Quantum Theory. Packet 2: Atomic Theory & the Periodic Table. Schrödinger's Cat. Something to think about...

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1 Daily Assignment Sheet '18 (check them off as you complete them) Due Date Assignment Fri 9/14 Do WS 2.1 we'll do WS 2.2 together Mon 9/17 Do WS 2.3 (#1-3 only) Read Flame Test Lab & do the pre-lab questions on the bottom NAME Hour Packet 2: Atomic Theory & the Periodic Table Tue 9/18 Wed 9/19 think about idea for special project Finish Flame Test Lab questions "Special Project" idea due Thur 9/20 Finish WS 2.3 Finish WS 2.4 Quantum Theory Fri 9/21 Mon 9/24 Do WS 2.5 (dimensional analysis) Bring 4 different colored highlighters Tue 9/25 Do WS 2.6 (#1-7) ( mini quiz today over WS 2.1 & e- configuration) Wed 9/26 Thur 9/27 get your periodic table yet? Finish Ionization Energy Graph Do WS 2.6 (#8-11) Fri 9/28 Mustard Day Do Optional extra-credit assignments Mon 10/1 Do WS 2.7 Do WS 2.8 Quiz Schrödinger's Cat Come to class with packets ready to be turned in, with the packet worksheets in your folder, in the proper order (see below). For full points, be sure your name is on top, you have your folder & grade print-out, and no old packets inside. packet order: - assignment sheet - WS 2.1 ~ ionization energy graph - Flame Test lab (keep your colored periodic table) penalties: no name on top (-1/2) no folder (-1/2) no grade sheet (-1/2) turning in old packets (-1/2) Schrödinger's Quantum Mechanical Wave Equation for a single particle in three dimensions: Something to think about... How is it possible to say where something is, if the mere act of observing it changes its location?

2 WS 2.1 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons 1. Fill in the table below with the correct numbers: (first one is done as an example) atomic mass # of particles # of # of # of symbol name number number charge in nucleus protons neutrons electrons Na sodium Cu K K K 1+ gold C How many n's are there in an atom of P-33? How many p's in an Fe ion? 3. How many total particles (p, n & e's) are in an O-16 atom? In a F ion? 4. All chromium particles must have the same number of (p, n or e?) 5. (p, n, or e?) The # of determines what element a particle is, the # of determines what isotope of that element, and the # of determines the particle's overall charge. 6. An atom has a mass # of 62 and has 33 neutrons; what element is this atom? 7. A particle has 13 p, 14 n, and 10 e; what is its mass #? What is the particle's charge? What element is it? 8. A particle has 35 p, 45 n, and 36 e; what is its mass #? What is the particle's charge? What element is it? 9. If a mercury-198 atom were to lose a proton, it would become a. 10. If two lithium-6 atoms fused (joined together), it would create a. 11. If a thorium-234 atom absorbed a neutron, it would become a. 12. If a uranium-238 atom were split into two equal halves, it would make two. Ans (IRO+2; no names for #1): p p n e 1 H C 14 N 3-25 Mg Al 35 Cl 1- Cu 78 Kr 119 Pd Br 197 Au 198 Au 235 Th 238 U

3 WS EARLY THOUGHTS For each individual listed below, describe their theories / discoveries on the structure of matter. Where appropriate, sketch a diagram of their atomic models. Empedocles - (440 B.C.) Democritus - (400 B.C.) Aristotle - (340 B.C.) John Dalton - (1810) Law of Definite Composition - Law of Multiple Proportions - Thomson's "plum pudding" model: Michael Faraday - (1820) J. J. Thomson - (1896) Robert Millikan - (1909) Rutherford's nuclear model - Ernest Rutherford - (1909) Niels Bohr - (1913) Bohr's quantized model: Werner Heisenberg - (1926) Erwin Schrödinger - (1926) the Schrödinger quantum mechanical model: James Chadwick - (1932) Jeffery Chazen - (2018)

4 WS 2.3 ATOMIC WEIGHT & IONS 1. Naturally occurring lead exists as four stable isotopes: isotope amu abundance Pb % Pb % Pb % Pb % What is the atomic weight of lead? (don't forget units) Ans: 2. Naturally occurring magnesium consists of three stable isotopes: isotope amu abundance Mg % Mg % Mg % What is the atomic weight of magnesium? (don't forget units) Ans: 3. Naturally occurring silicon consists of three stable isotopes: isotope amu abundance Si % Si % Si-30? 3.09% Atomic weight = amu What is the atomic mass of Si-30? (don't forget units) Ans: ans: (IRO + 6): units: amu amu amu Write out the following oxidation / reduction reactions: (the first 2 are examples...) ex: S-32 undergoes a 2 electron reduction: ex: Na-23 undergoes a 1 electron oxidation: 32 S + 2e - ---> 32 S 2-23 Na ---> 1e Na F-19 undergoes a 1 electron reduction: (leo the lion goes ger) 8. Mg-25 undergoes a 2 electron oxidation: 5. P-32 undergoes a 3 electron reduction: 9. V-51 undergoes a 5 electron oxidation: 6. O-17 undergoes a 2 electron reduction: 10. H-1 undergoes a 1 electron oxidation: 7. I-133 undergoes a 1 electron reduction: 11. Cr-40 undergoes a 3 electron oxidation:

5 WS Orbital Diagrams & Electronic Configurations Write the ORBITAL DIAGRAM, ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION, and LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE for each... (follow example) example: oxygen N 1. helium 2. boron 3. sodium 4. aluminum 5. magnesium

6 WS For each of the following, write the short-cut electronic configurations using the noble gas shortcut: 6. phosphorus 3d 4s 7. manganese 4p 3d 4s 8. selenium 3d 4s 9. calcium

7 WS d 5s 4p 3d 4s 10. yttrium Write out the noble gas short-cut for the following two elements & their ions: (hint... look back at problems #5 and #6, and simply adjust the configuration based upon the charges of these ions) 11. Mg Mg P P -3 - Look at the sub-level chart (on reference sheet), and use it to help you answer the following. - Then check your answers in the answer bank below. 13. How many orbitals are in a... sublevel sublevel 3d sublevel 2nd level 14. How many electrons can fit in a... sublevel 5s sublevel 4d sublevel 3rd level ans bank, #13-14, IRO:

8 WS 2.5 Dimensional Analysis (revisited) SHOW WORK using dimensional analysis 1. Steak costs $3.45 per pound. a) How much would a 2.39 lb steak cost? b) How much steak could you buy with $9.50? a: b: 2. Sam grows 8.4 cm each year. a) How much, on average, does he grow each day? b) each second? a: b: 3. A sinus medicine calls for you to take 6.5 mg per day of SinuFlush for every 1 kg of body weight. The pills come in 50 mg tablets, and you weight 135 lbs. How many pills should you take each day? (1 kg = 2.2 lbs) Ans: 4. Mr. A's car gets 26.5 miles to the gal, and he drives 10.5 miles per day. Gas costs $3.64 per gal. a) How much does he spend on gas each week? b) How far could he get on $2.75 worth of gas? a: b: 5. A typical ream of paper contains 500 sheets, is 4.85 cm thick, weighs 1.56 kg, and costs $7.50. a) How many sheets would there be in a stack of paper as tall as the St. Louis Arch (192 m)? b) How much would that stack cost? c) How much would it weigh? a: b: c: 6. The year is 2050 and you're an interplanetary merchant making $34,000 a week. You are on Venus and you want to buy a two-headed Garbisnatch puppy to bring back home with you. It costs 78,900 Venusian frennies. a) How much would that be in earth dollars? (The following interplanetary money exchange rates may be useful: $1.00 is equivalent to 375 Martian dweebles, 6.78 Venusian frennies will get you 125 Jupiterian yuyus, 1 yuyu is worth the same as 43.8 dweebles). b) How many days will it take you to earn that much money? a: b: 7. Blah blah blah blah 31.4 fz/k. Blah blah blah blah one k = 7.38 N blah blah blah 567 N. Blah blah blah fz?? Ans: Ans IRO+1: 2.7E , ,000 1,980,000 Units (IRO+1): $ $ $ $ mi day kg lb cm cm dweebles pills sheet fz

9 WS Periodic Table (you're responsible to know the bold & underlined terms!) 1. The name of the person who recognized periodic trends in the elements & published an accurate table of them? 2. What does IUPAC stand for? 3. How many periods are there in th P.T.? How many families are there? 4. Write the shortcut electronic configuration for all 6 alkali metals: 5. Write the shortcut electronic configuration for all 6 alkaline earth metals: 6. Write the shortcut electronic configuration for the 5 halogens: 7. Write the shortcut electronic configuration for all 6 noble gases. Which one is radioactive? 8. What are the 7 diatomic gases of the periodic table? 9. Atomic radii gets as you move down a family and as you move across a period. 10. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove a electron. In general, elements with lower ionization energy are reactive. When you move down in a period, ionization NRG. When you move across a period, ionzation NRG except when electrons first start to. Ans #10 (IAO): decreases increases more pair-up valence

10 WS Science Math Practice Use a scientific calculator to answer the following. Watch sig figs and units! 1) 3.67 m x m = 2) 7900 g = ml 3) ( dm)3 = 4) 37.8 cm2 / (24.3 cm cm) = 5) g = 6) 4π(0.834 cm)3 = π(3.27 cm)2(3.22 cm) 3 7) 3.42 x 1023 x 5.63 = 8) 5.6 x x 1028 = 9) 6.08 x x = 10) (2.34 x 1014)3 = Solve each of the following setups for the variable in bold. (show work & watch units!) 11) (3.43)x = g 12) 673V = 23 L 13) 78.4 cm = r(5.44) x= V= r= 14) 4.67T C = 13.2 C 15) 3(Q g) = 67.5 g 16) h2 = 56.7 cm2 T= Q= h= m f 3.42w 17) 5.78 g/ml = 18) = 375 Hz 19) = ml 2.4 x cm m= f= w= 5.78 g 875 mi 20) = 11.4 g/ml 21) 55.0 mi/hr = 22) 45.8 L = V t 13.7 kg 5.42 D V= t= D= 23) 45.3 cm3 = s P 5640 psi 185 m2 24) = 25) 5.6 x = 3.21 x Z2 s= P= Z= Ans (IRO+1) 1.8 x x x x x x 1043 Units (IRO+1) cm cm cm cm cm g g g g m ml L Hz hr C psi m2 cm3 dm3 g/ml g/cm3 kg/l

11 WS REVIEW (side 1) Identify the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following atoms: P p= n= e= Ca 2+ p= n= e= Te 4- p= n= e= U p= n= e= Write the complete symbol for the atoms which have the following # of p, n, & e's: 5. p= 26 n= 30 e= p= 23 n= 28 e= p= 80 n= 120 e= p= 1 n= 0 e= 0 Draw an orbital diagram & Lewis dot diagram for the following elements or ions: : 9.silicon: (Si) 10. fluorine -1 ion (F -1 )

12 WS REVIEW (side 2) Use the noble gas short-cut method to write the following electronic configurations, using the patterns on your highlighted periodic table. Circle all valance electrons. 11. technetium: 12. selenium: 13. francium: 14. tungsten: 15. Chromium-51 (amu = ) has a relative abundance of 34.0%. Chromium-52 (amu ) has a relative abundance of 66.0%. What is the atomic weight of chromium? 16. Write the equation for the 1 electron oxidation of cesium: Ans: 17. Using the equation E=hν, calculate the energy of a photon of light whose frequency is 5.76 x Hz. (hint: see flame test lab) 18. Which has a higher ionization energy, phosphorus or sulfur? Back-up your answer with a partial orbital diagram for each:

13 Flame Test Lab Name: Chemists began studying colored flames in the 18th century and soon used "flame tests" to distinguish between some elements. Different elements burn with different colored flames. Although some of the flames you will be seeing will appear similar in color, their light can be resolved (separated) with a prism into distinctly different bands of colors on the electromagnetic spectrum (ROYGBIV). These bands of colors are called atomic line spectra, and they are UNIQUE to each element. Niels Bohr studied the line spectrum for hydrogen, and wondered what the specific line spectrum had to do with the structure of the atom. He postulated that an electron can have only specific energy values in an atom, which are called energy levels. Bohr believed that the energy levels for electrons were quantized, meaning that only certain, specific energy levels were possible. How does an electron move between energy levels? By gaining the right amount of energy, an electron can move, or undergo a transition, from one energy level to the next. We can explain the emission of the light by atoms to give the line spectrum like this: 1. An electron in a high energy level (excited state) undergoes a transition to a low energy level (ground state). The transition is instantaneous & complete. 2. In this process, the electron loses energy, which is emitted as a photon (a particle which behaves like a wave) 3. The energy difference between the high energy level and the low energy level is related to the frequency (color) of the emitted light. Pre-lab questions: 1. Bohr's important discovery was that energy levels of electrons are quantized (only existing in certain, specific levels). In what year was this discovery made? (check WS 2.2) 2. What happens to an electron when energy is added? 3. What is released when an electron loses energy? 4. What determines the frequency (color) of photons? 5. Why do you think the frequencies (color) for a specific element is always the same?

14 ( flame test lab, side 2 ) Procedure: In this lab, you will be observing the colors of the flames for 7 different elements: lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, and copper. Each element is dissolved in a solution of its chloride salt. There is a different solution at each lab station. You will go around to all 7, perform the flame test, and make CAREFUL observations of the colors. You will then be shown 2 unknown solutions, for which you will have to use your observations below to determine which unknown you were shown. Data Table: Li Ca K Sr Cu Ba Na unknown #1 unknown #2 Post- Lab Questions: 1. If you had 2 colors that seemed identical, how could you tell them apart more accurately? Albert Einstein determined this equation: energy (in joules) of a photon is equal to Planck's constant times the frequency of the light: E = h ν Frequency (ν) has units of 1/sec (which is a Hertz, or Hz) Planck's constant (h) = 6.63 x J sec 2a) If the frequency of a red spectrum line is at 1.60 x Hz, how much energy does each photon of this light have? 2b) If the frequency of a violet spectrum line is at 2.50 x Hz, how much energy does each photon of this light have? 2c) What is the frequency (ν) of light which has 8.33 x joules? ANS(IRO+2): 4.02 x x x x x 1012 Units: J, J, sec-1

15 Periodic Trends In Ionization Energy t Ionization Energy (ev) He Ne Ar Kr