 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

2 what data to pay attention to and what additional data to seek, and for guiding the interpretation of the data 5. Compare ideas with S.PS Knows that in science, the testing, revising, and occasional current scientific knowledge discarding of theories, new and old, never ends. S.PS Knows that people continue inventing new ways of doing things, solving problems, and getting work done. 6. Formulate questions 7. Design investigations 8. Execute investigations 9. Interpret data S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis S.PS Designs and conducts scientific investigations. S.PS Designs and conducts scientific investigations. S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate conclusions 10. Use evidence to generate S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate conclusions explanations 11. Propose alternative S.PS Knows the result of scientific inquiry new knowledge and explanations methods emerge from different types of investigations. 12. Critique explanations and S.PS Knows the result of scientific inquiry new knowledge and procedures methods emerge from different types of investigations. S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis to guide exploration. Uses technology and mathematics to improve investigations and communications 1. Use a variety of technologies a. hand tools b. measuring instruments c. calculators 2. Use computers for use with data for a variety of purposes a. collection b. analysis c. display S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation S Knows that science helps drive technology, providing k ledge for better understanding, instruments, and techniques. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data. S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation. Page 2 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

3 3. Use formulas and accurate measurements 4. Use appropriate charts and graphs to communicate S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate conclusions. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data. S Uses appropriate tools and techniques to gather, analyze, and S.CH Solves problems using dimensional analysis. S.CH.04.11a Writes and balances chemical equations. S.PS Selects and uses appropriate technologies to gather, process, and analyze data and report information related to an investigation. Formulates and revises scientific explanations and models using logic and evidence 1. Formulate an explanation or model a. physical b. conceptual c. mathematical 2. Revise explanations based on a variety of sources a. scientific knowledge b. use of logic c. evidence from their investigation discussions and arguments S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis S.PS Knows that in science, the testing, revising, and occasional discarding of theories, new and old, never ends Recognizes and analyzes alternative explanations and models 1. Analyze an argument by using a variety of techniques a. reviewing current scientific understanding S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate co Page 3 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08. ons

4 b. weighing the evidence c. examining the logic 2. Use scientific criteria to find the preferred explanations S.PS Knows that hypotheses are widely used in science for choosing what data to pay attention to and what additional data t nd for guiding the interpretation of the data. Communicates and defends a scientific argument 1. Write and follow S.PS Asks questions and formulates a testable hypothesis to guide procedures exploration. S.PS Designs and conducts scientific investigations. 2. Illustrate and explain L Communicate effectively through multiple opp unities, both concepts verbal and nonverbal. L Make formal presentations that are well organized and well informed. 3. Review information S.PS Knows that in science, the testing, revising, and occasio l discarding of theories, new and old, never ends. 4. Summarize data S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate conclusions 5. Use language appropriate L Analyze factors that commonly affect language usage: gender, to the audience culture, and vocabulary. 6. Develop diagrams and charts, explaining statistical analysis See note in next column. 7. Speak clearly and logically L Communicate effectively through multiple opportunities, both verbal and nonverbal. L Make formal presentations that are well organized and well informed. 8. Construct a reasoned S.PS Interprets and evaluates data in order to formulate conclusions argument 9. Respond appropriately to S Develops the ability to communicate, critique and analyze their critical comments work and the work of others. (NSES, page 122) 10. Defend findings with S Develops explanations using observations (evidence) and what evidence they already know about the world. (NSES, page 123) S.PS Communicates and defends a scientific argument (NSES, page Can t find any clear connection. We had a conversation with language arts MISIC colleagues and feel it is in the LA standards? Can t find any clear connection. We had a conversation with language arts MISIC colleagues and feel it is in the LA standards? Looking at data is implied, but there is no clear connection to communicating via charts, graphs and diagrams. Will this be in math? (See M and M.5.7.1) Can t find any clear connection. We had a conversation with language arts MISIC colleagues and feel it is in the LA standards? Can t find any clear connection. Added a benchmark in 7 th grade. (S ) Claims and evidence connection is weak. Added a benchmark in 7 th grade. (S ) and S.PS Page 4 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

5 176) knowledge of energy in the earth system 1. Internal sources of energy S.ES Knows the major external and internal sources of energy on Earth 2. External sources of energy S.ES Knows the major external and internal sources of energy on Earth 3. Plate tectonics S.ES Understands the concept of plate tectonics 4. Energy transfer in the S.ES Knows that weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in atmosphere and ocean and out of the atmosphere knowledge of geochemical cycles 1. Elements/atoms within earth reservoirs a. solid earth b. oceans c. atmospheres d. organisms 2. Movement of elements/atoms between reservoirs S.ES Analyzes the structure of a dynamic earth. S.ES Knows that weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere. S.ES Knows processes involved in the rock cycle. S.ES Knows that weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere. S.ES Knows processes involved in the rock cycle. The connection with elements/atoms is assumed The connection with elements/atoms is assumed knowledge of the origin and evolution of earth system 1. Formation of solar system S.ES Knows the scientific evidence that supports the theories of system formation. 2. Geologic time S.ES Knows processes involved in the rock cycle. S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics. 3. Interactions among S.ES Analyzes the structure of a dynamic earth. Page 5 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

6 hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere 4. Life: origin, evolution, and effect on earth systems Understands and applies knowledge of the origin and evolution of the universe 1. Age and origin of the universe 2. Universe and galaxies 3. Star formation S.ES Knows how life is adapted to conditions on Earth. S.ES Knows that human behavior can modify earth processes and systems. S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics. S.ES Knows the scientific evidence that supports the theories of system formation. S.ES Knows the scientific evidence that supports the theories of system formation. S.ES Knows the common characteristics of stars in the universe. S.ES Knows the scientific evidence that supports the theories of system formation. Weak connection, the topics are addressed, but not specific about star formation ICC-Science Strand: Life Comparison Document: Science knowledge of the cell 1. Underlying principals a. structures and functions S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts b. cell structures underlie S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture functions of the function of cells and their specialized parts c. cell membranes: S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture absorption and transport of the function of cells and their specialized parts d. basic cell processes S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts 2. Functions and chemical reactions a. Enzymes catalyze S.CH Understands that enzymes are catalyst in chemical reactions in reactions living organisms Page 6 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

7 b. Food molecules break down to provide molecules for syntheses c. Cell respiration breaks down complex molecules to provide energy 3. Genetic information in cells a. DNA contains genetic information that directs cell functions b. DNA directs protein synthesis 4. Cell regulation a. Cell regulation controls molecule synthesis and breakdown, cell growth and division 5. Photosynthesis a. Photosynthesis links sun energy to usable energy b. Basic process of photosynthesis c. Chlorophyll is the site of photosynthesis 6. Cell differentiation a. Multicellular organisms develop from one cell by differentiation b. Differentiation and development is regulated by genes S Identifies and describes the structure and function of the cell. S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are ex s of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis in cells S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis in cells S Identifies and describes the structure and function of the cell. S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts Page 7 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

8 knowledge of the molecular basis of he redity 1. DNA and genetic coding a. DNA structure specifies S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides genetic information in genes instructions for protein synthesis in cells b. DNA replication S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis in cells c. Biotechnology S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species d. Bioinformatics S.LS Knows ways information is collected, classified, stored and analyzed to make sense of biochemical and biological information (ex. Molecular genetics and genomics) e. Human Genome S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides instructions for protein synthesis in cells S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts 2. DNA, chromosomes, S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides sexual reproduction instructions for protein synthesis in cells a. DNA forms S.LS Knows that the genetic information stored in DNA provides chromosomes instructions for protein synthesis in cells b. Organisms have 2 S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to copies of each chromosome create genetic variation within a species. c. Humans have 22 S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to chromosomes pairs plus two create genetic variation within a species. sex chromosomes d. Sex cells (sperm and S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to egg) transmit genetic create genetic variation within a species. information e. Variability occurs as a S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to result of fertilization create genetic variation within a species. 3. Mutations a. Mutations occur This is an area that needs to be updated. Added a benchmark, (S.LS.03.04) This is an area that needs to be updated. Perhaps add to cell RIT band in S.LS and S.LS Connection not explicit. Perhaps a weak connection with S.LS S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to Page 8 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

9 spontaneously b. Effects of mutations caused by environmental factors (mutagens) create genetic variation within a species. S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects. knowledge of biological evolution 1. Species evolution a. Species evolve over time b. Evolution is consequence of a variety of factors i. population potential ii. Genetic variability iii. Finite resources iv. Environmental selection S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determine what capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects. S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.LS Knows ways in which genes may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects. S.ES Knows how life is adapted to conditions on Earth 2. Evolutionary diversity a. Diversity is a result of S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in over 3/5 billion years of terms of biological evolution and genetics. evolution that fills available niches 3. Natural selection a. Natural selection S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in scientifically explains the terms of biological evolution and genetics. fossil record b. Natural selection S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in explains molecular similarity terms of biological evolution and genetics. Page 9 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team did a concept match, the percentage of match was considerably greater than first reported to MISIC Members. Last updated 5/2/08.

10 of diverse species 4. Relations to common ancestor a. Current diverse species are related by descent from common ancestors 5. Biological classification a. Biological classification is based on evolutionary relationships b. Species is the most fundamental classification unit S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics. S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce. S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. knowledge of the interdependence of organisms 1. Materials cycling a. Atoms and molecules cycle (examples: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen cycles) 2. Energy flow a. Energy transformation from producers through levels of consumer and decomposers 3. Organisms interrelationships a. Cooperation and competition within ecosystems S Explains how matter is recycled within ecosystems. S.ES Knows that weather and climate involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere. S.CH Understands that food webs and food chains demonstrate laws of energy conservation S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living s, the diversity of life, and how living things interact with each other and with their environment S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. Page 10 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

11 b. Interrelationships and interdependency lead to long term stable systems 4. Effects of finite resources a. Environmental factors and finite resources influence ecosystem interactions 5. Humans modify ecosystems a. Human modification of ecosystems b. Habitat destruction threatens global stability S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.ES Knows that human behavior can modify earth processes and systems S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects. S.LS Knows ways in which humans can modify ecosystems and cause irreversible effects. knowledge of matter, energy, and organization in living systems 1. Entropy and energy input S.PS.04.06b Knows any ordered state tends to become less ordered over time a. Living systems require continuous energy input 2. Sunlight energy conversion a. Sunlight serves as the original energy source for life b. Plants photosynthesize S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. S.CH Knows that chemical reactions can take place at vastly different rates and reaction rates depend on a variety of factors. S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respir on are examples of Page 11 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

12 producing building blocks for making macromolecules c. Photosynthesis stores energy in chemical bonds 3. Releasing chemical bond energy a. Cell respiration release chemical bond energy which is temporarily stored in ATP 4. Organism complexity a. Organism complexity accommodates matter and energy needs 5. Limiting factors a. Ecosystem and population limiting factors 6. Matter and energy flow and conservation a. Matter and energy are conserved as they flow through and between organisms b. Some energy dissipates into the environment as heat chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms. S.CH Understands that photosynthesis and respiration are examples of chemical reactions, ( i.e. the breakdown of ATP to ADP), that take place in living organisms. S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts. S.LS Knows that the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism. (NSES p. 186) S.LS Understands and explains the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life and how living things interact with each other and with their environment. S.CH Understands that food webs and food chains demonstrate laws of energy conservation S.CH Knows that chemical reactions can take place at vastly different rates and reaction rates depend on a variety of factors. Added an example, the breakdown of ATP to ADP Added new benchmark, S.LS knowledge of the behavior of organisms 1. Nervous systems and Page 12 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

13 behavior a. Nerve cell structure and function b. Nerve cell communications through neurotransmitters S.LS Examine the interdependency of cells to acquire a general picture of the function of cells and their specialized parts. S.LS Knows that nerves communicate with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules. (NSES p. 187) c. Sensor organs are S.LS Understands that sensory organs are specialized cells that detect specialized cells detecting light, sound, and specific chemicals to monitor the world around them. (NSES environmental input p. 187) 2. Behavioral responses a. Organisms respond to S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at internal changes and external capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and stimuli reproduce. b. Plant behaviors S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce. c. Reproduction is S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at necessary for survival-animal capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproductive behaviors reproduce. d. Sexual reproduction in S Understands the structure and function of living systems including humans depends on a variety human systems. of factors S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce. S.LS Understands that human sexuality involves biological functions, psychological motives, and cultural, ethnic, religious, and technological influences. (NSES p. 197) i. cultural S.LS Understands that human sexuality involves biological functions, psychological motives, and cultural, ethnic, religious, and technological influences. (NSES p. 197) ii. personal S.LS Understands that human sexuality involves biological functions, psychological motives, and cultural, ethnic, religious, and technological influences. (NSES p. 197) iii. biological S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determine what 3. Adaptive function of capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce. Added new benchmark (S.LS.06.03) Added new benchmark (S.LS.06.04) Added new benchmark (S.LS.06.04) Added new benchmark (S.LS.06.04) Added new benchmark (S.LS.06.04) Page 13 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

14 behavior a. Behaviors are adaptive and have evolved through natural selection 4. The Human Organism- Basic Functions a. The immune system protects against microscopic and foreign substances entering the body and from cancer cells arising within b. The hormonal system exerts its influence by chemicals circulating in the blood c. Coordinated systems (nervous, muscular and bone) are necessary for locomotion S.LS Understands and explains how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics. S.LS Knows that inheritable characteristics largely determi at capabilities an organism will have and how likely it is to survive and reproduce. S Understands the structure and function of living systems including human systems. S Understands the structure and function of living systems including human systems. S Understands the structure and function of living systems including human systems. Connection implied but not specific to the immune system. Would this be found in health standards and benchmarks? Connection implied but not specific to the endocrine system. Would this be found in health standards and benchmarks? ICC-Science Strand: Comparison Document: Physical Science knowledge of the structure of atoms 1. Atomic theory S.CH Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table PS.4.1 Knows that structure of an atom and the relationship between the subatomic particles a. Atoms S Demonstrates an understanding of basic atomic structures (protons, neutrons, electrons). S.CH Knows the structure of an atom and understands the relationship between the subatomic particles. b. Measurable properties S.CH Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table c. Nuclear forces S.PS Knows that fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller pieces, and fusion is the joining of two nuclei at extremely high temperature Page 14 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

15 and pressure. 2. Atomic composition S.CH Knows the structure of an atom and understands the relationship between the subatomic particles S.PS Knows that structure of an atom and the relationship between the subatomic particles a. Nucleus S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus. S.CH Describes how the modern atomic theory has evolved. b. Isotopes S.CH Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus 3. Nuclear forces a. Nucleus S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus. S.CH Describes how the modern atomic theory has evolved. b. Nuclear reactions S.PS Knows that fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller pieces, and fusion is the joining of two nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure 4. Radioactive isotopes S.CH Knows the structure of an atom and understands the relationship between the subatomic particles a. Radioactive decay b. Radioactive dating c. Radiation associated with radioactive decay S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how that relationship affects the mass and stability of the nucleus. (i.e., radioactive decay, radioactive dating, and radiation) S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus.(i.e., radioactive decay and radioactive dating and radiation) S.PS Understands the relationship between neutrons and isotopes and how it affects the mass and stability of the nucleus. (i.e., radioactive decay, radioactive dating and radiation) Edited this benchmark with specific terms to be included. Page 15 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

16 knowledge of the structure and properties of matter 1. Chemical bonds S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) a. Atoms interact with one S.PS Knows that a large number of important reactions involve the another by transferring or transfer or sharing of electrons sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus b. Outer electrons govern S.CH Knows that the physical and chemical properties of a compound the chemical properties of the are determined by its molecular structure. element S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) c. Ionic bonding S.CH Knows that the physical and chemical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure. S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) d. Covalent bonding S.CH Knows that the physical and chemical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure. S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) e. Valence electrons and S.CH Knows that the number of electrons in an atom determines ions whether the atom is electrically neutral or an ion (structure of matter) S.PS Knows that the number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically neutral or an ion 2. Periodic table S.CH Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table S.PS Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table, and how this arrangement shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties a. Elements S.CH Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table b. Periodic properties S.CH Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table S.PS Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table, and how this arrangement shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties Page 16 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

17 c. Electron configuration S.CH Knows how to write electron configurations and Lewis Dot Diagrams to model electron probability 3. Chemical bonds-atomic S.PS Explains that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or and molecular bonding crystalline solids, and compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds of atoms a. Elements S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) b. Molecular and ionic S.CH Knows that the physical & chemical properties of a compound structures are determined by its molecular structure S.CH Knows that atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus (ionic, covalent, metallic) 4. Factors affecting atomic interactions S.CH Knows that chemical reactions can take place at vastly rates and reaction rates depend on a variety of factors nt 5. Phase changes a. Nature and phases of S.CH Compares and contrasts solids, liquids and gases and their matter-characteristics and changes in state behavior S.PS Knows that materials have different states and can be nged by heating or cooling S.PS Compares and contrasts the structures and properties of the states of matter 6. Hydrocarbons a. Organic compounds S.CH Knows that complex chemical reactions involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in our bodies. (NSES p. 179) b. Organic structures S.CH Knows that carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains, rings, and branching networks to form a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential to life. (NSES p. 179) Added benchmark, S.CH Added benchmark, S.CH knowledge of chemical reactions 1. Everyday chemical reactions a. Organic S.CH Knows that carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains, rings, and branching networks to form a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential to life. (NSES p. Added two benchmarks, S.CH Page 17 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

18 179) S.CH Knows that complex chemical reactions involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in our bodies. (NSES p. 179) b. Biochemistry S.CH Knows that carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains, rings, and branching networks to form a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential to life. (NSES p. 179) S.CH Knows that complex chemical reactions involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in our bodies. (NSES p. 179) 2. Energy in chemical S.PS Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table, and reactions how this arrangement shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties S.PS.04.07a Understands the kinetic molecular theory S.CH Discusses the Laws of Conservation (Mass and Energy) 3. Types of chemical reactions S.CH.04.11b Identifies the types of reactions and energy changes S.PS Explains that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds of atoms a. Ionic reactions S.CH Knows that the physical and chemical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure. S.CH Knows how to find the concentration of a solution. 4. Chemical reactions S.CH Knows that chemical reactions can take place at vastly nt rates and reaction rates depend on a variety of factors a. Reaction rates S.CH Understands that enzymes are catalyst in chemical reactions in living organisms. b. Catalysts S.CH Understands that enzymes are catalyst in chemical reactions in living organisms c. Enzymes S.CH Understands that enzymes are catalyst in chemical reactions in living organisms Added two benchmarks, S.CH and S.CH knowledge of motions and forces 1. Change in Motion a. Two dimensional S.PH Understands motion and movement Where is S.PH found? There is no S.PH motion found on the Eclipse site, we will make sure that it Page 18 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

19 b. One dimensional S.PH Understands how forces affect motion (gravity, push/pull, motion friction). c. Forces S.PS Knows and applies how force and change in momentum are related S.PH Understands how forces affect motion (gravity, push/pull, friction) d. Newton s laws S.PH Newton s Laws of Motion S.PS.04.16b Calculates the change in motion using F = ma 2. Gravitation S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation a. Mass S.PS Knows that gravity is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass (motion and forces). S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation. b. Weight S.PS Knows that gravity is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass (motion and forces). S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation. c. Falling bodies S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation. S.PH Newton s Laws of Motion. d. Inverse square law S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation. S.PH Newton s Laws of Motion. e. Law of Gravitation S.PH Understands the Universal Law of Gravitation. S.PH Newton s Laws of Motion. 3. The Electric Force S.PH Recognizes that electrical forces are directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them a. Electric forces and S.PH Recognizes that electrical forces are directly proportional to the fields charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. b. Electrostatics S.PH Recognizes that electrical forces are directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. c. Inverse square law S.PH Recognizes that electrical forces are directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. d. Coulombs Law S.PH Recognizes that electrical forces are directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 4. Electromagnetism a. Types of forces S.PH Knows that magnetic forces are very closely related to electric including friction, normal, forces and can be thought of a different aspects of a single electromagnetic and those associated with force. The interplay of these forces is the basis for electric motors, generators, springs radio, television, and many other modern technologies. (forces) gets added. Page 19 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

20 b. Electromagnetic forces S.PH Understands the properties of electromagnetic waves c. Electricity and S.PH Understands the relationship between electric and magnetic fields magnetism d. Electric motors and S.PH Knows that magnetic forces are very closely related to electric generators forces and can be thought of as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force. The interplay of these forces is the basis for electric motors, generators, radio, television, and many other modern technologies. (forces) knowledge of conservation of energy and increase in disorder 1. Conservation of energy S.CH Discusses the Laws of Conservation (Mass and Energy) S.PS Describes, explains, and quantifies that energy appears in different forms, and can be changed from one form to another according to the conservation of energy S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two a. Work and energy S.PS Describes, explains, and quantifies that energy appears in different forms, and can be changed from one form to another according to the conservation of energy b. Energy transfer S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two c. Thermodynamics S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two d. Entropy S.PS.04.06b Knows any ordered state tends to become less ordered over time 2. Types of energy a. Kinetic energy S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two S.PS.04.07a Understands the kinetic molecular theory b. Potential energy S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two c. Electromagnetic waves 3. Thermal properties of S.PH Understands the properties of electromagnetic waves S.PS.04.06a Knows that energy tends to move spontaneously from hotter to matter cooler objects by conduction, convection, or radiation a. Heat and temperature S.PS Knows that materials have different states and can be nged by Page 20 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

21 heating or cooling b. Kinetic theory of gases S.PS.04.07a Understands the kinetic molecular theory 4. Thermodynamics a. Entropy S.PS.04.06b Knows any ordered state tends to become less ordered over time b. Energy transfer S.PH Recognizes that all energy is either potential energy or kinetic energy and it can be transferred between the two. knowledge of interactions of energy and matter 1. Energy and matter a. Wave phenomena S.PH Understands properties and behaviors of waves b. Energy transfer S.PH.04.06a Knows that energy tends to move spontaneously from hotter to cooler objects by conduction, convection, or radiation 2. Electromagnetic waves S.PH Understands the properties of electromagnetic waves a. Energy S.PH Understands the properties of electromagnetic waves b. Wave phenomena S.PH Understands properties and behaviors of waves 3. Atomic structure a. Electromagnetic waves S.PH Knows the range of the electromagnetic spectrum. S.PH Understands the properties of electromagnetic waves b. Quantization of energy S.CH Knows the structure of an atom and understands the relationship between the subatomic particles. c. Spectroscopy S.CH Explains how an atom is affected when energy is absorbed or emitted by atoms 4. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors a. Solid state materials S b Understands properties of energy and heat (conduction, convection, and radiation). b. Superconductivity S.PS Knows that at low temperatures some materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. (NSES p. 181) c. Electrical circuits S.PH Knows that magnetic forces are very closely related to electric forces and can be thought of a different aspects of a single electromagnetic force. The interplay of these forces is the basis for electric motors, generators, Page 21 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team

22 radio, television, and many other modern technologies. (forces) Any questions, contact Nancy Lockett, Laurie Hayzlett, Peg Christensen and Dee Denist, MISIC Science Ladder Team Page 22 Note: The original document was created as a result of a word match not a concept match, once the MISIC Ladders Team