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1 autotrophic organisms heterotroph autotrophs produce organic nutrients from and HS. Chemoautotrophs use energy from inorganic molecules. hotoautotrophs use radiant energy to make organic compounds photosynthesis chapter 14 photoautotrophs photoautotrophs photosynthesis found in plants algae protists some prokaryotes harvests energy from the sun carbohydrates photosynthesis low energy electrons converted to high energy electrons used to chain carbon atoms together electron donors H S H cyanobacteria

2 plant structure leaves eudicots two layers of palisade spongy stomata monocots single layer of monocot palisade spongy eudicot chloroplasts plastids special organelles found in plants involved in various metabolic processes and storage develop from proplastids in meristem chloroplasts specialized plastids involved in the process of photosynthesis double outer inner Thylakoid Stroma Granum Thylakoid Mesophyll 1 μm Leaf cross section s Vein Stomata uter Inter Inner Mesophyll cell 0 μm chloroplasts photosynthesis outer inter inner stroma thylakoid grana thylakoid Stroma Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid uter Inter Inner basic reaction aerobic respiration in reverse H + energy C 6 H H Reactants: 6 1 H roducts: C H H 6 becomes reduced 1 μm Energy H C H becomes oxidized

3 photosynthesis H light-dependent energy from sunlight absorbed stored as AT and NADH light-independent converted to carbs uses energy from AT and NADH Reactions NAD+ AD + i AT NADH [CH ] (sugar) harvesting light wavelength shorter wavelength = higher energy absorption photon absorbed by molecule electron excited 10 5 nm 10 3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 103 m Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Visible light Micro- waves 1 m Radio waves nm Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength Higher energy Lower energy harvesting light chlorophyll structure porphyrin ring hydrocarbon tail hydrophobic carotenoids accessory pigments absorb blue & green light CH 3 CH in chlorophyll a 3 CH in chlorophyll b orphyrin ring Thylakoid Figure 10.13b Chlorophyll STRMA hytol tail rotein subunits THYLAKID SACE Structure of photosystem II

4 harvesting light photosystems photosynthetic unit antenna reaction-center Thylakoid hoton Transfer of energy - harvesting complexes hotosystem Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Reaction- center complex STRMA rimary electron acceptor igment molecules THYLAKID SACE (INTERIR F THYLAKID) 1 photosystems rimary acceptor e 680 photosystem II boosts electrons energy level to midpoint reaction center (680) photosystem I boosts electrons energy level to above NAD + reaction center (700) Z scheme - igment molecules hotosystem II (S II) splitting water photosystem II light-harvesting complex II contains most of the antenna pigments light energy transmitted to core of S splitting water photosystem II transfers electron to pheophytin primary electron acceptor pheo (powerful oxidizing agent) pheo- donates electron to plastoquinone with next photon, plastoquinone reduced to plastoquinol (QH) photolysis requires 4 electrons ( for each atom)

5 production of NADH bridging the gap QH -> cytochrome b6f (multiprotein complex) electrons passed to plastocyanin plastocyanin passes electrons to Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid production of NADH photosystem I LHC1 700 transfers electron to A electron replaced by incoming electron passed from lumen side to stroma side ferredoxins interact with ferredoxin NAD + reductase FAD group - accepts e - NADH 1 μm accounting molecules of NADH produced per released Figure Mitochondrion x H+ + 1/ H 3 rimary acceptor q 4 Electron transport chain Cytochrome complex c rimary acceptor Fd Electron transport chain 7 8 NAD+ reductase NAD+ + H+ NADH x MITCHNDRIN STRUCTURE Inter Inner Electron transport chain H+ Diffusion CHLRLAST STRUCTURE Thylakoid Thylakoid AT igment molecules hotosystem I (S I) 6 Matrix Key Higher [H+ ] Lower [H+ ] AT synthase AD + i H+ AT Stroma hotosystem II (S II)

6 powering the C3 cycle STRMA (low H+ concentration) hotosystem II 4 H+ Cytochrome complex hotosystem I Fd NAD+ reductase 3 NAD+ + H+ actual locations SI and S II are not located in the same areas SII is located in the stacked grana SI is located outside stacked grana q NADH H THYLAKID SACE (high H+ concentration) 1 1/ + H+ 4 H+ c To Thylakoid AT synthase STRMA (low H+ concentration) AD + i H+ AT GRANA photophosphorylation production of AT ph gradient established AT synthase pumps H + out of lumen noncyclic phosphoryation cyclic photophosphorylation sometimes electrons from ferredoxin passed back to cytochrome complex pump H + into lumen Carbon fixation C3 pathway / Calvin cycle three phases carbon fixation reduction regeneration of acceptor condensed with RuB forms 6-carbon intermediate split into molecules 3-phosphoglycerate (GA) reduction GA reduced to GA used to make glucose, fructose, sucrose regeneration of RuB 3 AT

7 3 Regeneration of acceptor 3 AD 3 AT x3 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuB) x5 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3) 3 Co (one at a time) 1 Rubisco x3 short-lived intermediate CALVIN CYCLE x6 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3) x6 3-hosphoglycerate x6 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3) Carbon fixation 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Reduction 6 AT 6 NADH 6 NAD AD carbohydrate synthesis GA molecules exported into cytoplasm exchanged for phosphate H used to synthesize sucrose can remain in chloroplast Reactions: hotosystem II Electron transport chain hotosystem I Electron transport chain NAD+ AD + i AT NADH RuB G3 3-hosphoglycerate Starch (storage) Sucrose (export) photorespiration when stomata are closed rubisco --> --> -carbon compound -phosphoglycolate consumes, releases - no sugars glycolate -> glycoxylate -> glycine ( released) perhaps evolutionary relic limits buildup of damaging light reaction products problem for plants when hot and dry C4 plants adaptation to hot climate C4 pathway works well with low combined with E produce 4-carbon compounds passed to bundle sheath cell and calvin cycle mainly found in monocots mainly grasses corn, sorghum, sugar cane The C 4 pathway Mesophyll cell E carboxylase xaloacetate (4C) Bundle- sheath cell Malate (4C) E (3C) AD AT bundle yruvate sheath (3C) cells Sugar Vascular tissue

8 CAM plants crassulacean acid metabolism open stomata at night fix close stomata during day use from CAM pathway examples orchids, bromeliads, pineapple, ferns, cycads, some dicots incorporated 1 (carbon fixation) CAM rganic acid Night released to the cycle Day Sugar Temporal separation of steps

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