PHARMACOBOTANY LECTURE 5. PLANT TISSUES III.
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1 PHARMACOBOTANY LECTURE 5. PLANT TISSUES III.
2 VASCULAR TISSUES
3 VASCULAR TISSUES Xylem transporting water and mineral substances from the root upwards to other plant organs Phloem carries photosynthetic assimilates from the leaf (=place of photosynthesis) downwards to other plant organs
4 Vascular tissues XYLEM Procambium PHLOEM primary xylem protoxylem metaxylem primary phloem protophloem metaphloem tracheids tracheas xylem parenchyma cells xylem fibers Cellular elements: sieve cells sieve tubes companion cells phloem parenchyma cells phloem fibers
5 Cellular elements of vascular tissues PHLOEM sieve tube element with companion cell XYLEM cambiform cell phloem parenchyma phloem fiber c a m b i u m tracheid xylem parenchyma trachea element xylem fiber
6 XYLEM CELLULAR ELEMENTS Tracheids / Water-conducting cells: elongated cells, pointed end walls, lignified cell walls dead cells Tracheas / Vessels: trachea elements / vessel members dead cells, end walls are perforated or disappear Xylem parenchyma cells: living, cytoplasm-containing cells, storage (transport) Xylem fibers: elongated, lignified cell walls, dead cells supporting function
7 XYLEM sclerenchyma fibers tracheids: primary cell wall with pores end wall primary cell wall with pores total perforation tracheids xylem elements
8 Tracheas
9 CELL WALL THICKENING I. CENTRIFUGAL - new cell wall material is deposited on outer surface of primary cell wall - cells not embedded in tissues (e.g. pollen, spores, trichomes) II. CENTRIPETAL - cell wall thickening inwards, towards cell lumen (1) Evenly only certain walls (epidermis, endodermis) each cell wall (sclereids, sclerenchyma fibers) (2) Unevenly Affects smaller part of cell wall: annular, spiral, reticulate, scalariform Affects larger part of cell wall: pits, bordered pits, channels in cell wall
10 Centrifugal cell wall thickening pollen grains and spores
11 Centripetal cell wall thickening b: annular c: spiral d: reticulate e: pitted f: channeled 1-3.: bordered pits
12 Pitted cell wall thickening
13 annular bordered pits spiral
14 PHLOEM CELLULAR ELEMENTS Sieve cells: elongated, cylindrical, protoplasm containing living cells, with oblique, pitted or reticulate end walls side walls: sieve areas with pores (cell-to-cell communication) - cytoplasm strands to adjacent cells Sieve tubes: sieve tube elements, end walls: perforated sieve plate Companion cells: accompany sieve tube elements in angiosperms; living cells containing cytoplasm and nucleus Phloem parenchyma cells: living, cytoplasm-containing, storing nutrients Phloem fibers: elongated, sharply tapering ends, cellulose walls, strengthen the vascular tissue
15 sclerenchyma cells PHLOEM sieve plate sieve element companion cell
16 e: epidermis ek: primary cortex hr: phloem fiber h: phloem k: cambium phloem fibers of hemp
17 Vascular tissues Cambial ring / Vascular cambium secondary xylem secondary phloem a) cellular elements like in primary xylem phloem b) transitory elements: fiber tracheids cambiform cells divided xylem fibers divided phloem fibers supplementary fibers supplementary fibers
18 Types of vascular tissue arrangement Procambium contiguous fascicular annular vascular tissue vascular bundles
19 VASCULAR BUNDLE TYPES Simple Radial Compound Collateral Concentric closed open bicollateral amphicribral amphivasal
20 dicot root monocot stem dicot stem simple vasc.bundles phloem xylem phloem monocot root 1 closed collateral 2 open collateral 3 bicollateral 4 amphivasal 5 amphicribral xylem phloem xylem compound bundles
21 Ranunculus root cross section xylem bundle phloem bundle tetrarch root
22 Triticum root cross section xylem bundle polyarch root
23 phloem vascular cambium xylem closed collateral bundle (Lilium) open collateral bundle (Aristolochia)
24 Structure of open collateral bundle xylem: tracheid trachea sieve tube phloem companion cell parenchyma
25 xylem phloem cambium phloem Cucumis: bicollateral vascular bundle
26 Polypodium rhizome cross section xylem phloem amphicribral vascular bundle
27 Acorus calamus rhizome cross section xylem amphivasal vascular bundle phloem
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