Photosynthesis. Chapter 10. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

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1 Chapter 10 Photosynthesis PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero

2 PREVIEW The Process That Feeds the Biosphere Photosynthesis Is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

3 Plants and other autotrophs Are the producers of the biosphere

4 Plants are photoautotrophs They use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide Figure 10.1

5 Photosynthesis Occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes These organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and (in most cases) water. They feed not only themselves, but the entire living world. (a) On land, plants are the predominant producers of food. In aquatic environments, photosynthetic organisms include (b) multicellular algae, such as this kelp; (c) some unicellular protists, such as Euglena; (d) the prokaryotes called cyanobacteria; and (e) other photosynthetic prokaryotes, such as these purple sulfur bacteria, which produce sulfur (spherical (a) Plants globules) (c, d, e: LMs). (c) Unicellular protist 10 m (e) Pruple sulfur bacteria 1.5 m Figure 10.2 (b) Multicellular algae (d) Cyanobacteria 40 m

6 Heterotrophs Obtain their organic material from other organisms Are the consumers of the biosphere

7 OVERVIEW Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food

8 Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants The leaves of plants Are the major sites of photosynthesis Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO 2 O 2 Figure 10.3

9 Chloroplasts Are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs Contain stroma*, thylakoids* and grana* Mesophyll Chloroplast 5 µm Outer membrane Stroma Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid space Intermembrane space Inner membrane 1 µm

10 Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry Photosynthesis is summarized as 6 CO H 2 O + Light energy C 6 H 12 O O H 2 O

11 The Splitting of Water Chloroplasts split water into Hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules Reactants: 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O 6 O 2 Figure 10.4

12 Photosynthesis as a Redox Process Photosynthesis is a redox process Water is oxidized Loses electrons carbon dioxide is reduced Gains electrons OIL RIG

13 The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview Photosynthesis consists of two processes The light reactions The Calvin cycle

14 The light reactions Occur in the grana Split water release oxygen produce ATP form NADPH

15 The Calvin cycle Occurs in the stroma Forms sugar from carbon dioxide using ATP for energy (from light rxns) NADPH for reducing power (from light rxns)

16 An overview of photosynthesis H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP LIGHT REACTIONS ADP + P CALVIN CYCLE ATP NADPH Figure 10.5 Chloroplast O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

17 Concept 10.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

18 The Nature of Sunlight Light Is a form of electromagnetic energy, which travels in waves

19 Wavelength Is the distance between the crests of waves Determines the type of electromagnetic energy

20 The electromagnetic spectrum Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation 10 5 nm 10 3 nm 1 nm 10 3 nm 10 6 nm Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Microwaves 1 m 10 6 nm 10 3 m Radio waves Visible light nm Figure 10.6 Shorter wavelength Higher energy Longer wavelength Lower energy

21 The visible light spectrum Includes the colors of light we can see Includes the wavelengths that drive photosynthesis

22 Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors Pigments Are substances that absorb visible light Reflected light is color we see!

23 The spectrophotometer Is a machine that sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength

24 An absorption spectrum Is a graph plotting light absorption versus wavelength White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength Green light The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light Figure 10.8 Blue light The low transmittance (high absorption) reading chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.

25 The absorption spectra of chloroplast pigments Provide clues to the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths for driving photosynthesis

26 Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments The absorption spectra of three types of pigments in chloroplasts EXPERIMENT Three different experiments helped reveal which wavelengths of light are photosynthetically important. The results are shown below. RESULTS Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids (a) Absorption spectra. The three curves show the wavelengths of light best absorbed by three types of chloroplast pigments. Figure 10.9 Wavelength of light (nm)

27 Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) The action spectrum of a pigment Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis (b) Action spectrum. This graph plots the rate of photosynthesis versus wavelength. The resulting action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a but does not match exactly (see part a). This is partly due to the absorption of light by accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

28 The action spectrum for photosynthesis Was first demonstrated by Theodor W. Engelmann Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga (c) Engelmann s experiment. In 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filamentous alga with light that had been passed through a prism, exposing different segments of the alga to different wavelengths. He used aerobic bacteria, which concentrate near an oxygen source, to determine which segments of the alga were releasing the most O 2 and thus photosynthesizing most. Bacteria congregated in greatest numbers around the parts of the alga illuminated with violet-blue or red light. Notice the close match of the bacterial distribution to the action spectrum in part b. CONCLUSION photosynthesis. Light in the violet-blue and red portions of the spectrum are most effective in driving

29 Chlorophyll a Is the main photosynthetic pigment Chlorophyll b C Is an accessory pigment H 3 C H H 3 C CH 2 CH C C C C C C CH 2 CH 3 C C C C H C CH 2 CH 2 C O O N N C H H H CH 3 Mg C C O CH 3 N N C O C C C C C C O H CH 3 CH 3 CHO in chlorophyll a in chlorophyll b Porphyrin ring: Light-absorbing head of molecule note magnesium atom at center CH 2 Figure Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts: H atoms not shown

30 Other accessory pigments Absorb different wavelengths of light and pass the energy to chlorophyll a Like hot potato

31 Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light When a pigment absorbs light It goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable e Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state Figure A

32 If an isolated solution of chlorophyll is illuminated It will fluoresce, giving off light and heat Figure B

33 A Photosystem: A Reaction Center Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes

34 Thylakoid membrane A photosystem Is composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes Thylakoid Photon Photosystem Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center STROMA Primary election acceptor e Figure Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)

35 The light-harvesting complexes Consist of pigment molecules bound to particular proteins Funnel the energy of photons of light to the reaction center

36 When a reaction-center chlorophyll molecule absorbs energy One of its electrons gets bumped up to a primary electron acceptor

37 The thylakoid membrane Is populated by two types of photosystems, I and II

38 Noncyclic Electron Flow Noncyclic electron flow Is the primary pathway of energy transformation in the light reactions

39 Produces NADPH, ATP, and oxygen H 2 O CO 2 Light LIGHT REACTIONS NADP + ADP ATP CALVIN CYCLE NADPH O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) Light 1 2 H + + O 2 H 2 O 3 e e Primary acceptor e P680 2 Pq Cytochrome complex 5 4 PC Primary acceptor P700 Fd e e 7 NADP + reductase Light 8 NADP H + NADPH + H + 6 ATP Figure Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem-I (PS I)

40 A mechanical analogy for the light reactions ATP e e e NADPH e e e Mill makes ATP e Figure Photosystem II Photosystem I

41 Cyclic Electron Flow Under certain conditions Photoexcited electrons take an alternative path

42 In cyclic electron flow Only photosystem I is used Only ATP is produced Primary acceptor Fd Primary acceptor Fd Pq Cytochrome complex NADP + reductase NADP + NADPH Pc ATP Figure Photosystem II Photosystem I

43 A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Chloroplasts and mitochondria Generate ATP by the same basic mechanism: chemiosmosis But use different sources of energy to accomplish this

44 The spatial organization of chemiosmosis Differs in chloroplasts and mitochondria Key Higher [H + ] Lower [H + ] Mitochondrion Chloroplast Figure MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE Intermembrance space Membrance Matrix H + Electron transport chain ATP Synthase ADP+ P Diffusion H + ATP CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Thylakoid space Stroma

45 In both organelles Redox reactions of electron transport chains generate a H + gradient across a membrane ATP synthase Uses this proton-motive force to make ATP

46 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE STROMA (Low H + concentration) O 2 Photosystem II 2 H + [CH 2 O] (sugar) Cytochrome complex Light Photosystem I Fd NADP + reductase 3 NADP + + 2H + H 2 O THYLAKOID SPACE (High H + concentration) O 2 +2 H + Pq 2 H + Pc NADPH + H + To Calvin cycle Figure STROMA (Low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase ADP P H + ATP

47 Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2 to sugar The Calvin cycle Is similar to the citric acid cycle Occurs in the stroma

48 The Calvin cycle has three phases Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor

49 The Calvin cycle Light H 2 O CO 2 NADP + ADP LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation O 2 3 ATP [CH 2 O] (sugar) 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) (G3P) Rubisco 3 ADP CALVIN CYCLE Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) 5 P 3 P P Short-lived intermediate Phosphoglycerate 6 P 1,3-Bisphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) P P P 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6 P 6 ATP 6 ADP Phase 2: Reduction Figure G3P (a sugar) Output P Glucose and other organic compounds

50 Concept 10.4: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates

51 On hot, dry days, plants close their stomata Conserving water but limiting access to CO 2 Causing oxygen to build up

52 Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic? In photorespiration O 2 substitutes for CO 2 in the active site of the enzyme rubisco The photosynthetic rate is reduced

53 C 4 Plants C 4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration By incorporating CO 2 into four carbon compounds in mesophyll cells

54 These four carbon compounds Are exported to bundle sheath cells, where they release CO 2 used in the Calvin cycle

55 C 4 leaf anatomy and the C 4 pathway Photosynthetic cells of C 4 plant leaf Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase CO CO 2 2 Vein (vascular tissue) Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) ADP Malate (4 C) ATP C 4 leaf anatomy Bundle- Sheath cell CO 2 Pyruate (3 C) Stoma CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Figure Vascular tissue

56 CAM Plants CAM plants Open their stomata at night, incorporating CO 2 into organic acids

57 During the day, the stomata close And the CO 2 is released from the organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle

58 The CAM pathway is similar to the C 4 pathway Sugarcane Pineapple Figure Mesophyll Cell Bundlesheath cell (a) Spatial separation of steps. In C 4 plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in different types of cells. C 4 Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar CAM CO 2 CO 2 1 CO 2 incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation) 2 Organic acids release CO 2 to Calvin cycle Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Night Day (b) Temporal separation of steps. In CAM plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times.

59 The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review A review of photosynthesis Light reaction Calvin cycle H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP + ADP + P 1 RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Figure Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Chloroplast O 2 ATP NADPH Light reactions: Are carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes Convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH Split H 2 O and release O 2 to the atmosphere G3P Starch (storage) Sucrose (export) Amino acids Fatty acids Calvin cycle reactions: Take place in the stroma Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2 to the sugar G3P Return ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions

60 Organic compounds produced by photosynthesis Provide the energy and building material for ecosystems

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