Marcus Klein, SURAGUS GmbH
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1 RPGR Singapore Marcus Klein, SURAGUS GmbH
2 SURAGUS as company and as EU Gladiator Challenges for industrial Graphene applications Example application graphene as TCM Quality characteristics and common defects Electrical characterization of Graphene Defectoscopy - information added by sheet resistance imaging Summary and conclusion SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 2
3 Company - SURAGUS GmbH SURface ArGUS = Surface guard Technology HF Eddy current-based testing solutions for innovative materials Location and Presence R&D and production in Germany, Dresden, near Airport and A14 EddyCus systems are present on six continents Ownership LayTec and SURAGUS Group (> 2200 measurement systems worldwide) Applications Quality assurance of functional thin-films Values Accurate and reliable solutions Smart solutions (inline reverse calibration, automated self-reference, temperature stabilized) High technical flexibility (various gap sizes, different sensor setups, traverse and fixed) Excellent service (Close contact / short response times) SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 3 3
4 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 4
5 Challenges the industry is facing from an commercial/industrial application point of view The key challenge is finding an application where Graphene can achieve a superior and competitive set of characteristics Physical Characteristics Electrical properties Mechanical properties Chemical properties Optical properties Etc. Characteristic 1 Soft characteristics Ability for flexible substrates Stable over time Financial Characteristics Cost per performance SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 5
6 Challenges the industry is facing from an commercial/industrial application point of view The key challenge is finding an application where Graphene can achieve a superior and competitive set of characteristics Physical Characteristics Electrical properties Mechanical properties Chemical properties Optical properties Etc. Costs Soft characteristics Ability for flexible substrates Stable over time Financial Characteristics Cost per performance SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 6
7 Challenges the industry is facing from an commercial/industrial application point of view Example: Graphene as transparent electrode Requirements/ trends Low cost Low sheet resistance High transparency Costs Beneficial/ further characteristics Ability for flexible substrates Low aging effects SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 7
8 Drivers & Challenges in Manufacturing Jacqueline Brückner; Proceedings TCO/TCM WS 2014 (2014) Costs Sheet Resistance Cost improvement Larger substrate sizes / gapless production/r2r Higher throughput due to higher deposition/growth rate Cheaper processes: atmospheric pressure, low temperature More automation / continuous processes? Optimized material input eg. reuse of growth substrates SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 8
9 Optical Transparency Sheet Resistance Main Parameter Low boundary rate / monocrystalline Physical integrity Doping Annealing Stacking, patching Defect-freeness Transparency (%) S. Bae et al. Nature Nano. 5, 571 (2010); SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 9
10 The defect density significantly affects the sheet resistance 350 x 450 mm LAG Source: S. Cho, Hanwha Techwin, Graphene Canada 2016, slide 15 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 12
![containing residues organic residues [*]](/docs-images/93/111733139/images/11-5.jpg "Zhu et al.")
11 graphene monolayer on glass in SEM graphene monolayer on glass in SEM graphene monolayer on glass in SEM folds and wrinkles [*] multilayer growth Cu containing residues organic residues [*] Zhu et al., Structure and Electronic Transport in Graphene Wrinkles, Nature Nanoletters, 2012 graphene monolayer on glass in SEM graphene monolayer on glass in SEM graphene monolayer on glass in SEM organic residues particle Cu containing residues Source: D. Waynolds et al., Fraunhofer FEP SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 13
12 Flake size Effect on sheet resistance Source: Graphene-supermarket.com SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 14
13 Stacking angle and stacking density Effect on sheet resistance Source: Graphene-supermarket.com SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 15
14 Monolayer / multilayer Graphene Polycrystalline graphene / flake size Contaminations, particles and residues Doping and doping homogeneity Stacking angle and stacking density Line defects, wrinkles, holes, missing Graphene Significant effects on sheet resistance SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 16
15 Thickness/ # of layers Homogeneity Defect freeness Sheet Resistance Optical transparency Robustness Cracks/ gaps, tearing Quantification in a Optical transparency Stability/Aging Holes Folds/wrinkles range of 10 Ohm/sq to from UV up to IR wave Ability of flexible Impurities (before and after 3000 Ohm/sq lengths substrates doping) Homogeneity Quantification Heat resistance Point defects, vacancies, rotated How to define it Range: Transmittance bonds from % or Dopant atoms absorbance Contaminant particles from Homogeneity catalysts and CVD process How to define it Missing Interlayer conductivity Other optical Not connected flakes parameters such as Too low overlap after patching haze Multilayer regions How to define homogeneity and defect density? By result / resistance for TCM? SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 17
16 Commonly applied testing technology Raman TEM and SEM High magnification optical microscopes Optical spectrometer (reflection and transmission) 4PP Eddy Current Van der Pauw Terahertzspectroscopy Mechanical testing Others SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 20
17 Sheet resistance 44P Van der Pauw Eddy Current Optical transparency Optical transmission measurement Non-contact SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 22
18 4-point-probe testing Contact quality artifacts Possible damage to sensitive layers No measurement of encapsulated films Wearing of probe with time Non-contact eddy current testing No influence of contact quality No harm or artifacts to sensitive films Measurement of encapsulated films Very fast measurement High resolution mapping Inline measurement possible SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 23
19 + Non-contact + High sample rate + High sensitivity - Limited to conductive materials SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 25
20 General testing types Single Point Testing Inline Testing Imaging solutions EddyCus TF lab Series EddyCus TF inline Series EddyCus TF map Series Sheet resistance & OT After transfer Doping Annealing Ageing Sheet resistance & OT Concept for inline graphene manufacturing and inline testing is currently created Sheet resistance & OT imaging Defect detection Impurities, deposition effects Many more SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 26
21 Demonstration Single point measurement EddyCus TF lab 2020 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 27 2
22 Demonstration manual mapping SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 28 2
23 Simultaneous manual mapping of sheet resistance and optical transparency of large area graphene (LAG) Watch movie on youtube here. SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 29
24 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 30
25 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 32
26 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy Sheet resistance imaging [ohm/sq] on 200 x 200 mm SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 34
27 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy Sheet resistance imaging [ohm/sq] on 200 x 200 mm SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 35
28 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy Sheet resistance imaging [ohm/sq] on 200 x 200 mm SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 36
29 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy Sheet resistance imaging [ohm/sq] on 200 x 200 mm SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 37
30 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 38
31 Sheet resistance imaging analysis - defectoscopy SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 39
![resistance mappings [ohm/sq] on](/docs-images/93/111733139/images/32-8.jpg "~ A4 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR2017 21.")
32 Missing Graphene, holes and cracks Defect detection Selection of good areas for further processing Sheet resistance mappings [ohm/sq] on ~ A4 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 40
![mappings [ohm/sq] on ~ A4 SURAGUS](/docs-images/93/111733139/images/33-7.jpg "GmbH RPGR2017 21.09.")
33 Small inhomogeneity - Homogeneity assessment Sheet resistance mappings [ohm/sq] on ~ A4 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 41
34 Doping effectivity Doping effectivity Doping homogeneity Doping stability SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 42
35 Inhomogenious doping SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 43 4
36 Doping measurement after aging SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 44 4
37 Graphene with local defects on Wafer 4 inch Measurement pitch 1 mm x 1mm SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 45 4
38 Graphene imaging on Copper? SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 46 4
![200 x 200 mm [8 inch], Measurement pitch 1 mm x 1mm Anisotropy strength(blue=low anisotropy,](/docs-images/93/111733139/images/39-3.jpg "red=high) Direction of the least present sheet resistance SURAGUS GmbH RPGR2017 21.09.")
39 200 x 200 mm [8 inch], Measurement pitch 1 mm x 1mm Anisotropy strength(blue=low anisotropy, red=high) Direction of the least present sheet resistance SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 47 4
40 Graphite imaging SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 48 4
41 Inline testing a look into the Graphene testing future Inline Sheet Resistance Measurement + Contact-free + Real-time + High sample rate + Large measurement gap (1 60 mm gap) + Compact hardware + Optional measurement of optical transparency 49 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 49 4
42 Demonstration future Graphene inline testing 50 SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 50
43 Take home messages Applications that require complex or sophisticated properties are a focus for Graphene TCM was introduced as one example There are various characteristics of Graphene most of them affect electrical performance HF eddy current testing provides various benefits for Graphene characterization Non- contact, non-destructive, Imaging, defect density assessment Defectoscopy by imaging solution provides insights to many quality aspects Control of defect density is a key factor for successful application Quality assurance and process control needs to be considered along the process chain Deposition, after transfer, doping, annealing, aging, cleaning, application integration SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 51
44 SURAGUS is keen to contribute and participate in graphene application developments Please feel free to share your ideas!! SURAGUS GmbH Maria-Reiche-Straße 1 D Dresden info@suragus.com Web: Phone: Fax: SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 53
45 or visit us in Dresden e.g. at Graphene SURAGUS GmbH RPGR Singapore 54
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