Main Points 1) Mammalian Characteristics (continued from last Wednesday)
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1 Main Points 1) Mammalian Characteristics (continued from last Wednesday) 2) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Subclasses Prototheria and Theria -- Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupialia) -- Orders Monotremata through Peramelina 3) Modern distributions of prototherians and metatherians -- adaptive radiations -- example: Wallace s line and continental vs. oceanic islands 4) Reproductive strategies in dasyuromorphs -- example: the evolution of semelparity Terms: pinna, Allen s rule, oviparous, cloaca, altricial, marsupium, adaptive radiation, continental island, oceanic island, monotypic, fossorial, iteroparity, semelparity, syndactyly Pre-reading: Wednesday 13 Sept = Wong 2002 Monday 18 Sept = Sykes et al 2014, Macleod
2 Cryptic coloration Adaptive coloration 2
3 Cryptic coloration Adaptive Coloration 3
4 1) hair Some external characteristics of mammals 2) pinna (plural: pinnae) 4
5 Some external characteristics of mammals Allen s rule 5
6 Zoogeographic Regions 6
7 Subclass Prototheria 7
8 Subclass Prototheria 8
9 Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata Taxonomy: 5 species, 2 families Distribution: Australasian, in coastal, southeastern Australia and in New Guinea (echidnas only) long-nosed echidna short-nosed echidna duck-billed platypus 9
10 Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata Taxonomy: 5 species, 2 families Distribution: Australasian, in coastal, southeastern Australia and in New Guinea (echidnas only) Diagnostic characters: 1) oviparous 2) mammary glands lacking nipples 3) no pinnae 10
11 Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata Taxonomy: 5 species, 2 families Distribution: Australasian, in coastal, southeastern Australia and in New Guinea (echidnas only) Diagnostic characters: 4) cloaca 5) no teeth in adults 6) electroreceptors in snouts 11
12 Discoveries of New Mammals Attenborough s long-beaked echidna 12
13 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria 13
14 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria Taxonomy: 7 orders Distribution: 4 orders Australasian, 3 orders Neotropical 14
15 Wallace s Line 15
16 Discussion questions: which types of islands would you expect to have mammals more similar to the mainland? Which types of mammals would you most expect to see on islands? 16
17 Late Jurassic, ~150 MYA 17
18 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria sugar glider flying squirrel red kangaroo white-tailed deer rabbit-eared bandicoot black-tailed jackrabbit marsupial cat fishing cat 18
19 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria Taxonomy: 7 orders Distribution: 4 orders Australasian, 3 orders Neotropical Diagnostic characters: 1) dental formula = 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4 = 50 teeth 2) brain and braincase are relatively small 3) young are born altricial, and are carried in marsupium 4) cloaca 5) scrotum anterior to penis 19
20 Order Didelphimorphia: opossums Taxonomy: 63 species Distribution: Neotropical, 1 species Nearctic Characteristics: -- most generalized metatherians -- clawless hallux (big toe) -- prehensile tail 20
21 Order Paucituberculata: shrew opossums Taxonomy: 6 species Distribution: Neotropical (Andes mountains) Characteristics: -- no marsupium -- convergent with shrews 21
22 Order Microbiotheria: monito del monte Taxonomy: 1 species (i.e., monotypic order) Distribution: Neotropical (Andes mountains) Characteristics: -- genetically similar to Australian metatherians -- hibernates 22
23 Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial mole Taxonomy: 1 species (monotypic order) Distribution: Australasian Characteristics: -- no pinnae -- eyes vestigal, ears reduced -- enlarged claws -- convergent with other fossorial mammals 23
24 Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores Taxonomy: 2 (or 3?) extant families, 61 (or 62?) species Distribution: Australasian Tasmanian devil numbat Antechinus spp. 24
25 25
26 Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores Taxonomy: 2 (or 3?) extant families, 61 (or 62?) species Distribution: Australasian Characteristics: -- well-developed canines -- derived dental formulae (42-46 teeth) -- marsupium usually absent 26
27 prob. post-breeding survival Evolution of semelparity annual fecundity (# of kids per litter) 27
28 prob. post-breeding survival Evolution of semelparity typical metatherian annual fecundity (# of kids per litter) 28
29 prob. post-breeding survival Evolution of Semelparity Antechinus spp. typical metatherian annual fecundity (# of kids per litter) 29
30 Order Diprotodontia: kangaroos, wallabies, phalangers, possums, wombats Taxonomy: 117 species spotted cuscus Distribution: Australasian hairy-nosed wombat koala red kangaroo 30
31 Order Diprotodontia: kangaroos, wallabies, phalangers, possums, wombats Taxonomy: 117 species Distribution: Australasian Characteristics: --diprotodont teeth --syndactyly 31
32 Order Peramelina (Peremelimorphia): bandicoots Taxonomy: 21 species Distribution: Australasian rabbit-eared bandicoot Eastern barred bandicoot 32
33 Order Peramelina (Peremelimorphia): bandicoots Taxonomy: 21 species Distribution: Australasian Characteristics: -- hind limbs specialized for hopping -- have placenta, in addition to marsupium rabbit-eared bandicoot Eastern barred bandicoot 33
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