Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions"

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions Solution Stoichiometry Many reactions (biochemical, marine, etc.) take place in solution. We need to be able to express the number of moles of particles in a certain volume of solution. Concentration refers to quantitative ways of expressing the relative amounts of substances in a solution. The most common expression of concentration in chemistry is molarity. molarity = moles solute liters solution commonly (if incorrectly) symbolized M (standard: M) o Molarity of a solution is an intensive property. o Molarity depends on temperature. o We use [square brackets] to denote molar concentrations. e.g., Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.00 g of calcium bromide in enough water to make ml of solution. Preparing Molar Solutions 1. Weigh solid needed. 2. Transfer solid to a volumetric flask containing some solvent. 3. Dissolve solid. 4. Add solvent to make total volume of solution. MUST NOT just measure a volume of solvent and then add the solute! Dilution A physical process, not a chemical process. (The same number of moles of solute is present before and after the dilution.) M CONC V CONC = M DIL V DIL or M I V I = M F V F or M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 e.g. 25 ml of a M calcium bromide solution was diluted to make 175 ml of solution. What was the concentration of the dilute solution? 4-1

2 Mole-Mole & Gram-Mole Calculations with Molar Solutions Same approach as for mass-mass calculations; key step is the use of the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation! GRAMS of A NO DIRECT CALCULATION! GRAMS of B M of A M of B mole ratio MOLES of A moles B / moles A MOLES of B Molarity Volume Solution A = Molarity Volume Solution B e.g., What is the molarity of a solution of NaOH if ml of the solution was needed to neutralize ml of 1.00 M H 2 SO 4? 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) moles NaOH L solution 1 L 1.00 mol H SO 2 mol NaOH = 1.15 M NaOH 1 L ml NaOH soln 1000 ml ml acid soln 1000 ml L acid soln 1 mol H 2 SO 4 PROTIP Some people use the dilution formula to solve problems like this; doing so for this problem would give the wrong answer! Only use the dilution formula for dilution. 4-2

3 Thousands and thousands of chemical reactions are known. To simplify and declutter our lives, we classify these reactions by common patterns of behavior. Three major types of reactions, most often in aqueous solution: Precipitation Acid-Base Reduction-Oxidation Water as a Solvent Water is a polar molecule contains separation of partial r and s charges Water primarily dissolves ionic compounds and covalent compounds with their own polar groups (esp. NH, OH groups) Nonpolar compounds (e.g., benzene, methane, fats, oils, etc.) do not dissolve in water Electrolytes strong electrolyte: a substance that dissociates into many ions (a stoichiometric quantity) when dissolved in water weak electrolyte: a substance that dissociates into few ions (a small quantity) when dissolved in water nonelectrolyte: a substance that does NOT dissociate into ions when dissolved in water Soluble ionic substances dissociate into their ions in solution. e.g., consider 0.10 mol of sodium sulfate dissolved in water to make 1.00 L of solution: [Na + ] = 0.20 M [SO 2 4 ] = 0.10 M [Na 2 SO 4 ] = 0 M (being a strong electrolyte, every bit of sodium sulfate that dissolves also dissociates into ions. No intact formula units.) Covalent Compounds in Water MOST covalent compounds do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Exception: ACIDS and BASES o hydrochloric acid: HCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl (aq) o ammonia: NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) º NH 4 + (aq) + OH (aq) 4-3

4 Precipitation Reactions Driving force: removal from solution of certain ions which combine to form a solid product. The other ions that remain in solution are called spectator ions. Example: mixing silver nitrate (aq) + sodium chromate (aq) Predicting Whether a Precipitation Reaction Will Occur ***MUST LEARN Solubility Rules below! Game Plan 1. Note ions present in reactant solutions. 2. Consider possible cation-anion combinations. 3. Using solubility rules, determine if new combination(s) is/are insoluble. 4-4

5

6

7 Acid-Base Reactions Also known as neutralization reactions Driving force: transfer of H + ions; frequently (not always) via removal of OH and H 3 O + ions from solution as water. Arrhenius definitions: acid releases H + ions in water. base releases OH ions in water. Brønsted definitions: acid donates H + ions. base accepts H + ions. The one product you ALWAYS get from an acid-base reaction: a salt Cation (+) of salt from the base Anion ( ) of the salt from the acid The definition of a salt is an ionic compound that can be produced by an acid-base reaction. Water is also produced when acids react with strong bases. When weak bases are involved, water may not appear. e.g., What are the products of the reaction of solutions of potassium hydroxide and perchloric acid? Some acid-base reactions are driven by production of a gas as well as water and a salt. ***MUST LEARN the selected acids and bases above! (Table 4.2) PROTIP If you know your solubility rules, the easy way to remember the strong bases is that they are the soluble metal hydroxides. Ionic Equations for Acid-Base Reactions Weak acids & bases are written in their molecular forms because they are mostly undissociated in solution. e.g., What are the molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for the aqueous reaction of ammonia with nitric acid? 4-5

8

9 Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX) Reactions Driving force: transfer/shift of electrons LEO the lion says GER Loss of Electrons is Oxidation; Gain of Electrons is Reduction OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain The substance that is oxidized is ALWAYS the reducing agent. The substance that is reduced is ALWAYS the oxidizing agent. Tracking Movement of Electrons: Oxidation Numbers ON are assigned as if electrons were transferred completely in a chemical reaction. ***MUST LEARN the Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers (Table 4.4). PROTIP The ON rules give the ON for each atom in a formula. For example, each F in AlF 3 has an ON of 1. A reaction is a redox reaction if the oxidation numbers of one or more atoms changes. e.g., P 4 (s) + 5O 2 (g) P 4 O 10 (s) ON of P changes from 0 to +5; ON of O changes from 0 to 2 the reaction is redox 4-6

10 Fig. 4.17, Summary of redox reaction electron movement and vocabulary The highest ON for an A-group element equals the element s group number. The lowest ON for an A-group nonmetal equals the element s group number minus 8. Elemental Substances in Redox Reactions In general, when an elemental substance appears as a reactant or a product in a reaction, the reaction is REDOX. Combustion Reactions involve reaction with elemental oxygen (O 2 ) usually involve release of energy (heat/light) are always redox reactions Combustion of a compound containing only C and H (or only C, H, and O) will produce CO 2 & H 2 O as products. (Recall the use of combustion analysis to determine composition of an unknown compound of C, H, and O.) e.g., propane: C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) Activity Series of Metals Li(s) Li + (aq) + e K(s) K + (aq) + e Ba(s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2e Ca(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2e Na(s) Na + (aq) + e Mg(s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2e Al(s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3e Mn(s) Mn 2+ (aq) + 2e Zn(s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e Cr(s) Cr 3+ (aq) + 3e Fe(s) Fe 2+ (aq) + 2e Co(s) Co 2+ (aq) + 2e Ni(s) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2e Sn(s) Sn 2+ (aq) + 2e Pb(s) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2e H 2 (g) 2H + (aq) + 2e Cu(s) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e Ag(s) Ag + (aq) + e Hg(l) Hg 2+ (aq) + 2e Pt(s) Pt 2+ (aq) + 2e Au(s) Au 3+ (aq) + 3e INCREASING ACTIVITY The list of metals at left is arranged with the most active metal, i.e., the strongest reducing agent (most easily oxidized) at the top and the least active metal, i.e., the weakest reducing agent (least easily oxidized) at the bottom. e.g., Will a displacement reaction occur when solid copper is placed in a silver nitrate solution? 4-7

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Copyright McGraw-Hill

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Copyright McGraw-Hill Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solution - a homogeneous mixture Solute: the component that is dissolved Solvent: the component

More information

9/24/12. Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

9/24/12. Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

More information

Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. V. Molarity VI. Acid-Base Titrations VII. Dilution of Solutions

Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. V. Molarity VI. Acid-Base Titrations VII. Dilution of Solutions Chapter 4; Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I. Electrolytes vs. NonElectrolytes II. Precipitation Reaction a) Solubility Rules III. Reactions of Acids a) Neutralization b) Acid and Carbonate c) Acid and

More information

Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary

Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary Chapter 4 Notes Types of Chemical Reactions and Solutions Stoichiometry A Summary 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen s electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen s is low (2.1)

More information

Chap. 4 AQUEOUS RXNS. O H δ+ 4.1 WATER AS A SOLVENT 4.2 AQUEOUS IONIC REACTIONS. Page 4-1. NaOH(aq) + HCl(g) NaCl(aq) +H 2 O

Chap. 4 AQUEOUS RXNS. O H δ+ 4.1 WATER AS A SOLVENT 4.2 AQUEOUS IONIC REACTIONS. Page 4-1. NaOH(aq) + HCl(g) NaCl(aq) +H 2 O Chap. AQUEOUS RXNS.1 WATER AS A SOLVENT Describe solution composition in terms of molarity Describe strong and weak electrolyte solutions, including acids and bases Use ionic equations to describe neutralization

More information

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1 Chapter 4 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (4.1) Precipitation Reactions (4.2) Acid-Base Reactions (4.3) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (4.4) Concentration of Solutions

More information

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.3 The Composition of Solutions (MOLARITY!)

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Topics General properties of aqueous solutions Precipitation reactions Acid base reactions Oxidation reduction reactions Concentration of solutions Aqueous reactions

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is made when one substance (the solute) is

More information

AP Chemistry Honors Unit Chemistry #4 2 Unit 3. Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry

AP Chemistry Honors Unit Chemistry #4 2 Unit 3. Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry HO AP Chemistry Honors Unit Chemistry #4 2 Unit 3 Chapter 4 Zumdahl & Zumdahl Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry Students should be able to:! Predict to some extent whether a substance

More information

Chapter 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Table of Contents 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.3 The Composition

More information

Unit 4a: Solution Stoichiometry Last revised: October 19, 2011 If you are not part of the solution you are the precipitate.

Unit 4a: Solution Stoichiometry Last revised: October 19, 2011 If you are not part of the solution you are the precipitate. 1 Unit 4a: Solution Stoichiometry Last revised: October 19, 2011 If you are not part of the solution you are the precipitate. You should be able to: Vocabulary of water solubility Differentiate between

More information

Chapter 4. The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1

Chapter 4. The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1 Chapter 4 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4.1 The Role of Water as a Solvent 4.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions 4.3 Precipitation Reactions

More information

Solubility Rules See also Table 4.1 in text and Appendix G in Lab Manual

Solubility Rules See also Table 4.1 in text and Appendix G in Lab Manual Ch 4 Chemical Reactions Ionic Theory of Solutions - Ionic substances produce freely moving ions when dissolved in water, and the ions carry electric current. (S. Arrhenius, 1884) - An electrolyte is a

More information

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Homework Chapter 4 11, 15, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 41, 45, 47, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 73, 75, 81, 85 1 2 Chapter Objectives Solution To understand the nature of ionic substances

More information

AP Chemistry Unit #4. Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry

AP Chemistry Unit #4. Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry AP Chemistry Unit #4 Chapter 4 Zumdahl & Zumdahl Types of Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoichiometry Students should be able to: Predict to some extent whether a substance will be a strong electrolyte,

More information

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reaction and Solution Stoichiometry Water, the Common Solvent One of the most important substances on Earth. Can dissolve many different substances. A polar molecule because

More information

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Precipitation Reactions Compounds Soluble Ionic Compounds 1. Group 1A cations and NH 4 + 2. Nitrates (NO 3 ) Acetates (CH 3 COO ) Chlorates (ClO 3 ) Perchlorates (ClO 4 ) Solubility

More information

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Water, the common solvent Solution is a homogeneous mixture Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving Solute is the substance that

More information

1. Hydrochloric acid is mixed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate Molecular Equation

1. Hydrochloric acid is mixed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate Molecular Equation NAME Hr Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Chemistry Practice A (Part 1 = Obj. 1-3) (Part 2 = Obj. 4-6) Objective 1: Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases a. Indicate whether each of the following is strong,

More information

Chapter 6. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 6. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 6 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 6 Table of Contents (6.1) (6.2) (6.3) (6.4) (6.5) (6.6) (6.7) (6.8) Water, the common solvent The nature of aqueous solutions: Strong

More information

11/3/09. Aqueous Solubility of Compounds. Aqueous Solubility of Ionic Compounds. Aqueous Solubility of Ionic Compounds

11/3/09. Aqueous Solubility of Compounds. Aqueous Solubility of Ionic Compounds. Aqueous Solubility of Ionic Compounds Aqueous Solubility of Compounds Not all compounds dissolve in water. Solubility varies from compound to compound. Chapter 5: Chemical Reactions Soluble ionic compounds dissociate. Ions are solvated Most

More information

A reaction in which a solid forms is called a precipitation reaction. Solid = precipitate

A reaction in which a solid forms is called a precipitation reaction. Solid = precipitate Chapter 7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1 Section 7.1 Predicting Whether a Reaction Will Occur Four Driving Forces Favor Chemical Change 1. Formation of a solid 2. Formation of water 3. Transfer of electrons

More information

During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction:

During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction: Example 4.1 Stoichiometry During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction: Suppose that a particular plant consumes 37.8 g of CO 2

More information

Chem 110 General Principles of Chemistry

Chem 110 General Principles of Chemistry Chem 110 General Principles of Chemistry Chapter 3 (Page 88) Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry In this chapter you will study chemical reactions that take place between substances that are dissolved

More information

7/16/2012. Chapter Four: Like Dissolve Like. The Water Molecule. Ionic Compounds in Water. General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

7/16/2012. Chapter Four: Like Dissolve Like. The Water Molecule. Ionic Compounds in Water. General Properties of Aqueous Solutions General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Chapter Four: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is made when one substance

More information

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Types of Chemical reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 Water, The Common Solvent State why water acts as a common solvent. Draw the structure of water, including partial charge. Write equations

More information

Unit 4: Reactions and Stoichiometry

Unit 4: Reactions and Stoichiometry Unit 4: Reactions and Stoichiometry Reactions Chemical equation Expression representing a chemical reaction Formulas of reactants on the left side Formulas of products on the right side Arrow(s) connect(s)

More information

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS & SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS & SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Advanced Chemistry Approximate Timeline Students are expected to keep up with class work when absent. CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS & SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Day Plans

More information

Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file)

Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file) Chapter 3: Solution Chemistry (For best results when printing these notes, use the pdf version of this file) Section 3.1: Solubility Rules (For Ionic Compounds in Water) Section 3.1.1: Introduction Solubility

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Lecture Presentation Chapter 4 in Solution 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Properties of Solutions Solute: substance in lesser quantity in

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions In Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4. Reactions In Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solution I) General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Homogeneous mixture on a molecular level - prop. same throughout - separable by physical means - variable composition

More information

CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide

CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide CH 221 Chapter Four Part II Concept Guide 1. Solubility Why are some compounds soluble and others insoluble? In solid potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, the potassium ions, which have a charge of +1, are

More information

Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. 4.1 Some Electronic Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. 4.1 Some Electronic Properties of Aqueous Solutions Chapter : Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water: the universal solvent ¾ of Earth s surface water in living organisms Some Electrical Properties of Aqueous Solutions Reactions of Acids and Bases

More information

Part One: Ions in Aqueous Solution

Part One: Ions in Aqueous Solution A. Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes. CHAPTER FOUR: CHEMICAL REACTIONS Part One: Ions in Aqueous Solution 1. Pure water does not conduct electric current appreciably. It is the ions dissolved in the water

More information

CH 4 AP. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

CH 4 AP. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions CH 4 AP Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water Aqueous means dissolved in H 2 O Moderates the Earth s temperature because of high specific heat H-bonds cause strong cohesive and adhesive properties Polar,

More information

Page III-4b-1 / Chapter Four Part II Lecture Notes. Chemistry 221 Professor Michael Russell MAR. Ba(NO3)2(aq)? soluble. BaCl2(aq)?

Page III-4b-1 / Chapter Four Part II Lecture Notes. Chemistry 221 Professor Michael Russell MAR. Ba(NO3)2(aq)? soluble. BaCl2(aq)? Page III-4b-1 / Chapter Four Part II Lecture Notes Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 & Chapter 4, or Chapter 4 Part II Chemistry 221 Professor Michael Russell Terminology In solution

More information

9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 9.1.2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Work directly from Zumdahl (Chapter 4). Work through exercises as required, then summarise the essentials of the section when complete. To understand the

More information

Chemical Reactions: An Introduction

Chemical Reactions: An Introduction Chemical Reactions: An Introduction Ions in Aqueous Solution Ionic Theory of Solutions Many ionic compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water H 2O NaCl(s) Na Cl These compounds that

More information

Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter Four: Reactions in Aqueous Solution Learning Outcomes: Identify compounds as acids or bases, and as strong, weak, or nonelectrolytes Recognize reactions by type and be able to predict the products

More information

Chapter 4. Concentration of Solutions. Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined.

Chapter 4. Concentration of Solutions. Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined. Molarity Chapter 4 Concentration of Solutions Molarity (M) = moles of solute liters of solution Given the molarity and the volume, the moles of solute can be determined. Given the molarity and the moles

More information

Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction

Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction Equation Writing for a Neutralization Reaction An Acid-Base reaction is also called a Neutralization reaction because the acid (generates H + or H 3 O + ) and base (generates OH ) properties of the reactants

More information

Solution Chemistry. Chapter 4

Solution Chemistry. Chapter 4 Solution Chemistry Chapter 4 Covalent Molecule Dissolving in Water Ionic Compound Dissolving in Water Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Electrolytes/Nonelectrolytes Type Dissociation Electrical Conductivity

More information

AP Chemistry. Chapter 4

AP Chemistry. Chapter 4 AP Chemistry Chapter 4 1 Properties of Aqueous Solution Solutions Definition: Any substance (solid, liquid or gas) EVENLY distributed throughout another substance. Solutions have 2 parts: 1) Solvent the

More information

Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions

Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions Jeffrey Mack California State University, Sacramento Chemical Reactions Reactants: Zn + I 2 Product: ZnI 2 Chemical Reactions Evidence of a chemical reaction: Gas Evolution

More information

Chapter 4: Phenomena. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry.

Chapter 4: Phenomena. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry. Chapter 4: Phenomena Phenomena: Many different reactions are known to occur. Scientists wondered if these reactions could be separated into groups based on their properties. Look at the reactions below

More information

Chapter 4: Phenomena. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Phenomena. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Electrolytes. Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Phenomena Phenomena: Many different reactions are known to occur. Scientists wondered if these reactions could be separated into groups based on their properties. Look at the reactions below

More information

CHEM134- Fall 2018 Dr. Al-Qaisi Chapter 4b: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Rxns So far we ve used grams (mass), In lab: What about using volume in lab? Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry

More information

Chapter 4: Phenomena. (aq)+ 4H + (aq)+ 2e - Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4: Phenomena. (aq)+ 4H + (aq)+ 2e - Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chapter 4: Phenomena Phenomena: Many different reactions are known to occur. Scientists wondered if these reactions could be separated into groups based on their properties. Look at the reactions below

More information

ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sunday, August 18, 13

ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sunday, August 18, 13 ed. Brad Collins Aqueous Chemistry Chapter 5 Some images copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances at the molecular level The solute(s) is(are)

More information

Chapter 4 Chemical Formulas, Reactions, Redox and Solutions

Chapter 4 Chemical Formulas, Reactions, Redox and Solutions Terms to Know: Solubility Solute Solvent Solution Chapter 4 the amount of substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature. a substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Solutions. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Solutions. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 in Solution 4.1 General Properties of Solutions Solutions Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is present in greatest abundance. All other

More information

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Aqueous solutions and their chemistry. Various types of reactions.

Chapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Aqueous solutions and their chemistry. Various types of reactions. Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Dr. A. AlSaadi 1 Preview Aqueous solutions and their chemistry. Various types of reactions. Precipitation reactions. Acidbase reactions. Oxidationreduction reactions.

More information

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All s are to be sent to:

CHEM 200/202. Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210. All  s are to be sent to: CHEM 200/202 Professor Jing Gu Office: EIS-210 All emails are to be sent to: chem200@mail.sdsu.edu My office hours will be held in GMCS-212 on Monday from 9 am to 11 am or by appointment. ANNOUNCEMENTS

More information

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute

More information

Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry

Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent - the water molecule is bent with and H-O-H angles of approx. 105 º - O-H bonds are covalent - O is slightly

More information

H H H H H O H O. Role of Water. Role of Water. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution H 2 H H H 2 O. Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent.

H H H H H O H O. Role of Water. Role of Water. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution H 2 H H H 2 O. Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent. Role of Water Role of Water Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution Role of H 2 O(l) as solvent The polar nature of water molecule Two key features: 1. The distribution of bonding electrons O H covalent

More information

Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY

Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Stoichiometry allows chemists to predict how much of a reactant is necessary

More information

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution 1 Compounds in Aqueous Solution Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water KMnO 4 in water K + (aq) ) + MnO 4- (aq) 2 CCR, page 149 3 How do we know ions are present in aqueous

More information

Reactions in aqueous solutions Redox reactions

Reactions in aqueous solutions Redox reactions Reactions in aqueous solutions Redox reactions Redox reactions In precipitation reactions, cations and anions come together to form an insoluble ionic compound. In neutralization reactions, H + ions and

More information

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Sample Exercise 4.1 (p. 127) The diagram below represents an aqueous solution of one of the following compounds: MgCl 2, KCl, or K 2 SO 4. Which solution does it best represent? Practice Exercise 1 (4.1)

More information

Chemical Equations. Chemical Reactions. The Hindenburg Reaction 5/25/11

Chemical Equations. Chemical Reactions. The Hindenburg Reaction 5/25/11 Chemical Reactions CHM 1032C Chemical Equations Chemical change involves a reorganization of the atoms in one or more substances. The Hindenburg Reaction Reactants are on left, products to the right. Arrow

More information

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week #6 Oxidation Numbers, Redox Reactions, Solution Concentration, and Titrations

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week #6 Oxidation Numbers, Redox Reactions, Solution Concentration, and Titrations Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week #6 Oxidation Numbers, Redox Reactions, Solution Concentration, and Titrations Why? In addition to metathetical reactions, electron transfer reactions often occur in solutions.

More information

Alief ISD Chemistry STAAR Review. Reporting Category 5: Solutions The Importance of Water

Alief ISD Chemistry STAAR Review. Reporting Category 5: Solutions The Importance of Water Alief ISD Chemistry STAAR Review C. 10.A Describe the unique role of water in chemical and biological systems. Reporting Category 5: Solutions The Importance of Water Factors that contribute to water s

More information

Concentration Units. Solute CONCENTRATION. Solvent. g L -1. (M, molarity) concentration in. mol / litre of solution. mol L -1. molality. molality.

Concentration Units. Solute CONCENTRATION. Solvent. g L -1. (M, molarity) concentration in. mol / litre of solution. mol L -1. molality. molality. CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CONCENTRATION Solute Solvent Concentration Units mass NaCl / unit volume of solution g L -1 (M, molarity) concentration in moles per litre of solution c NaCl c B

More information

AP Chemistry Note Outline Chapter 4: Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry:

AP Chemistry Note Outline Chapter 4: Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry: AP Chemistry Note Outline Chapter 4: Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry: Water as a solvent Strong and Weak Electrolytes Solution Concentrations How to Make up a solution Types of Reactions Introduction

More information

Oxidation I Lose electrons. Reduction I Gain electrons

Oxidation I Lose electrons. Reduction I Gain electrons Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions In oxidation-reduction (abbreviated as redox ) reactions, electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. Oxidation I Lose electrons Reduction I Gain electrons

More information

Electrolytes do conduct electricity, in proportion to the concentrations of their ions in solution.

Electrolytes do conduct electricity, in proportion to the concentrations of their ions in solution. Chapter 4 (Hill/Petrucci/McCreary/Perry Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions This chapter deals with reactions that occur in aqueous solution these solutions all use water as the solvent. We will look

More information

SCHOOL YEAR CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A

SCHOOL YEAR CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A SCHOOL YEAR 2017-18 NAME: CH- 13 IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY GRADE : 11 TEST A Choose the best answer from the options that follow each question. 1. A solute

More information

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds Arrhenius Acid Base Theory

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds Arrhenius Acid Base Theory Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Ionic compounds dissociate in water yielding electrolyte solutions. H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) The ions are hydrated by water. Strong & Weak Electrolytes

More information

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Ionic compounds dissociate in water yielding electrolyte solutions. H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) The ions are hydrated by water. The Electrical Conductivity

More information

Chem II - Wed, 9/14/16

Chem II - Wed, 9/14/16 Chem II - Wed, 9/14/16 Do Now Drop off any study guides you want color coded Pull out stoich HW Homework See board Agenda Stoich Ch 4 Labish thing Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoich Water Possesses

More information

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta

Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions. Dr. Sapna Gupta Chapter 4 Electrolytes and Aqueous Reactions Dr. Sapna Gupta Aqueous Solutions Solution - a homogeneous mixture of solute + solvent Solute: the component that is dissolved Solvent: the component that does

More information

BIG IDEA TWO. October 13, 2016

BIG IDEA TWO. October 13, 2016 BIG IDEA TWO October 13, 2016 Topics to Cover in Big Idea 2 1. Ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds 2. Polarity and dipole moment 3. Intermolecular forces (IMF): 4. Lewis dot structures 5. Resonance forms

More information

Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Reactions in Aqueous Solution 1 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 4 For test 3: Sections 3.7 and 4.1 to 4.5 Copyright The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 A solution is a homogenous

More information

Chapter 5. Chemical reactions

Chapter 5. Chemical reactions Chapter 5 Chemical reactions Chemical equations CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) CaCO 3 (s) + CO(g) Chemical equation - representation of a chemical reaction; uses the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds

More information

Chapter 4 Outline. Electrolytic Properties

Chapter 4 Outline. Electrolytic Properties +4.1 - General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solution = a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solvent = substance present in greatest quantity Solute = the other substance(s) present in a solution

More information

General Chemistry 1 CHM201 Unit 2 Practice Test

General Chemistry 1 CHM201 Unit 2 Practice Test General Chemistry 1 CHM201 Unit 2 Practice Test 1. Which statement about the combustion of propane (C 3H 8) is not correct? C 3H 8 5O 2 3CO 2 4H 2O a. For every propane molecule consumed, three molecules

More information

REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS [ MH5; Ch. 4] Most reactions in water involve hydrated, charged species [ (aq) ]. Any substance which is ionic in the solid state will form ions in solution. EXAMPLE: KCR

More information

The Copper Cycle. HCl(aq) H + (aq) + Cl (aq) HCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl (aq)

The Copper Cycle. HCl(aq) H + (aq) + Cl (aq) HCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl (aq) The Copper Cycle Introduction Many aspects of our lives involve chemical reactions from the batteries that power our cars and cell phones to the thousands of processes occurring within our bodies. We cannot

More information

Name. Practice Test 2 Chemistry 111

Name. Practice Test 2 Chemistry 111 Name Practice Test 2 Chemistry 111 1) In the aqueous reaction of K 2 SO 4 (aq) + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq), which ions are the spectator ions? A) Ba 2+ 2- and SO 4 B) Ba 2+ and K + C) Ba

More information

Chemistry 1A. Chapter 5

Chemistry 1A. Chapter 5 Chemistry 1A Chapter 5 Water, H 2 O Water Attractions Liquid Water Solutions A solution, also called a homogeneous mixture, is a mixture whose particles are so evenly distributed that the relative concentrations

More information

Chem 1A Dr. White Fall Handout 4

Chem 1A Dr. White Fall Handout 4 Chem 1A Dr. White Fall 2014 1 Handout 4 4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions (Overview) A. Non-Redox Rxns B. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions 4.6. Describing Chemical Reactions in Solution A. Molecular

More information

Help! I m Melting, wait...i m dissolving! Notes (Ch. 4)

Help! I m Melting, wait...i m dissolving! Notes (Ch. 4) Aqueous Solutions I. Most reactions happen. II. Aqueous means. III. A solution is a. IV. Dissolving occurs when water and/or. V. Electrolytes:. A. In solution, ionic compounds dissolve into. B. molecular

More information

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Solutions Chapter 4 and Solution Stoichiometry AP Chemistry 2014-15 North Nova Education Centre

More information

Types of chemical reactions

Types of chemical reactions PowerPoint to accompany Types of chemical reactions Chapters 3 & 16.1 M. Shozi CHEM110 / 2013 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solutions are mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent

More information

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 4 and Solution Stoichiometry John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville,

More information

Reactions (Chapter 4) Notes 2016.notebook. October 14, Chemical Reactions. Chapter 4 Notes. Oct 21 8:44 AM. Oct 22 10:14 AM

Reactions (Chapter 4) Notes 2016.notebook. October 14, Chemical Reactions. Chapter 4 Notes. Oct 21 8:44 AM. Oct 22 10:14 AM Chemical Reactions Chapter 4 Notes Oct 21 8:44 AM Oct 22 10:14 AM 1 There are several things to keep in mind writing reactions and predicting products: 1. States of matter of elements/compounds 2. Diatomics

More information

Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 9 Practice Worksheet: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1. The compound H 2 S is classified as a weak electrolyte. Describe/draw how it reacts when placed in water. Completely dissociates in water.

More information

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Some typical kinds of chemical reactions: 1. Precipitation reactions: the formation of a salt of lower solubility causes the precipitation to occur. precipr 2.

More information

Page 1. Exam 2 Review Summer A 2002 MULTIPLE CHOICE. 1. Consider the following reaction: CaCO (s) + HCl(aq) CaCl (aq) + CO (g) + H O(l)

Page 1. Exam 2 Review Summer A 2002 MULTIPLE CHOICE. 1. Consider the following reaction: CaCO (s) + HCl(aq) CaCl (aq) + CO (g) + H O(l) Page 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Consider the following reaction: CaCO (s) + HCl(aq) CaCl (aq) + CO (g) + H O(l) The coefficient of HCl(aq) in the balanced reaction is. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 0 2. Given the information

More information

CHM152LL Solution Chemistry Worksheet

CHM152LL Solution Chemistry Worksheet Name: Section: CHM152LL Solution Chemistry Worksheet Many chemical reactions occur in solution. Solids are often dissolved in a solvent and mixed to produce a chemical reaction that would not occur if

More information

Solubility Rules and Net Ionic Equations

Solubility Rules and Net Ionic Equations Solubility Rules and Net Ionic Equations Why? Solubility of a salt depends upon the type of ions in the salt. Some salts are soluble in water and others are not. When two soluble salts are mixed together

More information

Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations A chemical equation represents or symbolizes a chemical reaction. o Substances are represents by their chemical

More information

Quick Review. - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent

Quick Review. - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent Quick Review - Chemical equations - Types of chemical reactions - Balancing chemical equations - Stoichiometry - Limiting reactant/reagent Water H 2 O Is water an ionic or a covalent compound? Covalent,

More information

The solvent is the dissolving agent -- i.e., the most abundant component of the solution

The solvent is the dissolving agent -- i.e., the most abundant component of the solution SOLUTIONS Definitions A solution is a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance homogeneous mixture -- uniform appearance -- similar properties throughout

More information

CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water)

CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water) CHAPTER 4 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: Electrolyte-a compound that conducts electricity in the melt or in solution (water) STRONG ELEC. 100% Dissoc. WEAK ELEC..1-10% Dissoc. NON ELEC 0%

More information

Chapter 4: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

Chapter 4: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Chapter 4: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions C (s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 0 (g) 2 C 8 H 18 (g) + 25 O 2 (g) 16 CO 2 (g) + 18 H 2 0 (g) Stoichiometry Calculations

More information

NET IONIC EQUATIONS. Electrolyte Behavior

NET IONIC EQUATIONS. Electrolyte Behavior NET IONIC EQUATIONS Net ionic equations are useful in that they show only those chemical species directly participating in a chemical reaction. They are thus simpler than the overall equation, and help

More information

Practice questions for Chapter 4

Practice questions for Chapter 4 Practice questions for Chapter 4 1. An unknown substance dissolves readily in water but not in benzene (a nonpolar solvent). Molecules of what type are present in the substance? A) neither polar nor nonpolar

More information