Engineering of Hollow Core-Shell Interlinked Carbon Spheres for Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

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1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Engineering of Hollow Core-Shell Interlinked Carbon Spheres for Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Qiang Sun, Bin He, Xiang-Qian Zhang, and An-Hui Lu* State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian , P. R. China Tel/Fax:

2 Table of contents Section I. Supporting Figures Figure S1. TEM image of SCS. Figure S2. HRSEM image of CSC. Figure S3. Nitrogen sorption isotherm of SCS. Figure S4. Profiles of four kinds of drupes. (Drupe: a fleshy indehiscent fruit containing an anchored seed) Figure S5. TEM images of CSC with the sample holder tilted to -40 o, 0 o and 40 o by rotation around the axis of the holder. Figure S6. TEM images of CSC@SiO 2 with the sample holder tilted to a) 0 o, b) -25 o away from the direction perpendicular of the holder, and c) +40 o by rotation around the axis of the holder; d) The magnified TEM image of the marked position of c). Figure S7. SEM image and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping of CSC-S-70. Figure S8. TEM image of CSC-S-70. Figure S9. TGA curve of CSC-S-85 in an argon flow. Figure S10. a) Cycling performances of CSC-S-85 at a current density of 0.4 C and 3.2 C (1 C=1675 ma g -1 ); b) rate capacities of CSC-S-85. Figure S11. TEM image of the CSC-S-70 after 200 cycles. The small particles in the yellow dashed box are conductive carbons which were added during the preparation of the electrode. Section II. Supporting Table Table S1. The comparsion of capacity for the CSC-S cathode in this paper and other sulfur cathodes reported in the literature. 2

3 Section I. Supporting Figures Figure S1. TEM image of SCS. Figure S2. HRSEM image of CSC. 3

4 Figure S3. Nitrogen sorption isotherm of SCS. Figure S4. Profiles of four kinds of drupes. (Drupe: a fleshy indehiscent fruit containing an anchored seed) 4

5 Figure S5. TEM images of CSC with the sample holder tilted to -40 o, 0 o and 40 o by rotation around the axis of the holder. Figure S6. TEM images of CSC@SiO 2 with the sample holder tilted to a) 0 o, b) -25 o away from the direction perpendicular of the holder, and c) +40 o by rotation around the axis of the holder; d) The magnified TEM image of the marked position of c). 5

6 Figure S7. SEM image and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping of CSC-S-70. Figure S8. TEM image of CSC-S-70 6

7 Figure S9. TGA curve of CSC-S-85 in an argon flow. Figure S10. a) Cycling performances of CSC-S-85 at a current density of 0.4 C and 3.2 C (1 C=1675 ma g-1); b) rate capacities of CSC-S-85. 7

8 Figure S11. TEM image of the CSC-S-70 after 200 cycles. The small particles in the yellow dashed box are conductive carbons which were added during the preparation of the electrode. Section II. Supporting Tables Table S1. The comparison of capacity for the CSC-S cathode in this paper and other sulfur cathodes reported in the literature. Carbon host Sulfur Electrochemical performances Ref. content C-rate/cycles Capacity (ma h g -1 ) High C-rate /cycles Capacity (ma h g -1 ) Hollow core-shell nanocarbons 70% 0.5 C/ C/ This study Hollow carbon 65% 0.2 C/ C/ Core-shell carbon 65.3% 0.5 C/ C/ Carbon nanospheres 42% 0.24 C/ C/ Carbon coating on CNT 40.2% 0.1 C/ C/ Mesoporous carbon 50% 0.1 C/ C/ Hollow carbon spheres 50.2% 0.05 C/ C/ CMK-3 70% 0.1 C/ NG NG 7 Mesopoeous carbon sphere 50% NG NG 1.0 C/ Mesoporous carbon 50% 1.0 C/ C/ Hierarchically ordered 50% 0.1 C/ C/ porous carbon Hollow carbon spheres 64% 0.1 C/ C/ Hollow carbon spheres 72% 0.2 C/ C/

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