Information given in these slides are, either in part or all, recollection from the followings:
|
|
- Andra McKinney
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Information given in these slides are, either in part or all, recollection from the followings: /Chapter 27.ppt Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Ed. Holler, Skoog & Crouch, 2007
2 Chapter 26 An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Chromatography, a powerful separation method that finds applications in all branches of science, invented and named by the Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett. He employed the technique to separate various plant pigments such as chlorophylls and xanthophylls by passing solutions of these compounds through a glass column packed with finely divided calcium carbonate, The separated species appeared as colored bands on the column, which accounts for the name he chose for the method (Greek chroma meaning "color and graphein meaning "writing"), The applications of chromatography have grown explosively in the last half century, due not only to the development of several new types of chromatographic techniques but also to the growing need by scientists for better methods for characterizing complex mixtures. The tremendous impact of these methods on science is attested by the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry that was awarded to A. J P, Martin and R. LM, Synge for their discoveries in the field, Many of the Nobel Prizes awarded since that time have been based on work in which chromatography played a vital role.
3 General Description of Chromatograpy Chromatography permit the scientist to separate closely related components of complex mixtures. In all chromatographic separations the sample is transported in a mobile phase, which may be a gas, a liquid, or a supercritical fluid. This mobile phase is then forced through an immiscible stationary phase, which is fixed in place in a column or on a solid surface. The two phases are chosen so that the components of the sample distribute themselves between the mobile and stationary phase to varying degrees. some components in sample interact more strongly with stationary phase and are more strongly retained
4 Continue... Those components strongly retained by the stationary phase move only slowly with the flow of mobile phase. In contrast, components that are weakly held by the stationary phase travel rapidly. As a consequence of these differences in migration rates, sample components separate into discrete bands, or zones, that can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.
5 26 A-1 Classification of Chromatographic Methods Chromatographic methods can be categorized in two ways. 1- The first classification is based upon the physical means by which the stationary and mobile phases are brought into contact. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is held in a narrow tube through which the mobile phase is forced under pressure. Mobile phase moves by pressure or gravity In planar chromatography, the stationary phase is supported on a flat plate or in the interstices of a paper; here, the mobile phase moves through the stationary phase by capillary action or under the influence of gravity.
6 26 A-1 Classification of Chromatographic Method 2- A second and more fundamental classification of chromatographic methods is one based upon the types of mobile and stationary phases and the kinds of equilibria involved in the transfer of solutes between phases. Three general categories of chromatography: (1) liquid chromatography, (2) gas chromatography, and (3) supercritical-fluid chromatography. The mobile phases in the three techniques are liquids, gases, and supercritical fluids respectively.
7
8 26 A-2 Elution in Column Chromatography How 2 components, A and B are resolved on a column by elution chromatography? The column: narrow-bore tubing packed with a finely divided inert solid that holds the stationary phase on its surface. The sample (A+B) is introduced at the head of a column, at time t 0,whereupon the components of the sample distribute themselves between the two phases Elution involves washing a species through a column by continuous addition of fresh solvent. additional mobile phase (the eluent) forces the solvent containing a part of the sample down the column, where further partition between the mobile phase and fresh portions of the stationary phase occurs.
9 If a detector, that responds to solute concentration, is placed at the end of the column and its signal is plotted as function of time (or of volume of the added mobile phase), a series of peaks is obtained. Such a plot, called a chromatogram, is useful for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The positions of peaks on the time axis may serve to identify the components of the sample(qualitatively) the areas under the peaks provide a quantitative measure of the amount of each component.
10 Improving Column Performance Concentration profiles for the bands containing solutes A and B in Figure 26-1 at time t l and a later time t 2. B is more strongly retained by the stationary phase than is A, B lags during the migration and elutes last. movement down the column increases the distance between the two bands. At the same time, however,broadening of both zones takes place, which lowers the efficiency of the column as a separating device. While band broadening is inevitable, conditions can ordinarily be found where it occurs more slowly than band separation. Thus, a clean separation of species is often possible provided the column is sufficientiy long.
11 26B Migration Rates Of Solutes The effectiveness of a chromatographic column in separating two solutes depends in part upon the relative rates at which the two species are eluted. These rates are determined by the magnitude of the equilibrium constants for the reactions by which the solutes distribute themselves between the mobile and stationary phases. FIGURE26-3 Two-component chromatogram illustrating two methods for improving separation: (a) original chromatogram with overlapping peaks, (b) improvement brought about by an Increase in band separation, (c) improvement brought about by a decrease in the widths. By changing experimental conditions, non-separated bands can be separated adjust migration rates for A and B (increase band separation) adjust zone broadening (decrease band spread)
12 26B-1 Distribution Constants: The distribution equilibria in chromatography involves the transfer of an analyte between the mobile and stationary phases. A mobile A stationary The equilibrium constant, K c for this reaction is called the distribution constant, the partition ratio, or the partition coefficient, c S K c = = c M n S /V S n M /V M Where; c s and c M are the molar conc. of the solute; n S and n M are the number of moles of analyte; V S and V M are the volumes of the stationary and mobile phases K is constant over a wide range of solute concentrations. By appropriate choice of the mobile phase, the stationary phase or both the distribution constant can be manipulated within limits. By adjusting the volume of a phase, we can alter the molar ratio in the two phases. Linear Chromatography: symmetric Gaussian-type peaks and retention times independent of the amount of analyte injected.
13 26B-2Retention Time: K c is not readily measured. Instead, we can measure a quantity called the retention time that is a function of K c retention time, t R, The time it takes after sample injection for the analyte peak to reach the detector dead time, t M or void time, the time for the unretained species to reach the detector The analyte has been retained because it spends a time t S in the stationary phase. The retention time is then t R = t S + t M The average linear rate of solute migration through the column = L/t R where, L is the length of the column packing. The average linear rate of movement of the M.P molecules, u = L/t M where t M, the dead time.
14 26B-3 Volumetric Flow Rate and Linear Flow Velocity the mobile-phase flow is usually characterized by the volumetric flow rate, F (cm 3 /min) at the column outlet. For an open tubular column F is related to the linear velocity at the column outlet, u 0 F= u 0 A = u 0 r 2 A: cross sectional area of the tube For a packed column the entire column volume is not available to the liquid F= u 0 r 2 = fraction of the total column volume available to the liquid (column porosity).
15 26B-4 The Relationship between Retention Time and Distribution Constant To relate the rate of migration of a solute to its distribution constant, we express the rate as a fraction of the velocity of the mobile phase: v = u x (fraction of time solute spends in mobile phase) This fraction, however, equals the average number of moles of solute in the mobile phase at any instant divided by the total number of moles of solute in the column v = u x (moles of solute A in mobile phase / total moles of solute A) v = u. C M V M = u. 1 C M V M + C S V S 1 + C S V S / C M V M K c = C S / C M v= u K c (V S / V M )
16 26B-5 The Rate of Solute Migration: The Retention Factor The retention factor, k, or capacity factor, is an important parameter that is widely used to compare the migration rates of solutes on columns. k, does not depend on column geometry or volumetric flow rate For a given combination of solute, MP, SP, any column of any geometry operated at any mobile phase flow rate will give the same retention factor For a solute A, the retention factor k A is defined as k A = K A V S /V M where K A is the distribution constant for the solute A. To show how k A can be derived from a chromatogram, L t R = L t M x k A v= u ka k A = (t R - t M )/t M When k A is < 1.0, separation is poor, When k' A is >30, separation is slow, When k A is 2-10, separation is optimum
17 Relative Migration Rates: The selectivity Factor How do we compare elution of two components A and B? The selectivity factor,, of a column for the two species A and B is defined as = K B /K A selectivity factor and retention factors where K B is the distribution constant for species B K A is the distribution constant for species A. = k B /k A where k B and k A are the retention factors. An expression for the determination of from an experimental chromatogram: ( t ) ( t ) R B t t M R A M larger = better separation
18 26C Band Broadening And Column Efficiency The reasons that band becomes broader as they move down a column 26C-1Rate Theory Describes the shapes and breadths of elution bands in quantitative terms based on a random-walk mechanism for the migration of molecules through a column. Individual molecule undergoes "random walk Add up to give Gaussian peak (like random errors) Many thousands of adsorption/desorption processes Average time for each step with some +ve or -ve differences Breadth of band increases down column because more time is allowed Zone broadening is affected by separation efficiency more efficient, less broadening Distortions, nonideal peaks exhibit tailing or fronting cause of tailing and fronting is a distribution constant that varies with concentration. Fronting also arises when the amount of sample introduced onto a column is too large. Distortions of this kind are undesirable because they lead to poorer separations and less reproducible elution times.
19 26C-2A Quantitative Description of Column Efficiency chromatographic column efficiency: (I) plate height, H and (II) plate count, or number of theoretical plates, N. The two are related by the equation N = L/H where; L is the length (usually in centimeters ) of the column packing. N is the plate count and H is the plate height The efficiency of chromatographic columns increases as the plate count N becomes greater and as the plate height H becomes smaller. a few 100 to several plate numbers and plate heights ranging from a 1/10 to 1/1000 of a centimeter or smaller are common. Plates are only theoretical -
20 a pioneering theoretical study of Martin and Synge in which they treated a chromatographic column as if it were similar to a distillation column made up of numerous discrete but continuous narrow layers called theorerical plates. At each plate, equilibration of the solute between the mobile and stationary phases was assumed to take place. Movement of the solute down the column was then treated as a stepwise transfer of equilibrated mobile phase from one plate to the next. The theory was ultimately abandoned in favor of the rate theory, however, because it fails to account for peak broadening in a mechanistic way.
21 Definition of Plate Height: the breadth of a Gaussian curve is described by its standard deviation or its variance 2 The plate height H is given by H = 2 /L - L carries units of centimeters and - 2 units of centimeters squared; - thus H represents linear distance in centimeters. -The plate height can be thought of as the length of column that contains a fraction of analyte that lies between L- and L. Because the area under a normal error curve bounded by is about 68% of the total area, the plate height, as defined, contains approximately 34 % of the analyte.
22 The Experimental Evaluation of H and N The plate count N and the plate height H are widely used in the literature and by instrument manufactures as measures of column performance. H can be calculated from an experimental chromotogram. Tangents at the inflection points on the two sides of the chromatographic peak are extended to form a triangle with the baseline of the chromatogram. The area of this triangle can be shown to be approximately 96% of the total area under the peak if the peak is Gaussian. In Section alb-l of Appendix 1 it is shown that about 96% of the area under a Gaussian peak is included within plus or minus two standard deviations ( 2 ) of its maximum. Thus, the intercepts shown in Figure 26-7 occur at approximately plus or minus two standard deviations of the solute peak ( 2 ) from the maximum, and W = 4, where W is the magnitude of the base of the triangle. Substituting this relationship into Equation and rearranging yields = L W / 4 t R H = L W 2 / 16 t R 2 N = L/H N = 16 (t R /W ) 2 Thus, N can be calculated from two time measurements, t R and W; to obtain H, the length of the column packing L must also be known. Note that these calculations are only approximate and assume Gaussian peak shapes.
23 The Experimental Evaluation of H and N Another method for approximating N, is to determine W 1/2, the width of peak at half its maximum height. The plate count is then given by N = 5.54(t R / W 1/2 ) 2
24 26C-3 Kinetic Variables Affecting Column Efficiency Band broadening reflects a loss of column efficiency. The slower the rate of mass-transfer processes occurring while a solute migrates through a column the broader the band at the column exit. Some of the variables that affect mass-transfer rates are controllable and can be exploited to improve separations.
25 The Effect of Mobile-Phase Flow Rate The extent of band broadening depends upon the length of time the mobile phase is in contact with the stationary phase, which in turn depends upon the flow rate of the mobile phase. Efficiency studies have generally been carried out by determining H as a function of mobilephase velocity u. Higher mobile phase velocity, less time on column, less zone broadening Both Figure show a minimum H (or a maximum in efficiency) at low linear flow rates, the minimum for LC usually occurs at flow rates well below those for GC. GC separations are much more shorter, faster than LC one. Often these flow rates are so low that the minimum H is not observed for LC under normal operating conditions. FIGURE26-8 Effect of mobile-phase flow rate on plate height for (a) LC and (b)gc. Note very different flow rate and plate height scales.
26 Theory of Band Broadening The efficiency of chromatographic columns can be approximated by the expression, Van Deemter equation. H = A + B/u + Cu = A + B/u + (C s + C M )u H: the plate height (cm), u: the linear velocity of the mobile phase (cm/s) A; multiple flow paths coefficient (eddy diffusion) B; longitudinal diffusion coefficient and C; mass transfer between phases, respectively. The C coefficient can be broken into two coefficients, one related to the stationary phase (C s ) and one related to the mobile phase (C M ). The van Deemter equation contains terms linearly and inversely proportional to, as well as independent of, the mobile phase velocity.
27 * u, Ds, D M, d f, d p and k are as defined in Table f(k) and f'(k) are functions of k, retention factors. and are constants that depend on quality of the packing. B is the coefficient of longitudinal diffusion. C s and C M are coefficients of mass transfer in stationary and mobile phase, respectively.
28 The Multipath Term(A) - Molecules move through different paths. Zone broadening arises in part from the multitude of pathways by which a molecule (or ion) can find its way through a packed column. - The length of these pathways may differ significantly; Larger difference in pathlengths for larger particles, thus, the residence time in the column for molecules of the same species is also variable., - At low flow rates, diffusion allows particles to switch between paths quickly and reduces variation in transit time - Solute molecules then reach the end of the column over a time interval, which leads to a broadened band. This effect which is called eddy diffusion, is directly proportional to the diameter of the particles making up the column packing. FIGURE26-9 Typical pathways of two molecules during elution. Note that the distance traveled by molecule 2 is greater than that traveled by molecule 1. Thus, molecule 2 will arrive at B later than molecule 1.
29 The Longitudinal Diffusion Term (B/u) Longitudinal diffusion in column chromatography is a band broadening process in which solutes diffuse from the concentrated center of a zone to the more dilute regions ahead of and behind the zone center. The longitudinal diffusion term is directly proportional to the mobilephase diffusion coefficient D M. The contribution of longitudinal diffusion is seen to be inversely proportional to the mobile phase velocity. High flow, less time for diffusion. Longitudinal diffusion is a common source of band broadening in GC because gaseous molecules diffuse at relatively high rates. The phenomenon is of little significance in LC where diffusion rates are much smaller.
30 Mass-transfer Coefficients (C s and C M ) The need for the two mass-transfer coefficients C s and C M arises because the equilibrium between the mobile and the stationary phase is established so slowly that a chromatographic column always operates under non-equilibrium conditions. C S is rate for adsorption onto stationary phase C M is rate for analyte to desorb from stationary phase Effect proportional to flow rate - at high flow rates less time to approach equilibrium Slower rate of mass transfer results an increase in plate height.
31 The Stationary-Phase Mass-Transfer Term C s u, When the stationary phase is an immobilized liquid, the mass-transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the square of the thickness of the film on the support particles d t 2 and inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient D s of the solute in the film. These effects can be understood by realizing that both reduce the average frequency at which analyte molecules reach the liquid-liquid interface where transfer to the mobile phase can occur. That is, with thick films, molecules must on the average travel farther to reach the surface, and with smaller diffusion coefficients, they travel slower. The consequence is a slower rate of mass transfer and an increase in plate height. When the stationary phase is a solid surface, the mass-transfer coefficient C s is directly proportional to the time required for a species to be adsorbed or desorbed, which in turn is inversely proportional to the first-order rate constant for the processes.
32 The Mobile-Phase Mass-Transfer Term C M U, The mass-transfer processes that occur in the mobile phase are sufficiently complex that we do not yet have a complete quantitative description. On the other hand, we have a good qualitative understanding of the variables affecting zone broadening from this cause, and this understanding has led to vast improvements in all types of chromatographic columns. The mobile-phase mass-transfer coefficient C M is known to be inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in the mobile phase. D M. For packed columns, C M is proportional to the square of the particle diameter of the packing material, d p2. For open tubular columns, C M is proportional to the square of the column diameter, d c2. The contribution of mobile-phase mass transfer to plate height is the product of the mass-transfer coefficient C M (which is a function of solvent velocity) and the velocity of the solvent itself. Thus, the net contribution of C M u to plate height is not linear in u (see the curve labeled C M u in Figure 26-10) but bears a complex dependency on solvent velocity.
33 Effect of Mobile Phase Velocity on Terms in Van Deemter Equation The top curve is the summation of these various effects. Note that there is an optimal flow rate at which the plate height is a minimum and the separation efficiency is a maximum.
34 Methods for Reducing Zone Broadening Two important controllable variables that affect column efficiency 1) the diameter of the particles making up the packing for (packed columns) and 2) the diameter of the column (for open tubular columns). To take advantage of the effect of column diameter, narrower and narrower columns have been used in recent years. With gaseous mobile phases, the rate of longitudinal diffusion can be reduced appreciable by lowering the temperature and thus the diffusion coefficient D M. The consequence is significantly smaller plate heights at low temperatures. With liquid stationary phases. the thickness of the layer of adsorbed liquid should be minimized because C s in Equation is proportional to the square of this variable.
35 26D- Optimization Of Column Performance A chromatographic separation is optimized by varying experimental conditions until the components of a mixture are separated cleanly in a minimum amount of time. Optimization experiments are aimed at either (1) reducing zone broadening or (2) altering relative migration rates of the components. zone broadening is increased by those kinetic variables that increase the plate height of a column. Migration rates, on the other hand, are varied by changing those variables that affect retention and selectivity factors
36 26D-1Column Resolution The resolution R s of a column provides a quantitative measure of its ability to separate two analytes, and tells us how far apart two bands are relative to their widths. R s W Z / 2 W / 2 A B A B 2 Z 2[( tr) B ( tr) A] W W WA WB
37 - a resolution of 1.5 gives an essentially complete separation of the two components, whereas a resolution of 0.75 does not. - At a resolution of 1.0, zone A contains about 4% B and zone B contains a similar amount of A. -At a resolution for 1.5, the overlap is about 0.3%. The resolution for a given stationary phase can be improved by lengthening the column, thus increasing the number of plates.
38 The Effect of Retention and Selectivity Factors on Resolution Relationship between the resolution of a column and the retention factors k`a and k`b for two solutes, the selectivity factor, and the number of plates Assumptions: W A W B W K A K B k A k B k N 16R s 1 1 k' ( )( ) 1 k' Where k is the average of k A and k B
39 EXAMPLE 26-1 Substances A and B have retention times of and min. respectively, on a 30.0-cm column. An unretained species passes through the column in 1.30 min. The peak widths (at base) for A and Bare 1.11 and 1.21 min. respectively. Calculate (a) the column resolution (b) the average number of plates in the column, (c) the plate height, (d) the length of column required to achieve a resolution of 1.5. (e) the time required to elute substance B on the column that gives an R, value of 1.5, and (f) the plate height required for a resolution of 1.5 on the original 30-cm column and in the original time.
40 Resolution (and zone broadening) depends on; u (linear flow rate) - low flow favors increased resolution (van Deemter plot) H (plate height) (or N number of plates) - use smaller particles, lengthen column, viscosity of mobile phase (diffusion) (selectivity factor) - vary temperature, composition of column/mobile phase k A (capacity factor) - vary temperature, composition of column/mobile phase
41 General Elution Problem: For multiple components, conditions rarely optimum for all components.
42 A common solution to this general elution problem to change conditions that determine the values of k as the separation proceeds. These changes can be performed in a stepwise manner or continuously. Thus conditions at the beginning of the separation could be those producing chromatogram (a). Immediately after the elution of components 1 and 2, conditions could be changed to those that are optimal for separating components 3 and 4, as in chromatogram (c). With the appearance of peaks for these components, the elution could be completed under the conditions used for producing chromatogram (b). Often, such a procedure leads to satisfactory separation of all the components of a mixture in minimal time. For LC, variations in k can be achieved by varying the composition of the mobile phase during elution, called gradient elution or solvent programming. Elution with constant mobile-phase composition is called isocratic elution. For GC, the temperature can be changed in a known fashion to bring about changes in k. This temperature programming mode can help achieve optimal conditions for many separations.
43
44
45 APPLICATIONS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatography has grown to be the premiere method for separating closely related chemical species. In addition, it can be employed for qualitative identification and quantitative determination of separated species.
46 Qualitative Analysis A chromatogram provides only a single piece of qualitative information about each species in a sample, its retention time It is a widely used tool for recognizing the presence or absence of components of mixtures containing a limited number of possible species whose identities are known. Positive spectroscopic identification would be impossible without a preliminary chromatographic separation on a complex sample. thirty or more amino acids in a protein hydrolysate can be identified with a relatively high degree of certainty by using chromatography. they often provide sure evidence of the absence of certain compounds. Thus, if the sample does not produce a peak at the same retention time as a standard run under identical conditions, it can be assumed that the compound in question is either absent or is present at a concentration level below the detection limit of the procedure.
47 Quantitative Analysis Chromatography can provide useful quantitative information about the separated species. Quantitative column chromatography is based upon a comparison of either the height or the area of the analyte peak with that of one or more standards. For planar chromatography, the area covered by the separated species serves as the analytical parameter. If conditions are properly controlled, these parameters vary linearly with concentration.
48 Analyses Based on Peak Height The height of a chromatographic peak is obtained by connecting the base lines on either side of the peak by a straight line and measuring the perpendicular distance from this line to the peak. This measurement can ordinarily be made with reasonably high precision. Accurate results are obtained with peak heights only if variations in column conditions do not alter the peak widths during he period required to obtain chromatograms for sample and standards. The variables that must be controlled closely are column temperature, eluent flow rate, and rate of sample infection. In addition, care must be taken to avoid overloading the column. The effect of sample injection rate is particularly critical for the early peaks of a chromatogram. Relative errors of 5% to 10% are not unusual with syringe injection.
49 Analyses Based on Peak Areas Peak areas are a more satisfactory analytical variable than peak heights. On the other hand, peak heights are more easily measured and, for narrow peaks, more accurately determined. peak heights arc affected by changes in retention times or column efficiency whereas peak areas are not. Hence, peak areas are usually the preferred method of quantitation. Most modern chromatographic instruments are equipped with digital electronic integrators that permit precise estimation of peak areas. If such equipment is not available, manual estimate must be made. A simple method, which works well for symmetric peaks of reasonable widths, is to multiply the height of the peak by its width at one half the peak height. Older methods involved the cutting out the peak and determining its mass relative to the mass of a known area of recorder paper.
50 Calibration and Standards The most straightforward method for quantitative chromatographic analyses involves the preparation of a series of external standard solutions that approximate the composition of the unknown. Chromatograms for the standards are then obtained and peak heights or areas are plotted as a function of concentration. A plot of the data should yield a straight line passing through the origin. The most important source of error in analyses by the method just described is usually the uncertainty in the volume of sample; occasionally, the rate of injection is also a factor. Samples are usually small (~l L), and the uncertainties associated with injection of a reproducible volume of this size with a microsyringe may amount to several percent relative.
51 The Internal Standard Method The highest precision for quantitative chromatography is obtained by use of internal standards because the uncertainties introduced by sample injection are avoided. In this procedure, a carefully measured quantity of an internal standard substance is introduced into each standard and sample, and the ratio of analyte to internal standard peak areas (or heights) serves as the analytical parameter. For this method to be successful, it is necessary that the internal standard peak be well separated from the peaks of all other components of the sample.
52 The Area-Normalization Method Another approach that avoids the uncertainties associated with sample injection is the area-normalization method. Complete elution of all components of the sample is required. In the normalization method, the areas of all eluted peaks are computed; after correcting these areas for differences in the detector response to different compound types, The concentration of the analyte is found from the ratio of its area to the total area of all peaks.
Introduction to Chromatographic Separations (Chapter 1) Many determinations involve separation followed by analysis chromatography electrophoresis
Introduction to Chromatographic Separations (Chapter 1) Many determinations involve separation followed by analysis chromatography electrophoresis Chromatography: sample transported by mobile phase electrostatic
More informationAnalytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry Chromatographic Separations KAM021 2016 Dr. A. Jesorka, 6112, aldo@chalmers.se Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Theory of Separations -Chromatography Terms Summary: Chromatography
More informationIntroduction to Chromatographic Separations
Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Analysis of complex samples usually involves previous separation prior to compound determination. Two main separation methods instrumentation are available:
More informationIntroduction to Chromatography
Introduction to Chromatography Dr. Sana Mustafa Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi. What is Chromatography? Derived from the Greek
More informationInstrumental Analysis II Course Code: CH3109. Chromatographic &Thermal Methods of Analysis Part 1: General Introduction. Prof. Tarek A.
Instrumental Analysis II Course Code: CH3109 Chromatographic &Thermal Methods of Analysis Part 1: General Introduction Prof. Tarek A. Fayed What is chemical analysis? Qualitative analysis (1) Chemical
More informationChapter 26: An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations
Chapter 26: An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Column Chromatography Migration Rates Distribution Contstants Retention Times Selectivity Factor Zone Broadening & Column Efficiency Optimizing
More informationWhat is Chromatography?
What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a physico-chemical process that belongs to fractionation methods same as distillation, crystallization or fractionated extraction. It is believed that the separation
More informationChromatographic Separation
What is? is the ability to separate molecules using partitioning characteristics of molecule to remain in a stationary phase versus a mobile phase. Once a molecule is separated from the mixture, it can
More informationSeparation Methods Based on Distributions in Discrete Stages (02/04/15)
Separation Methods Based on Distributions in Discrete Stages (02/04/15) 1. Chemical Separations: The Big Picture Classification and comparison of methods 2. Fundamentals of Distribution Separations 3.
More informationAn Introduction to Chromatographic Separations
An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry College of Science, Department of Chemistry King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451
More informationChapter 31 Gas Chromatography. Carrier Gas System
Chapter 31 Gas Chromatography GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY In gas chromatography, the components of a vaporized sample are fractionated as a consequence of being partitioned between a mobile gaseous phase
More informationChromatography and other Separation Methods
Chromatography and other Separation Methods Probably the most powerful class of modern analytical methods for analyzing mixture of components---and even for detecting a single component in a complex mixture!
More informationCHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Expected Outcomes Explain the principles of gas chromatography Able to state the function of each components of GC instrumentation Able to state the applications of GC 6.1
More informationHPLC Background Chem 250 F 2008 Page 1 of 24
HPLC Background Chem 250 F 2008 Page 1 of 24 Outline: General and descriptive aspects of chromatographic retention and separation: phenomenological k, efficiency, selectivity. Quantitative description
More informationChemistry Gas Chromatography: Separation of Volatile Organics
Chemistry 3200 Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental method for separating volatile compounds in a mixture. A small sample of the mixture is injected onto one end of a column housed in an oven. The
More informationSeparations---Chromatography and Electrophoresis
Separations---Chromatography and Electrophoresis Chromatography--one of most diverse and important analytical methods-- Used initially primarily to purify species With advent of sensitive detectors---now
More informationChromatography Outline
Chem 2001 Summer 2004 Outline What is? The Chromatogram Optimization of Column Performance Why Do Bands Spread? Gas High-Performance Liquid Ion-Exchange 2 What is? In chromatography, separation is achieved
More informationChapter 12. Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods. Drawing from an arsenal of analytical techniques many of which were the subject of the
Chapter 12 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods Chapter Overview Section 12A Overview of Analytical Separations Section 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography Section 12C Optimizing Chromatographic
More informationChapter 12. Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods. Drawing from an arsenal of analytical techniques many of which were the subject of the
Chapter 12 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods Chapter Overview Section 12A Overview of Analytical Separations Section 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography Section 12C Optimizing Chromatographic
More informationChromatographic Analysis
Chromatographic Analysis Distribution of Analytes between Phases An analyte is in equilibrium between the two phases [S 1 ] [S 2 ] (in phase 1) (in phase 2) AS [S2 ] K 2 A S [S1 ] 1 AS, A 1 S Activity
More information2] The plate height in chromatography is best described as 2
9 Chromatography. General Topics 1] Explain the three major components of the van Deemter equation. Sketch a clearly labeled diagram describing each effect. What is the salient point of the van Deemter
More informationAnalytical Technologies in Biotechnology Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Analytical Technologies in Biotechnology Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 3 Chromatographic methods Lecture - 2 Basic Concepts in Chromatography
More informationChapter 12. Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods. Drawing from an arsenal of analytical techniques many of which were the subject of the
Chapter 12 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods Chapter Overview 12A Overview of Analytical Separations 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography 12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations 12D
More informationLEARNING OBJECTIVES CHEM 212: SEPARATION SCIENCE CHROMATOGRAPHY UNIT. Thomas Wenzel, Bates College. In-class Problem Set Extraction.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES CHEM 212: SEPARATION SCIENCE CHROMATOGRAPHY UNIT Thomas Wenzel, Bates College In-class Problem Set Extraction Problem #1 1. Devise a scheme to be able to isolate organic acids, bases
More informationSkoog/Holler/Crouch Chapter 26 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. CHAPTER 26
Skoog/Holler/Crouch Chapter 26 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed. Instructor s Manual CHAPTE 26 26-1. (a) Elution is a process in which species are washed through a chromatographic column by
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 26. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 26 Rate Theory Focuses on the contributions of various kinetic factors to zone or band broadening. Column Dispensivity, H, is assumed to be the sum of the individual
More informationChromatography. Chromatography is a combination of two words; * Chromo Meaning color * Graphy representation of something on paper (writing)
Chromatography Chromatography is a combination of two words; * Chromo Meaning color * Graphy representation of something on paper (writing) Invention of Chromatography Mikhail Tswett invented chromatography
More informationInstrumental Chemical Analysis
L2 Page1 Instrumental Chemical Analysis Chromatography (General aspects of chromatography) Dr. Ahmad Najjar Philadelphia University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 nd semester,
More informationCHROMATOGRAPHY (I): BASIS OF ELEMENTAL CHROMATOGRAPHY
Theme 06. CHROMATOGRAPHY (I): CHROMATOGRAPHY ELEMENTARY BASES 1599-ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTIC METHODS Grade in Environmental Sciences Course 2013-14 Second Semester Professors: Miguel A Sogorb (msogorb@umh.es)
More informationCHAPTER 1. Introduction, Chromatography Theory, and Instrument Calibration
1 1 1 1 1 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Chromatography Theory, and Instrument Calibration 1.1 Introduction Analytical chemists have few tools as powerful as chromatography to measure distinct analytes in complex
More information[S016. CHROMATOGRAPHY]
Phyto-Analysis Sheet Number : 16 Prof. Dr. Talal Aburjai Page 1 of 9 How to read the chromatogram? Comes from any automated chromatography. The chromatograms show the 0 t (t m ) which indicates the solvent
More informationPRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC CHROMATOGRAPHY Laboratory technique for the Separation of mixtures Chroma -"color" and graphein
More informationLuminescence transitions. Fluorescence spectroscopy
Luminescence transitions Fluorescence spectroscopy Advantages: High sensitivity (single molecule detection!) Measuring increment in signal against a dark (zero) background Emission is proportional to excitation
More informationHigh Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the
More informationChapter 26. An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations. Chromatography
Chapter 26 An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations Chromatography 1 Chromatography-Model as Extraction Chromatography-Model as Extraction 2 Chromatography Planar Chromatography-Types paper chromatography
More informationCHEM 429 / 529 Chemical Separation Techniques
CHEM 429 / 529 Chemical Separation Techniques Robert E. Synovec, Professor Department of Chemistry University of Washington Lecture 1 Course Introduction Goal Chromatography and Related Techniques Obtain
More informationFall 2012 Due In Class Friday, Oct. 19. Complete the following on separate paper. Show your work and clearly identify your answers.
CHEM 322 Name Fall 2012 Due In Class Friday, Oct. 19 Complete the following on separate paper. Show your work and clearly identify your answers. General Separations 1. Describe the relative contributions
More informationCHROMATOGRAPHY. The term "chromatography" is derived from the original use of this method for separating yellow and green plant pigments.
CHROMATOGRAPHY The term "chromatography" is derived from the original use of this method for separating yellow and green plant pigments. THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY: Separation of two sample components in
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography What is HPLC? It is a separation technique that involves: Injection of small volume of liquid sample Into a tube packed with a tiny particles (stationary phase).
More informationLuminescence Spectroscopy Excitation is very rapid (10-15 s). Vibrational relaxation is a non-radiational process. It involves vibrational levels of
Luminescence Spectroscopy Excitation is very rapid (10-15 s). Vibrational relaxation is a non-radiational process. It involves vibrational levels of the same electronic state. The excess of vibrational
More informationChromatography. writing in color
Chromatography writing in color Outlines of Lecture Chromatographic analysis» Principles and theory.» Definition.» Mechanism.» Types of chromatography.» Uses of Chromatography. In 1906 Mikhail Tswett used
More informationDetermination of Caffeine by HPLC
Determination of Caffeine by HPLC Introduction It was a long history before real high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) had evolved. The very first indication of a chromatographic separation was
More informationIndustrial Instrumentation Prof. A. Barua Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Industrial Instrumentation Prof. A. Barua Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 35 Chromatography I Welcome to the lesson 35 of industrial instrumentation.
More informationChromatography. Gas Chromatography
Chromatography Chromatography is essentially the separation of a mixture into its component parts for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The basis of separation is the partitioning of the analyte mixture
More informationAbstract: An minimalist overview of chromatography for the person who would conduct chromatographic experiments, but not design experiments.
Chromatography Primer Abstract: An minimalist overview of chromatography for the person who would conduct chromatographic experiments, but not design experiments. At its heart, chromatography is a technique
More informationCourse goals: Course goals: Lecture 1 A brief introduction to chromatography. AM Quality parameters and optimization in Chromatography
Emqal module: M0925 - Quality parameters and optimization in is a separation technique used for quantification of mixtures of analytes Svein.mjos@kj.uib.no Exercises and lectures can be found at www.chrombox.org/emq
More informationLiquid Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography 1. Introduction and Column Packing Material 2. Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography 3. Method Development 4. Column Preparation 5. General Instrumental aspects 6. Detectors
More information3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances
3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances Paper Chromatography of Metal Cations What you will accomplish in this experiment This third experiment provides opportunities for you to learn and practice:
More informationRemember - Ions are more soluble in water than in organic solvents. - Neutrals are more soluble in organic solvents than in water.
IN-CLASS PROBLEMS SEPARATION SCIENCE CROMATOGRAPHY UNIT Thomas Wenzel, Bates College In-class Problem Set - Extraction 1. Devise a way to separate the materials in the following sample by performing an
More informationCHAPTER 11: CHROMATOGRAPHY FROM A MOLECULAR VIEWPOINT
CHAPTER 11: CHROMATOGRAPHY FROM A MOLECULAR VIEWPOINT Contrasting approaches 1. bulk transport (e.g., c c = W ) t x + D c x goal: track concentration changes advantage: mathematical rigor (for simple models).
More informationChromatography and Functional Group Analysis
Chromatography Chromatography separates individual substances from a mixture. - to find out how many components there are - to match the components with known reference materials - to use additional analytical
More informationChromatography Lab # 4
Chromatography Lab # 4 Chromatography is a method for separating mixtures based on differences in the speed at which they migrate over or through a stationary phase which means that a complex mixture will
More informationExperiment Nine Thin Layer Chromatography
Name: Lab Section: 09 Thin Layer Chromatography Experiment Nine Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction Objective Separation of compounds from a mixture is an incredibly important aspect of experimental
More informationChromatography What is it?
Chromatography Most things that are colored are mixtures of different substances of various colors. In a mixture you have several different kinds of chemicals that are all next to each other but not reacting.
More informationChromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed Gas Chromatography (GC) In gas chromatography, the sample is vaporized and injected onto the head of a chromatographic
More informationCHAPTER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATIONS
Islamic University in Madinah Department of Chemistry CHAPTER - ----- CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATIONS Prepared By Dr. Khalid Ahmad Shadid Chemistry Department Islamic University in Madinah TRADITIONAL
More informationHPLC. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Harris Chapter 25
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Harris Chapter 25 12/1/2005 Chem 253 - Chapter 25 1 HPLC Separation of nonvolatile or thermally unstable compounds. If the analyte/sample can be found to be
More informationPhysical Separations and Chromatography
Lab #5A & B: Physical Separations and Chromatography Individual Objectives: At the end of these experiments you should be able to: Ø Distinguish between Rf and tr; chromatograph and chromatogram; adsorption
More informationChemistry 3200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Quantitative Determination of Headache Tablets
Chemistry 3200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Quantitative Determination of Headache Tablets Liquid chromatography was developed by Tswett in early 1900 s and was shown to be a powerful separation
More informationGas Chromatography. Presented By Mr. Venkateswarlu Mpharm KTPC
Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Presented By Mr. Venkateswarlu Mpharm KTPC What is Gas Chromatography? It is also known as Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Separation of gaseous
More informationChapter 1. Chromatography. Abdul Muttaleb Jaber
Chapter 1 Chromatography Abdul Muttaleb Jaber What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a physico-chemical process that belongs to fractionation methods same as distillation, crystallization or fractionated
More informationTheory and Instrumentation of GC. Chromatographic Parameters
Theory and Instrumentation of GC Chromatographic Parameters i Wherever you see this symbol, it is important to access the on-line course as there is interactive material that cannot be fully shown in this
More informationAnalytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Analytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 3 Chromatographic Method Lecture - 1 Introduction and Basic
More informationIntroductory Separations
Introductory Separations General Figure Acknowledgements Colin F. Poole s- The Essence of Chromatography, Elsevier Science, 2003. C.F. Poole and S. A. Schuette, Contemporary Practice of Chromatography
More informationDATES: LAB: Liquid Chromatography Separation of Grape Kool-Aid
NAME: AP CHEMISTRY DATES: LAB: Liquid Chromatography Separation of Grape Kool-Aid PURPOSE There are a number of analytical techniques used to separate components of a mixture, or solution. They include
More informationGas Chromatography. Introduction
Gas Chromatography Introduction 1.) Gas Chromatography Mobile phase (carrier gas) is a gas - Usually N 2, He, Ar and maybe H 2 - Mobile phase in liquid chromatography is a liquid Requires analyte to be
More informationj 1 1 General Concepts
j 1 1 General Concepts 1.1 Introduction The concept of separating sample components in a column was first developed in 1903 by Mikhail Tswett, who introduced the term chromatography in 1906. Unfortunately,
More informationChapter 23 Introduction to Analytical Separations
Chapter 23 Introduction to Analytical Separations Homework Due Monday April 24 Problems 23-1, 23-2, 23-7, 23-15, 23-27, 23-29, 23-32 Analytical Separations: Universal approach to analyzing complex mixtures
More informationPrinciples of Gas- Chromatography (GC)
Principles of Gas- Chromatography (GC) Mohammed N. Sabir January 2017 10-Jan-17 1 GC is a chromatographic technique utilizes gas as the mobile phase which is usually an inert gas (Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen
More informationExperiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography Part A: understanding R f values Part B: R f values & solvent polarity Part C: R f values & compound functionality Part D: identification of commercial food dye
More informationChromatography- Separation of mixtures CHEM 212. What is solvent extraction and what is it commonly used for?
Chromatography- Separation of mixtures CHEM 212 What is solvent extraction and what is it commonly used for? How does solvent extraction work? Write the partitioning coefficient for the following reaction:
More informationHPLC Workshop 16 June 2009 What does this do? Chromatography Theory Review Several chromatographic techniques Even though each method utilizes different techniques to separate compounds, the principles
More informationGas Chromatography. A schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph
Gas Chromatography In gas liquid chromatography (GLC) partition of solutes occurs between a mobile gas phase (the "carrier gas") and a stationary liquid phase present in the column. The gas-phase concentration
More informationChem 230, Fall, 2014 Homework Set # 3 Short Answer SOLUTIONS
Chem 230, Fall, 2014 Homework Set # 3 Short Answer SOLUTIONS 1. List two advantages of temperature programming in GC. a) Allows separation of solutes with widely varying retention factors in a reasonable
More informationCHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
2.2.45. Supercritical fluid chromatography EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 7.0 Control solutions. In addition to the TOC water control, prepare suitable blank solutions or other solutions needed for establishing
More informationLAB #6 Chromatography Techniques
LAB #6 Chromatography Techniques Objectives: To learn how to story board a procedure Explain how a chromatograph of pigments is formed from both paper and thin layer chromatography. Isolate and identify
More informationDEFINITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography DEFINITION CHROMATOGRAPHY The separation of a mixture by distribution of its components between a mobile and stationary phase over time mobile phase = solvent stationary phase = column packing
More informationGas Chromatography (Chapter 2 and 3 in The essence of chromatography)
Gas Chromatography 1. Introduction. Stationary phases 3. Retention in Gas-Liquid Chromatography 4. Capillary gas-chromatography 5. Sample preparation and injection 6. Detectors (Chapter and 3 in The essence
More informationInstitute for Chemical Education, Fun With Chemistry; Vol. 1, Sarquis, Mickey and Sarquis, Gerry, Ed.; University of Wisconsin Madison, 1991,
EXPERIIMENT #7 LIIQUIID CHROMATOGRAPHY References: Bidlingmeyer, B. A.; Warren Jr., F. V. An Inexpensive Experiment for the Introduction of High Performance Liquid Chromatography J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61,
More informationIntroduction to Capillary GC. Page 1. Agilent Restricted February 2, 2011
?? Kβ? Page 1 Typical GC System Gas supply Injector Detector Data handling GAS Column Oven Page 2 CARRIER GAS Carries the solutes down the column Selection and velocity influences efficiency and retention
More informationPDG.pdf G-20 CHROMATOGRAPHY 3 4 INTRODUCTION
1 2 3 4 5 INTRODUCTION G-20 CHROMATOGRAPHY 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Chromatographic separation techniques are multi-stage separation methods in which the components
More informationVolumetric Analysis. Quantitative analysis answers the second question
Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis is a form of quantitative analysis involving the measuring of volumes of reacting solutions, it involves the use of titrations. When buying food we often have two
More informationGas Chromatography. Chromatography Laboratory Course. Dr. Christian Jungnickel Chromatography Course GC September 2005
Gas Chromatography Chromatography Laboratory Course The laboratory course experiments General Aim: Gain general experience using a GC Constant Injection technique Temperature variations Qualitative and
More information1.1 General concepts of analytical chromatography
1 General aspects of chromatography Chromatography, the process by which the components of a mixture can be separated, has become one of the primary analytical methods for the identification and quantification
More informationM > ACN > > THF
Method Development in HPLC Dr. Amitha Hewavitharana School of Pharmacy University of Queensland Method Development in HPLC References: D A Skoog Principles of instrumental analysis, 3 rd Edition Chapters
More informationChromatographic Methods: Basics, Advanced HPLC Methods
Chromatographic Methods: Basics, Advanced HPLC Methods Hendrik Küpper, Advanced Course on Bioinorganic Chemistry & Biophysics of Plants, summer semester 2018 Chromatography: Basics Chromatography a physical
More informationnot to be republished NCERT THE technique of chromatography is vastly used for the separation, Chromatography UNIT-5 EXPERIMENT 5.
UNIT-5 Chromatography THE technique of chromatography is vastly used for the separation, purification and identification of compounds. According to IUPAC, chromatography is a physical method of separation
More informationChromatography. Mrs. D. MEENA MPharm PA & QA KTPC
Chromatography Mrs. D. MEENA MPharm PA & QA KTPC INTRODUCTION ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying and determining the relative amount of the components in a sample
More informationHarris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 23: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 23: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Chapter 23. Gas Chromatography What did they eat in the year 1,000? GC of Cholesterol and other lipids extracted from
More informationChapter 27: Gas Chromatography
Chapter 27: Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Mobile phase (carrier gas): gas (He, N 2, H 2 ) - do not interact with analytes - only transport the analyte through the column Analyte: volatile liquid
More informationIntroduction to Capillary GC
Introduction to Capillary GC LC Columns and Consumables Simon Jones Chromatography Applications Engineer February 20, 2008 Page 1 Introduction to Capillary GC t r K c?? Kβ k = - tr t m? t m R s Page 2
More informationDisadvantage: Destructive Technique once analyzed by GC, the sample is lost
Gas Chromatography Like other methods of chromatography, a partitioning of molecules must occur between the stationary phase and the mobile phases in order to achieve separation. This is the same equilibrium
More informationCourse CHEM Chromatography
Course CHEM 340 - Chromatography - Chromatographic Methods o Gas Chromatography (GC) o High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Terms Stationary phase A fixed place either in a column or on a planer
More informationChapter content. Reference
Chapter 7 HPLC Instrumental Analysis Rezaul Karim Environmental Science and Technology Jessore University of Science and Technology Chapter content Liquid Chromatography (LC); Scope; Principles Instrumentation;
More informationCH 2252 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Unit V Gas Chromatography. M. Subramanian
CH 2252 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Unit V Gas Chromatography M. Subramanian Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam 603
More informationBand Broadening Effects in Chromatography
Band Broadening Effects in Chromatography Content Learning objectives: 1. Students will be able to explain how band broadening is related to flow rate. 2. Students will explain how the three components
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 25. Chem 4631
Cheistry 4631 Instruental Analysis Lecture 25 History - Chroatography Originally the separation of color (in plant pigents) First deonstrated in 1906 by Michael Tswett (Russian botanist) used a colun of
More informationExperiment UPHPLC: Separation and Quantification of Components in Diet Soft Drinks
Experiment UPHPLC: Separation and Quantification of Components in Diet Soft Drinks bjective: The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the caffeine content of a diet soda sample using Ultra-High Performance
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 28. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 28 High Performance Liquid Chromatography () Instrumentation Normal Phase Chromatography Normal Phase - a polar stationary phase with a less polar mobile phase.
More informationIon Chromatography (IC)
Ion Chromatography (IC) Purpose: This module provides an introduction to Ion Chromatography (IC). In this module the basic theory and applications of IC will be presented at a level that assumes a basic
More information