Department of Bioengineering, 815C Benedum Hall, 3700 O Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA
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1 1 Supplementary information 2 3 Noble metal-free bifunctional oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction acidic media electro- catalysts Prasad Prakash Patel 1, Moni Kanchan Datta 2,3, Oleg I. Velikokhatnyi 2,3, Ramalinga Kuruba 2, Krishnan Damodaran 4, Prashanth Jampani 2, Bharat Gattu 1, Pavithra Murugavel Shanthi 1, Sameer S. Damle 1, Prashant N. Kumta 1,2,3,5,6* Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Center for Complex Engineered Multifunctional Materials, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA. 17 * Corresponding author: Prof. Prashant N. Kumta (pkumta@pitt.edu) 18 Department of Bioengineering, 815C Benedum Hall, 3700 O Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA Tel: , Fax:
2 20 Table of contents: 21 Section S1: Methanol tolerance test of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt/C 22 Section S2: Synthesis of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F via ball-milling 23 Figure S1. SEM micrograph with elemental x-ray maps of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F 24 Figure S2. EDX spectrum of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F Figure S3. HRTEM image showing lattice fringes with spacing of ~0.249 nm corresponding to the (113) interplanar spacing of cubic Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F 27 Figure S4. The XPS spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F showing Cu 2p3/2 peak 28 Figure S5. The XPS spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F showing Mn 2p3/2 peak Figure S6. 19 F MAS NMR spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:20F; spinning side bands are marked by asterisks 31 Figure S7. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 32 Figure S8. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F 33 Figure S9. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F 34 Figure S10. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F Figure S11. The polarization curve of chemically synthesized and ball-milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F using total loading of 1 mg/cm 2 and in-house synthesized IrO2 using total loading of 0.15 mg/cm 2 obtained in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 40 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction
3 Figure S12. Galvanostatic (constant current) measurement of electrochemical activity of chemically synthesized and ball milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ) and in-house synthesized IrO2 (total loading 0.15 mg/cm 2 ) performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution at 40 0 C at a constant current of 2 ma/cm Figure S13. The Tafel plot (for ORR) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F Figure S14. The polarization curve for ORR of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 50 g/cm 2 ) at different rotation speeds measured in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec 47 Figure S15. The Koutechy-Levich plot for ORR of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F at 0.6 V (vs RHE) Figure S16. The polarization curve of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using total loading of 50 g/cm 2, with and without 1 M methanol in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution Figure S17. The polarization curves of Pt/C obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using Pt loading of 30 gpt/cm 2 for Pt/C, with and without 1 M methanol in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution Figure S18. The polarization curves of chemically synthesized and ball-milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt/C obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using total loading of 50 g/cm 2 for Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt loading of 30 gpt/cm 2 for Pt/C
4 Figure S19. The irω corrected polarization curve of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ) obtained after 24 h of chronoamperometry test in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 40 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec Figure S20. Theoretical and experimentally measured concentration of O2 gas, measured (for 6 h) during chronoamperometry test of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ), performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution under a constant potential of 1.55 V (vs RHE) at 40 0 C Figure S21. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F measured in N2 saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 at 26 0 C at scan rate of 5 mv/sec using total loading of 50 g/cm 2, initial and after 6000 cycles Section S1: Methanol tolerance test: In DMFCs, methanol cross-over from anode to cathode has detrimental effect on the fuel cell performance due to the undesired reaction with O2 and cathode electro-catalyst. 1 Hence, methanol tolerance of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F is studied by conducting polarization studies in O2-saturated (1 M methanol M H2SO4) electrolyte solution at 26 0 C using a scan rate of 5 mv/sec and rotation speed of 2500 rpm employing a total loading of 50 g/cm 2 for Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:F. For comparison, methanol tolerance of commercial Pt/C is also studied with Pt loading of 30 gpt/cm 2 under identical operating conditions. The polarization curves of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt/C with and without presence of methanol in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution are shown in the Supplementary Figs. S17-S18, respectively. The significant increase in overpotential ( 400 mv) in methanol containing electrolyte solution is observed for Pt/C (Supplementary Fig. S18) mainly
5 due to the competition between ORR and methanol electro-oxidation, which is similar to that reported earlier. 2 However, only a minimal increase in overpotential ( 7 mv) is seen for Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F in methanol containing electrolyte solution (Supplementary Fig. S17) suggesting the excellent methanol tolerance of the oxide electro-catalyst which is significantly superior to Pt/C. Hence, we believe Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F is indeed a promising cathode electrocatalyst for ORR in DMFCs Section S2: Synthesis of Cu 1.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 :10F via ball-milling: Mixtures of CuO (Alfa Aesar, 99.5%),MnO (Alfa Aesar, 99.5%) and (NH4F, 98%, Alfa Aesar) corresponding to the stoichiometric composition were subjected to high energy mechanical milling in a high energy shaker mill for 5 h in a stainless steel (SS) vial using 20 SS balls of 2 mm diameter with a ball to powder weight ratio 10:1. The milled powder was then heat treated in air at C for 4 h (Ramp rate=10 0 C/min)
6 97 98 Figure S1. SEM micrograph with elemental x-ray maps of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F 99
7 Figure S2. EDX spectrum of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F
8 Figure S3. HRTEM image showing lattice fringes with spacing of ~0.249 nm corresponding to the (113) interplanar spacing of cubic Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F
9 Figure S4. The XPS spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F showing Cu 2p3/2 peak 111
10 Figure S5. The XPS spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F showing Mn 2p3/2 peak
11 Figure S6. 19 F MAS NMR spectra of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:20F; spinning side bands are marked by asterisks 120
12 Figure S7. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 123
13 Figure S8. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F 126
14 Figure S9. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F 129
15 Figure S10. The Tafel plot (for OER) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F
16 Figure S11. The polarization curve of chemically synthesized and ball-milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F using total loading of 1 mg/cm 2 and in-house synthesized IrO2 using total loading of 0.15 mg/cm 2 obtained in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 40 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction 139
17 Figure S12. Galvanostatic (constant current) measurement of electrochemical activity of chemically synthesized and ball milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ) and in-house synthesized IrO2 (total loading 0.15 mg/cm 2 ) performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution at 40 0 C at a constant current of 2 ma/cm 2 145
18 Figure S13. The Tafel plot (for ORR) after ir correction of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:5F, Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:15F 149
19 Figure S14. The polarization curve for ORR of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 50 g/cm 2 ) at different rotation speeds measured in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec 154
20 Figure S15. The Koutechy-Levich plot for ORR of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F at 0.6 V (vs RHE) 157
21 Figure S16. The polarization curve of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using total loading of 50 g/cm 2, with and without 1 M methanol in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution 163
22 Figure S17. The polarization curves of Pt/C obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using Pt loading of 30 gpt/cm 2 for Pt/C, with and without 1 M methanol in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution 169
23 Figure S18. The polarization curves of chemically synthesized and ball-milled Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt/C obtained in O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 26 0 C with rotation speed of 2500 rpm and scan rate of 5 mv/sec after irω correction using total loading of 50 g/cm 2 for Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F and Pt loading of 30 gpt/cm 2 for Pt/C 175
24 Figure S19. The irω corrected polarization curve of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ) obtained after 24 h of chronoamperometry test in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 40 0 C with a scan rate of 5 mv/sec 180
25 Figure S20. Theoretical and experimentally measured concentration of O2 gas, measured (for 6 h) during chronoamperometry test of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F (total loading 1 mg/cm 2 ), performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution under a constant potential of 1.55 V (vs RHE) at 40 0 C 185
26 Figure S21. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of Cu1.5Mn1.5O4:10F measured in N2 saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 at 26 0 C at scan rate of 5 mv/sec using total loading of 50 g/cm 2, initial and after 6000 cycles
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