Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class-XII ( Which needs to be mastered for better performance in Class-XII)

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1 Downloaded from Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class-XII ( Which needs to be mastered for better performance in Class-XII) Downloaded from

2 Downloaded from ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -- Some Basic Principles IUPAC Naming and structure including all functional group, ( some common names ) Isomerism geometrical, Structural Classification of Organic compounds Fundamental concept of Organic reaction mechanism Homolytic and Heterolytic cleavage,nucleophiles and electrophiles.electron movement in organic reactions Electron Displacement Effect In Covalent Bond (i) Inductive effect ( +I and I effect) (ii) Resonance Structure Rules while resonance Structure, Predicting the stable resonating structure, Hybrid Structure Resonance Effect ( + R and - R effect ) Hyperconjugation Reactive Intermediates Stability of carbocation, Carboanion, free radicals, alkenes Types of Organic Reaction and its Mechanism [ Substitution S N 1 and S N 2, Addition Reaction - A d E and and, Elimination Reaction alpha and beta, Rearrangement, Polymerisation and Condensation Reaction ] Downloaded from

3 Downloaded from Stability of Carboanion Stability of (C ) α I /+I INDUCTIVE EFFECT ACIDIC STRENGTH POLARITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUND Acidic Strength α -I/+I Downloaded from

4 Downloaded from Stability of Carboanion Stability α No of resonating St RESONANCE EFFECT ACIDC NATURE BASIC NATURE Reactivity of Benzene Towards electrophilic substitution Basic nature α +R, +I/-R, -I Electron density increases by resonance H + attraction capacity More basic & vice-versa Downloaded from

5 Downloaded from REACTION INTERMEDIATE CARBON FREE RADICALS CARBOCATION OR CARBONIUM ION CARNANIONS 1- SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALKANE 2- WURTZ REACTION, 3- KOLBE SELECTROLYSIS, 4- ALLYLILIC OR BENZYLIC SUBSTUTION BY NBS. 5- SIDE CHAIN HALOGENATION OF ARENES 1- ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION OF ALKENE & ALKYNE 2- ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF BENZENE 3- NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALIDES(SN1) 4- ELIMINATION OF HALIDES(E1) 5- ACID CATALIZED DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL 1- NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION OF ALKYNE 2- DECARBOXYLATION OF ACID 3- REDUCTION OF HALIDES BY Zn/HCl 4- ALDOL CONDENSATION CARBENES 1- CARBYL AMINE REACTION 2- REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION Downloaded from

6 Downloaded from HYDROCARBON Wurtz Reaction, Duma s Decarboxylation Reaction, Markovnikov Rule, Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect ) Ozonolysis, Polymerization and cyclic Polymerization, Aromatization, Isomerization, bayer s reagent, lindlar s catalyst, dehydrohalogenation Reaction β-elimination of haloalkanes ( Saytzeff Rule) Aromaticity, Resonance and stability of Benzene Electrophilic substitution Reactions-- Friedel Craft Reaction alkylation and Acylation,. Nitration And halogenations, Sulphonation Electrophilic addition Reactions-- Markovnikov Rule Free Radical addition Reactions -- Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect ) Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene activating and Deactivating group towards electrophile Mechanism of Markovnikov Rule and Kharash Effect Preparation and Properties of Alkane, alkene, Alkyne, Benzene Acidic Character of Alkynes, alkenes and alkanes Effect of branching on the boiling point of isomeric isomeric compounds ( alkanes, alcohols, haloalkanes) Effect of H-bonding on BP of alcohols, Carboxylic acids, Amines etc. Understanding acidic and basic character using resonance and Inductive effect, ring Downloaded from

7 Downloaded from Some Basic concepts of Chemistry (A) Calculation based on Molarity Molality, Mass Percentage, Mole Fraction, ppm, Mole concepts and Molar masses (B) Calculation based on stoichiometry equations Use in Solution Chapter For solving Numericals Understanding the concept easily Preparation of standard solution In Lab. Used in Titration ( Quantitative Analysis) to determine the molarity Equation; M1V1/a1 = M2V2/a2 Downloaded from

8 Downloaded from Idea of writing electronic configuration Shape of orbitals & Degenerate orbitals Effective Nuclear Charge screening effect Penetrating power of different orbitals STRUCTURE OF ATOM Stability of completely filled and half filled subshell Use in p-block,d-block & f-block elements to determine stability, I.E., E.G.E, magnetic properties, colour compound determination of structure by VBT in coordination compound Use in CFT ( coordination compound ) Use in variation of size of p-block, d -block &f-block element,concept of lanthanoid contraction stability of different oxidation state in p & d block element Downloaded from

9 Downloaded from VSEPR Theory HYBRRIDISATION CHEMICAL BONDING Resonance and Resonating structures PREDICTING SHAPE AND GEOMETRY OF VARIOUS MOLECULE USED IN P BLOCK ELEMENT TO DETERMINE STRUCTURE OF OXO ACID,INTER HALOGEN COMPOUND,& COMPOUND OF NOBLE GAS VBT IN CORDINATION COMPOUND -- Understanding the conditions of stability of resonating structure ( various application Questions) Downloaded from

10 Downloaded from STRUCTER OF OXO ACID VACANT d- ORBITAL INERT PAIR EFFECT BOND POLARITY BASIC NATURE OF HYDRIDE ACIDIC NATURE OF OXIDE & OXOACID METALLIC PROPERTY ELECTRONEGATIVITY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & p-block ELEMENTS P -P BONDING B.D.E THERMAL STABILITY REDUCTION CAPACITY OF HYDRIDE AND OXIDE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY FAJAN S RULE CATENATION Downloaded from

11 Downloaded from Metallic and non metallic character IE α 1/Metallic property IONISATION ENTHALAPY Stability of oxidation state Downloaded from

12 Downloaded from METALLIC AND NON METALLIC NATURE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY BOND ENTHALPY EN α 1/BOND LENGTH BOND ENERGY α ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFRENCE ACIDIC STRENGTH OF HYDRIDE BOND ENERGY α STABILITY OF MOLECULE REACTIVITY DIFFRENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY α STABILITY α 1/REACTIVITY NATURE OF BOND AND PRCENTAGE OF IONIC CHARECTER NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF2 OXYGEN DIFLORIDE ACIDIC NATURE OF THE OXIDE α ELECTRONEGATIVITY NATURE OF HYDROXIDE Downloaded from

13 Downloaded from Thermodynamics Enthalpies of different types of reactions Std enthalpy of combustion, Std. enthalpy of formation, Std. enthalpy of reaction Enthalpy of atomization,bond Enthalpy, Lattice enthalpy, Hydration Enthalpy, Enthalpy of solution Spontaneity Enthalpy and entropy, Gibb s Free Energy of reaction Downloaded from

14 Downloaded from States of Matter Intermolecular forces Isotherm, isobar, isochore Vapour pressure Boiling point, std. and normal BP evaporation and vaporization Critical Temperature Vapour pressure Vs Temperature Curve Ideal Gas Equation Downloaded from

15 Downloaded from Equilibrium Idea about dynamic equilibrium, Rate law expression, Law of mass action, Relation between K c and Q c, K p and K c Le Chatelier s Principle and its application Different concepts of Acids and Bases Lewis, Bronsted, Arrhenius Conjugate Acid Base pair P H calculation. knowledge about K a, K b, K w P ka, P Kb. P kw, Ksp ( Solubility Product), common ion effect Downloaded from

16 Downloaded from REDOX REACTIONS Understanding the concept of Redox Reactions ( both oxidation and Reduction half cell reaction) Calculation of Oxidation number ( deal some special cases H 2 O 2, NaH, Cr 2 O 5, H 2 S 2 O 5, CaOCl 2 ) Identification of oxidizing and reducing agent in a given reaction Types of redox reactions Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Disproportionation Reactions Competitive electron transfer reactions -- Metal activity or electrochemical series Balancing of redox reactions -- half reaction method ( Ion electron method ) in acidic and basic medium Redox reactions as the basis for Titrations Redox reactions and electrode processes -- Feasibility of Redox couple, Standard Hydrogen electrode, Standard electrode potential Cell Representation, carriers of current, Sign of electrode, Half cell reaction. Downloaded from

17 Downloaded from TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE ACTIVITIES OF METALS ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES TO PREDICT THE SPONTANEITY OF REDOX REACTION Downloaded from

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