Unit 9: Animals & Plants Guided Reading Questions (100 pts total)

Transcription

1 Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 1. Define the following terms: a. cleavage Unit 9: Animals & Plants Guided Reading Questions (100 pts total) b. blastula c. gastrula d. larva e. metamorphosis 2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development. 3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals? 4. What are two hypotheses for the Cambrian Explosion? Page 1 of 30

2 5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans. a. body plan b. radial symmetry c. bilateral symmetry d. dorsal e. ventral f. anterior g. posterior h. cephalization i. germ layers j. endoderm k. ectoderm l. diploblastic m. triploblastic n. mesoderm o. body cavity p. coelom q. pseudocoelomate r. coelomate s. acoelomate Page 2 of 30

3 6. Color and label the following diagram. 7. Color and label the diagram below to compare and contrast the development of protostomes and deuterostomes. 8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage? 9. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny? Page 3 of 30

4 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Study the two phylogenic trees above (Figures & 32.11). What is their basic disagreement? A. The tree on the left includes ctenophores and cnidarians in the same clade, while the tree on the right separates them into different clades. B. The tree on the left indicates that sponges are the oldest animal group, while the tree on the right indicates that cnidarians are the oldest animal group. C. The tree on the left divides the bilaterians into two clades based on modes of development, while the tree on the right divides the bilaterians into three clades based on molecular evidence. D. The tree on the left indicates that all animals are descended from an ancient colonial flagellate, while the tree on the right indicates that only the eumetazoans are descended from a colonial flagellate. Page 4 of 30

5 Chapter 33 - Invertebrates 1. Using figure 33.2 and 33.3 on pages and the information in the text, list the relative diversity, distinguishing characteristics and examples of each major invertebrate phylum. Phylum Characteristics Examples a. Porifera b. Cnidaria c. Placozoa d. Platyhelminthes e. Rotifera f. Mollusca g. Brachiopoda h. Annelida i. Nematoda j. Arthropoda k. Tardigrada l. Hemichordata m. Echinodermata n. Chordata Page 5 of 30

6 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 2. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate B. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present C. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate Chapter 34 - Vertebrates 1. What are the four characteristics of the Chordates? 2. Describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. 3. What characterizes the subphylum Vertebrata? 4. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of being tetrapod. 5. Identify the significance of the amniotic egg and the amniote. Page 6 of 30

7 6. Using Table 34.2 on page 672 as well as the information in the text, outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Subphylum Vertebrata identified on the diagram. Include examples of organisms in each class. Exclude the subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Divisions of Subphylum Vertebrata Characteristics Examples a. Myxini b. Cephalospidomorphi c. Chondrichthyes d. Actinopterygii e. Actinista f. Dipnoi g. Amphibia h. Reptilia i. Mammalia Page 7 of 30

8 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to mammals are. A. reptiles B. amphibians C. ray-finned fishes D. sharks, rays, and chimeras Chapter 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 1. Label the diagram of the internal exchange surfaces. 2. Define the following: a. tissues - b. epithelial tissues - c. connective tissues - d. muscle tissues - e. nervous tissues - Page 8 of 30

9 3. How are the tissues arranged into organs and then into organ systems? Explain this using the digestive system as an example. 4. Label the diagram explaining bioenergetics in animals. 5. What is metabolic rate and how is it determined? List three influences on metabolic rate. Page 9 of 30

10 6. Define and explain the following: a. regulators - b. conformers - c. negative feedback - d. positive feedback - e. thermoregulation f. ectotherms - g. endotherms - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Which mode of thermoregulation is due to a change in behavior and results in warming? A. An elephant rolls in the mud and sprays dust over its back. B. A falcon migrates from San Francisco to Brazil for the winter. C. A man puts on a wide-brimmed hat while laboring in the sunshine. D. Sweat oozes from the hide of a thirsty antelope in the drought-stricken Serengeti plains. Chapter 41 - Animal Nutrition 1. Define the following types of animal feeding mechanisms and give an example of an animal that uses each mechanism: Definition Example a. suspension b. substrate c. fluid d. bulk Page 10 of 30

11 2. Complete the diagram below concerning animal homeostasis and blood sugar regulation. 3. Define the following terms: a. ingestion b. digestion c. enzymatic hydrolysis d. absorption e. elimination 4. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion. Page 11 of 30

12 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. What is different about a ruminant s digestive system that allows it to survive on cellulose? A. Ruminants produce large amounts of cellulase, the enzyme required for digesting cellulose. B. The stomachs of ruminants have unique grinding structures that function to break down plant material. C. Ruminants feed their microbial symbionts and then obtain nourishment from the products of that microbial fermentation. D. A ruminant s intestine is much longer than most other animals, allowing more time for the digestion and absorption of cellulose. Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms? Considering the rate of diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area? 2. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each. 3. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles and mammals/birds. What is the advantage of double circulation? 4. Why is gas exchange essential to all living organisms? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. Most of the oxygen in the blood that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues. A. by water B. by the trachea C. dissolved in blood plasma D. combined with hemoglobin Page 12 of 30

13 Chapter 43 The Immune System 1. Label the diagram below and answer the question that follows: Question: Briefly describe the process of phagocytosis by macrophages. 2. Define the following terms: a. natural killer (NK) cells - b. antigen - c. epitope - d. B lymphocyte - e. T lymphocyte 3. Contrast the way T cell receptors and B cell receptors recognize and bind with antigens. Page 13 of 30

14 4. Label the diagram below concerning clonal selection of B cells: 5. Contrast the primary immune response with the secondary immune response. 6. Define the following terms: a. humoral immune response - b. cell-mediated immune response c. helper T cell - 7. Contrast active and passive immunity. Page 14 of 30

15 8. Label the following overview of the acquired immune response: 9. Describe the various compatibilities and incompatibilities of the various blood types, including Rh factors. How do antibodies to foreign blood groups come to exist in the body? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. is/are exaggerated, hypersensitive responses to certain antigens, or allergens. A. Allergies B. Antibiotics C. Anaphylactic shock D. The inflammatory response Page 15 of 30

16 Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion 1. Define the following terms: a. osmoregulation b. excretion c. osmolarity - 2. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste? 3. Use the diagram on the right to label and define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion be very clear on their meanings. a. filtration - b. reabsorption - c. secretion d. excretion - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 4. Which of these is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of kidneys? A. production of urine B. filtration of the blood C. the excretion of wastes D. the regulation of body fluid composition Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System 1. What is a hormone? What are the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates? Page 16 of 30

17 2. What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions? What are endocrine glands? 3. Label the diagram to review basics of signal transduction pathways and answer the question that follows: Question: How can one chemical signal molecule cause multiple effects? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 4. Which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. B. Hormones of the same chemical class always have the same function. C. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands. D. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system. Page 17 of 30

18 Chapter 48 - Nervous Systems 1. What are the functions of the following? a. sensory neurons b. interneurons c. motor neurons d. effector cells - 2. Label the diagram of neurons below and explain why myelin is important in nerve conduction. Explanation: 3. Describe the following systems: a. central nervous system b. peripheral nervous system - c. somatic nervous system d. autonomic nervous system - Page 18 of 30

19 4. Label the diagram below concerning the transmission of information between neurons across a synapse. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. An action potential is a A. a sudden reversal of the sodium-potassium pump. B. a sudden increase in speed by the sodium-potassium pump. C. a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane. D. a brief neutralization of the charges on sodium and potassium ions. Chapter 49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Distinguish between a hydrostatic skeleton, an exoskeleton, and an endoskeleton. 2. Briefly describe how the muscular system interacts with the skeletal system to create movement. Page 19 of 30

20 3. Label the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles of actin and myosin. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 4. Why is having a hydrostatic skeleton, rather than an internal skeleton, more advantageous to an earthworm? A. Actually, earthworms do not have a skeleton. B. Having a hydrostatic skeleton means that having muscles is not a requirement for movement. C. Having an internal skeleton would not allow the fine movements an earthworm uses when it moves. D. Having a hydrostatic skeleton allows the earthworm to use peristaltic motion to move over the substrate. Page 20 of 30

21 Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 1. List the four traits that land plants share with charophyceans. Then, list the five derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans Label the diagram below to explain plant evolution in broad terms and answer the question that follows: Question: What resource did plants find a way to conserve as they moved onto land? Page 21 of 30

22 3. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue? What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system? Non-vascular: Vascular: 4. What is the alternative to having a seed? 5. As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions: Is the gametophyte dependent on the sporophyte? Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte? Does the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid? After you have done this, label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations in plants. Page 22 of 30

23 6. Define the following terms: a. xylem b. tracheids - c. lignin - d. phloem - e. roots - f. leaves - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives (charophyceans)? A. the presence of peroxisomes B. many of the details of cell division C. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes D. the presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 1. Define the following terms: a. integuments - b. ovule c. pollen grains d. pollination e. seed 2. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation? Page 23 of 30

24 3. Define the following terms: a. flower b. sepals c. petals d. stamen e. filament f. anther g. stigma h. style i. ovary j. receptacle k. pistil l. fruit m. pericarp n. micropyle o. cross-pollination p. endosperm q. double fertilization r. cotyledon - Page 24 of 30

25 4. How do we now know that monocot and dicot classification of angiosperms does not completely reflect the evolution of these plants? What is the newer classification system? 5. Define coevolution. How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame meet the definition of coevolution? 6. How does human welfare depend on seed plants? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival? A. bark B. cones C. xylem D. phloem Chapter 35 - Plant Structure and Growth 1. List the basic plant organs with their functions. 2. List four types of leaves and examples of their functions Page 25 of 30

26 3. List and indicate functions of three organelles unique to plant tissues Give a brief description and example of the following plant tissues. a. xylem b. phloem c. parenchyma d. collenchyma e. sclerechyma f. epidermis/protective - 5. Describe the function and importance of stomata. 6. List and describe the three primary growth tissues. Compare and contrast primary and secondary growth in plants AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Plants increase in size in two distinct ways, growth and cell expansion. Which of the following accounts for about 90% of a plant cell s increase in size? A. water stored in the nucleus B. water uptake stored in various small vacuoles C. additional organic material stored in vacuoles D. water uptake that is stored in a large central vacuole Page 26 of 30

27 Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants 1. Transport in vascular plants occurs on three scales. What are they? These terms are a review, but also very critical to know to understand the transportation of nutrients in vascular plants. Define these terms. a. passive transport b. active transport c. transport proteins d. water potential e. solute potential f. pressure potential 3. Explain the process of transpiration in your own words and describe how it affects the transportation of minerals and water. Label the diagram to support your explanation. Explanation: Page 27 of 30

28 4. How do stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration? What are some factors that could possibly stimulate the opening and closing of stomata? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. What keeps the force of gravity from overcoming transpirational pull? A. upward pressure from the roots B. high water pressure in the leaves C. movement of water toward a sugar sink D. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules Chapter 37 - Plant Nutrition 1. How do nutrients enter plants? Why are root hairs important in this process? 2. Describe the path of nitrogen from the atmosphere to plant protein and then through the food web by discussing the role of each of the following: a. nitrogen-fixing bacteria b. ammonifying bacteria c. nitrifying bacteria d. denitrifying bacteria e. rhizobium bacteria & legumes f. mycorrhizae g. parasitic plants h. carnivorous plants - Page 28 of 30

29 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 3. Soil can easily become deficient in, because these ions are negatively charged and do not stick to negatively charged soil particles. A. nitrate B. calcium C. potassium D. magnesium Chapter 38 - Plant Reproduction 1. Label the diagram of an idealized flower and identify the general functions of the parts listed below the diagram. a. sepal b. petals c. stamen d. carpel - 2. Sketch and label a dicot and monocot seed and answer the question that follows. monocot seed dicot seed Question: What does a seed need to germinate? Page 29 of 30

30 3. Identify some asexual mechanisms for plant reproduction. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 4. After fertilization, the develops into a seed and the develops into a fruit. A. egg ovary B. ovule ovary C. ovary ovule D. pollen grain ovule Chapter 39 - Control Systems in Plants 1. What does auxin do in plant cells that causes elongation? 2. Are all wavelengths of light equal when it comes to phototropism? Explain. 3. What may be a cause of root gravitropism? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 4. Which one, if any, of these features is NOT characteristic of ethylene? A. It is active in small amounts. B. A burst of ethylene is almost always associated with apoptosis. C. Ethylene is involved in one of the rare examples of a positive feedback loop. D. All of these statements are true regarding ethylene. Page 30 of 30