AP Biology Summer Assignment Mrs. Davis

Transcription

1 AP Biology Summer Assignment Mrs. Davis If at any point this summer you have questions or concerns please me. Welcome to AP Biology! This course is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester introductory biology course usually taken in the first year of college. In other words, it s a little like drinking from a fire hose! Hopefully you LOVE biology! It will be a rewarding experience, but as with most things, it will also be challenging. Throughout the course, you will become familiar with major recurring ideas that persist throughout all topics and material. The 4 Big Ideas of AP Biology Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. Assignment #1: Intro to sdavis@spellman.com by July 1st (10 points) This is your opportunity to introduce yourself to me, and for me to learn about you. This assignment is an to me, your teacher, not a text to a friend. Include the following information: 1.-Who you are. What you want to be when you grow up. (Career / College Major) 2.-Describe 3 of your strengths and 3 weaknesses 3.-Describe something important to you 4.-What are you looking forward to next year? Why? 5.-What do you anticipate will be your biggest challenge in this class? 6.-Have you already taken, or will you be taking Anatomy & Physiology next year? 7.-How do you learn best? 8.-What do you expect of me as your teacher? Assignment #2: Ecology Unit - Chapters due dates listed on assignments Assignment #3: Biological Scavenger Hunt - due Aug. 27th Assignment #4: Root words, Prefixes, and Suffixes - due 1 st full day - Sept 7th DO NOT WAIT TOO LATE INTO THE SUMMER TO BEGIN THESE ASSIGNMENTS!

2 Assignment #2: Textbook assignment - Ecology Unit - Chapters Due dates and point values listed for each chapter. answers as a Word doc by the due date listed. Textbook: AP Edition Campbell BIOLOGY 9 th Edition ISBN# 10: or 13: Read the ecology chapters in the textbook. Chapters Answer the questions for each chapter. Answers should be typed, written in complete sentences, and demonstrate your understanding of the concepts. Thorough and detailed explanations are ESSENTIAL to be successful in AP Biology. Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Due July 9 th (46 points) 1. Define ecology. Explain why a research study answering the following question would be classified as an ecological study: How does the grazing density of bison affect the species diversity in grassland prairies? (4) 2. Explain why the land area around the equator (O latitude) is warm and wet. (2) 3. The following graphs are called climatograms because they represent the monthly changes in climate (temperature and precipitation) throughout an entire year. The bar graph represents precipitation and the line graph represents temperature. What type of biome does each climatogram represent? Justify your answers. (12) 4. Explain the major difference in how organisms obtain food in the photic zone and the benthic zone of an aquatic ecosystem. Give an example for each. (6) 5. Describe the seasonal turnover of water in a lake in the northeastern United States. Why wouldn t you expect a lake near the equator to experience seasonal turnover? (6) 6. Determine the aquatic biome associated with each characteristic. Justify your answer. (12) a. Variability in water salinity levels. b. High light penetration and low nutrient levels. c. High variability in temperature, salinity, and air exposure. d. Low oxygen levels and photosynthetically productive.

3 7. Explain why the following statement is false: All communities on Earth are based on primary producers that capture light energy by photosynthesis. (4) Chapter 53 Population Ecology Due July 23 (40 points) 1. The diagram on the right represents a population and each dot represents an individual in that population. The area in which the population exists is 2 km x 1 km. Large circles = adults. Small circles = juveniles. Red circles = females. Blue circles = males. Describe the following characteristics of the population. (6) a. Density of the population b. Dispersion pattern c. Age distribution 2. What information would you need about this population to analyze its demographics? (4) 3. What are the main differences between an exponential growth model and a logistic growth model? (6) 4. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth: (6) a. rmax b. K N c. (K-N)/K 5. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected population (6) 6. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may affect population growth. (6) 7. Explain, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population s growth. (6) Chapter 54 Community Ecology Due Aug. 6 th (44 points) 1. State the competitive exclusion principle. (4) 2. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept. (4) 3. Use Figure 54.3 to describe the fundamental and realized niches of both Chthamalus and Balanus. (4) 4. Describe one major adaptation for each of the following organisms: (8) a. Beaver b. Porcupine c. Cactus d. Jumping Spider ( 5. Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration may aid an animal in avoiding predators.(4)

4 6. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry. (4) 7. Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short. Explain the experimental evidence that supports the energetic hypothesis. (6) 8. Explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong control on community structure. Describe an example of each. (6) 9. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. (4) Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Due Aug. 20 th (66 points) 1. Describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem. (4) 2. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to ecosystems. (6) 3. Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem. (4) 4. Explain why the amount of energy used in photosynthesis is so much less than the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth. (4) 5. Define and compare gross primary production and net primary production. (10) 6. Explain why nutrients are said to cycle rather than flow within ecosystems. (6) 7. Name the main processes driving the water cycle. (4) 8. Name the major reservoirs of carbon. (4) 9. Describe the nitrogen cycle and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to all living organisms. Name three other key bacterial processes in the nitrogen cycle. (8) 10. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling. (4) 11. Describe the causes and consequences of acid precipitation. (4) 12. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores. (4) 13. Describe how increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are changing Earth s heat budget. (4)

5 Assignment #3 - Biological Scavenger Hunt Photo PowerPoint due August 27th For this assignment, you will collect 25 photographic examples of biological terms/concepts. Select any 25 of the items from the Biological Scavenger Hunt / Collection List. This will introduce you not only to the language of biology, but also emphasize that biology is something that s DONE not just memorized. A list of your 25 collected items is to be ed to me as a Word doc. by Aug. 27th In addition, you will be saving your actual photos in a PowerPoint presentation. You will be forwarding to me your PowerPoint, due the same day, Aug. 27th Directions for the Biological Scavenger Hunt / Photo PowerPoint: 1 st - I want you to have fun with this project! 1. Collect an item by taking a picture of it. Define, in your own words, the biological term/concept. Also within a couple of statements, explain how the picture represents the term or concept. Use the Biological Scavenger Hunt Collection List below to select terms/concepts that you wish to use. 2. Upload the photo, definition, and explanation to a PowerPoint presentation. 3. Use the Content with Caption slide layout. See samples. 4. Be creative. If you choose an item that is internal to a plant or animal, like phloem, you could submit a photograph of the whole organism or a close up of one part, and then explain what phloem is and specifically where phloem is in the specimen. 5. Use original photos ONLY. You cannot use an image from any publication or from the Internet. You must take the photo yourself. The way to prove that the photo is your work is to have something in your picture that represents you. This could be a key chain, pen, bracelet, small toy, etc. Submit a picture of you with your proof object as your first slide. So you will have 26 slides in total. 6. You should only use natural items. Take a walk in your neighborhood, go to the zoo, go for a hike in the woods, go to the beach etc. Humans are natural items and may be used, but only for two entries. 7. This is an individual project. While brainstorming, discussing, and even going on collecting adventures together with classmates is encouraged, your items and photos are to be unique. With over 90 concept choices, probability says there is a very slim chance that any two students will have the same items chosen from their list. 8. Be careful and respectful! Never touch plants or animals you are unfamiliar with. Don t kill or hurt any organisms. Don t remove any organisms from the natural environment. 9. If you have any questions please just me.

6 Biological Scavenger Hunt / Collection List 1. Adaptation of an animal 2. Adaptation of a plant 3. Altruistic behavior 4. Amniotic egg 5. Analogous structures 6. Animal that has a segmented body 7. Anther and filament of stamen 8. Archaebacteria 9. Asexual reproduction 10. ATP 11. Autotroph 12. Auxin producing area of a plant 13. Basiodiomycete 14. Batesian mimicry 15. Bilateral symmetry 16. Biological magnification 17. C3 Plant 18. C4 Plant 19. CAM Plant 20. Calvin Cycle 21. Cambium 22. Cellular respiration 23. Coevolution 24. Commensalism 25. Connective tissue 26. Cuticle layer of a plant 27. Detritivore 28. Dominant vs. recessive phenotype 29. Ectotherm 30. Endosperm 31. Endotherm 32. Enzyme 33. Epithelial tissue 34. Ethylene 35. Eubacteria 36. Eukaryote 37. Exoskeleton 38. Fermentation 39. Flower ovary 40. Frond 41. Gametophyte 42. Genetic variation within a population 43. Genetically modified organism 44. Gibberellins 45. Glycogen 46. Gymnosperm cone male or female 47. Gymnosperm leaf 48. Hermaphrodite 49. Heterotrophy 50. Homeostasis 51. Homologous structures 52. Hydrophilic 53. Hydrophobic 54. Introduced species 55. Keystone species 56. Krebs cycle 57. K-strategist 58. Lichen 59. Lipid used for energy storage 60. Littoral zone organism 61. Long-day plant 62. Mating behavior (be careful!! - NOT humans!) Stop laughing! 63. Meristem 64. Modified leaf of a plant 65. Modified root of a plant 66. Modified stem of a plant 67. Mullerian mimicry 68. Mutualism 69. Mycelium 70. Mycorrhizae 71. Niche 72. Parasitism 73. Parenchyma cells 74. Phloem 75. Pollen 76. Pollinator 77. Population 78. Predation 79. Prokaryote 80. R-strategist 81. Radial symmetry (animal) 82. Redox reaction 83. Rhizome 84. Seed dispersal (animal, wind, water) 85. Spore 86. Sporophyte 87. Stigma and style of carpel 88. Succession 89. Taxis 90. Territorial behavior 91. Tropism 92. Unicellular organism 93. Vestigial structures 94. Xylem

7 Photo Order Biological Terms/Concepts Comments/Explanation 1. Proof Object This is a selfie of just you and your proof object Points Earned 1 pt.

8 Example Entries for Photo PowerPoint: Use Content with Captions slide layout! Notice the toy giraffe in the pictures below. This is this student s proof object and is used to demonstrate that the photographs are indeed their original, that the photo is not cut/paste from the Internet. Make sure you have proof object in each of your photos.

9 Assignment #4: Root words, Prefixes, and Suffixes A printed copy of the assignment is due the first day of full class September 7th. (57 points) For each root, prefix and suffix below find a vocab word that contains that word element, and know the definition of that word. Find words that fit the definition of the word element. All of the word elements found below pertain to terms used in AP Biology. Ex: Cardio- means heart; a cardiologist is one who studies hearts. Word Element Meaning Vocab Word Definition of vocab word a-, an- Aero- Amyl- Arthr- -ase Auto- Bi- (Latin) Bi, bio (Greek) Carcin- Carn- Cata- Centi- Chem- Chloro- Co- Cotyl- -cul-, -cule Cyto-, -cyte De- Derm- Di-, dipl- (Latin) not, without, lacking, deficient Air Starch Jointed Enzyme Self Two, twice Life, living Cancer Meat, flesh Breakdown, downward Hundredth Dealing with chemicals Green With, together Cup Small, diminutive Cell, hollow container Away from, down Skin Two, double

10 di-, dia- (Greek) Echin- En-, endo-, ent- Epi- Eury- Ex- Glyco- Hapl- Herb- Hetero- Homo- (Greek) Hydr- Hyper- Hypo- Inter- Intra- Iso- -kary- Lact- Lip- -logy -lys, -lyt, -lyst Mes- Met-, meta- Micro- Milli- Mito- Through, across, apart Spiny; prickly Into, in, within Upon, above, over Widen Out of, away from Sugar Simple Grass, plants Different, other Same, alike Water Above, beyond, over Below, under, less Within, inside Between Equal, same Cell nucleus Milk Fat Study of Decompose, split, dissolve Middle, half, intermediate Between, along, after Small, millionth Thousandth Thread

11 Mono- Multi- Omni- -ose Ov- Oxy-, Oxi- Permea- Phag- Photo- Phyl- -phyll Phyt-, phyte- Pino- Plasm-, -plast- Poly- Post- Re- Sacchar- Semi- Solv- Sub- Sym-, syn- Telo- Therm- Trans- -troph- Uni- -vor- Xero- Xyl- One, single Many All Sugar Egg Sharp, acid, oxygen Pass, go Eat Light Related group Leaf Plant Drink Form, formed into Many, multiple After, behind Again, back Sugar Half, partly Loosen, free Under, below Together End Heat Across Nourishment, one who feeds One Devour, eat Dry wood

12 Ather- Bronch- Capill- Cardicerebrcoel- -crine -cyte dendrdermdorm- -emia epierythro- -flex- -gamgastrhepar-; hepatleuc-; leuk- Lipmela-; melanmutmynephroneurovpulmo- Fat deposit Windpipe Hair Heart Brain Hollow To secrete cell tree Skin Sleep blood upon; above; over Red To bend Marriage Stomach Liver white; bright; light Fat black; dark Change Muscle Kidney Nerve Egg Lung

13 ren- Sarco- -scribe; -script Som-; somat- Synaps; synapttrache- Trans- Vas; vasculozyg- kidney Muscular Write Body Point of contact; to join Windpipe Across Blood vessel Joined together