Photosynthesis. Water is one of the raw materials needed for photosynthesis When water is in short supply the rate of photosynthesis is limited
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2 Photosynthesis Water is one of the raw materials needed for photosynthesis When water is in short supply the rate of photosynthesis is limited
3 Support Water is needed to ensure plant cells remain turgid When water is in short supply the plant starts to wilt
4 Transport Mineral salts dissolve in water They are then moved within the plant to cells which need them
5 Transpiration Much of the water that enters the leaves evaporates into the atmosphere The loss of water by evaporation is called transpiration.
6 cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll chloroplast Spongy mesophyll xylem phloem Lower epidermis Air space stoma Guard cell
7 Evaporation of the water takes place from the spongy mesophyll cells The water vapour diffuses through the air spaces and out through the stomata
8 This creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf which draws more water up from the rest of the plant which in turn draws more up from the roots Water travels in the xylem vessels The continuous flow of water through the plant is known as the transpiration stream
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11 Reducing water loss If a plant needs to reduce it s water loss it can do so in several ways Having a waxy cuticle This reduces evaporation from the surface of the leaf
12 Closing the stomata Stomata are open during the day to enable the exchange of gases The guard cells can close the stomata if it becomes important to conserve water
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15 A piece of apparatus used to measure water uptake of a shoot. As water evaporates from the leaves the shoot takes up water from the apparatus The distance the air bubble moves in a particular time is used to calculate the rate of water uptake
16 It does not measure the rate of transpiration Some of the water taken up by the plant will be used in photosynthesis Some will move into cell vacuoles to support the plant. Therefore the volume of water transpired will not be the same as the volume taken in.
17 Vaseline seal to reset bubble
18 Setting up the potometer The apparatus must be assembled underwater - to prevent unwanted air bubbles in the water column (xylem) The apparatus should be sealed with vaseline - to prevent air leaks The reservoir allows the apparatus to be reset to enable replicates to be carried out or the effect of other environmental factors recorded.
19 The potometer can be used to test how environmental factors affect the rate of water uptake Conditions which increase the rate of evaporation will increase the rate of water uptake eg high temperatures or high wind speed Conditions which decrease the rate of evaporation will decrease the rate of water uptake eg humidity
20 High temperatures This affects the rate of water uptake because it increases the evaporation from the leaf surface, as there is more KE The potometer can be placed in different areas which have differing temperatures but there should be no increase in light intensity or air movement.
21 Wind Speed This affects the rate of water uptake because it increases the evaporation from the leaf surface A fan set at different speeds can be used to increase wind speed but it should not increase temperature.
22 Humidity This affects the rate of water uptake because it decreases the evaporation from the leaf surface A clear plastic bag placed over the shoot can be used to increase humidity. This decreases the concentration gradient between the leaf and the air So less water vapour is lost.
23 Leaf Surface Area This is not an environmental factor but it does affect the rate of water uptake. Leaves with a large surface area or a shoot with a large number of leaves will have a greater number of stomata This will mean there can be more diffusion out of the leaf and hence an increase in the rate of water uptake
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27 Calculate the rate of water loss by dividing the loss in mass by the time (water loss per hour) Repeat and average Repeat the experiment with the shoot in a bag. Keeping the light intensity, temperature and shoot the same.
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