Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outer Glycolysis mitochondrial membrane Glucose ATP

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1 Fig. 7.5 uter Glycolysis mitochondrial membrane Glucose Intermembrane space xidation Mitochondrial matrix Acetyl-oA Krebs FAD e NAD + FAD Inner mitochondrial membrane e Electron e Transport hain hemiosmosis Synthase +

2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate 3-Phosphoglycerate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose Fig. 7.7 Glycolysis xidation Krebs Glycolysis: The Reactions Glucose 1 exokinase ADP Glucose 6-phosphate P Electron Transport hain hemiosmosis Phosphoglucose isomerase Fructose 6-phosphate P 3 1. Phosphorylation of glucose by. 3. Rearrangement, followed by a second phosphorylation. Phosphofructokinase ADP Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 4 5 Aldolase Isomerase P P 4 5. The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon moleculesone G3P, another that is converted into G3P in another reaction. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate NAD+ P i 6 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P) P i NAD+ P P 6. xidation followed by phosphorylation produces two molecules and two molecules of BPG, each with one high-energy phosphate bond. 7. Removal of high-energy phosphate by two ADP molecules produces two molecules and leaves two 3PG molecules. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) ADP 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 7 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) ADP 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) P P P 8 9. Removal of water yields two PEP molecules, each with a high-energy phosphate bond. 10. Removal of high-energy phosphate by two ADP molecules produces two molecules and two pyruvate molecules. -Phosphoglycerate (PG) 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 9 Enolase -Phosphoglycerate (PG) P Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (PEP) P ADP 10 kinase ADP 3

3 Fig. 7.8 Without oxygen NAD + With oxygen Acetaldehyde ET in mitochondria Acetyl-oA NAD + Lactate NAD + Krebs Ethanol

4 Acetyl oenzyme A Fig. 7.9 Glycolysis xidation Krebs Electron Transport hain hemiosmosis xidation: The Reaction NAD + 3 oa S oa Acetyl oenzyme A 3

5 Fig Glycolysis 1. Reaction 1: ondensation xidation 3. Reactions and 3: Isomerization 4. Reaction 4: The first oxidation FAD Krebs 5. Reaction 5: The second oxidation 6. Reaction 6: Substrate-level phosphorylation Electron T ransport hain hemiosmosis 7. Reaction 7: The third oxidation 8 9. Reactions 8 and 9: Regeneration of oxaloacetate and the fourth oxidation Krebs : The Reactions Acetyl-oA oa xaloacetate (4) 3 S itrate (6) Malate (4) NAD + 9 Malate dehydrogenase 1 oa-s itrate synthetase 8 Fumarase Aconitase 3 Fumarate (4) Isocitrate (6) FAD FAD 7 Succinate (4) Succinate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase 4 NAD + oa-s Succinyl-oA synthetase Succinyl-oA (4) -Ketoglutarate (5) GTP ADP 6 GDP + P i SoA -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 5 oa-s NAD +

6 Fig. 7.1 Glycolysis xidation Krebs Electron Transport hain hemiosmosis Mitochondrial matrix + dehydrogenase bc 1 complex ytochrome oxidase complex synthase + + NAD / ADP + P i FAD e FAD Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space e e + + a. The electron transport chain Q + + b. hemiosmosis

7 Fig Glycolysis Glucose xidation Acetyl-oA e - FAD Krebs + 3 e / e - Q + + +

8 Fig Mitochondrial matrix + ADP+P i atalytic head Stalk Rotor Intermembrane space

9 Fig Glucose Glycolysis 5 hemiosmosis oxidation 5 Krebs 6 15 FAD 3 hemiosmosis Total net yield = 3 (30 in eukaryotes)

10 Fig Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast Glucose ADP G L Y L Y S I S NAD + 3 Ethanol 3 3 Acetaldehyde Lactic Acid Fermentation in Muscle ells ADP Glucose G L Y L Y S I S NAD + 3 Lactate 3

11 Fig. 7. Fatty acid oa AMP + Fatty acid PP i oa Fatty acid shorter FAD FAD Fatty acid oa Fatty acid oa oa NAD + Fatty acid oa Acetyl-oA Krebs

12 Fig. 8. Sunlight Photosystem Thylakoid Light-Dependent Reactions ADP + P i NADP + NADP alvin rganic molecules Stroma

13 Fig. 8.5 Light Absorbtion high carotenoids chlorophyll a chlorophyll b low Wavelength (nm)

14 Fig Photon hlorophyll molecule Photosystem e Electron donor e Electron acceptor Reaction center chlorophyll Thylakoid membrane

15 Fig Energy of electrons Excited reaction center e e. The electrons pass through the b 6 -f complex, which uses the energy released to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane. The proton gradient is used to produce by chemiosmosis. Plastoquinone PQ b 6 -f complex + Plastocyanin P Excited reaction center e e Reaction center Ferredoxin Fd NADP Photon NADP reductase NADP Photon Reaction center e Proton gradient formed for synthesis / Photosystem I 3. A pair of chlorophylls in the reaction center absorb two photons. This excites two electrons that are passed to NADP +, reducing it to NADP. Electron transport from photosystem II replaces these electrons. Photosystem II 1. A pair of chlorophylls in the reaction center absorb two photons of light. This excites two electrons that are transferred to plastoquinone (PQ). Loss of electrons from the reaction center produces an oxidation potential capable of oxidizing water.

16 Fig ADP + P i Light-Dependent Reactions NADP NADP Photon Photon NADP ADP + alvin Thylakoid membrane Antenna complex + + NADP + Fd Stroma PQ e e e e Water-splitting enzyme Thylakoid space 1 / + Photosystem II Plastoquinone Plastocyanin Ferredoxin + b 6 -f complex P Photosystem I NADP reductase Proton gradient synthase 1. Photosystem II absorbs photons, exciting electrons that are passed to plastoquinone (PQ). Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by the oxidation of water, producing. The b 6 -f complex receives electrons from PQ and passes them to plastocyanin (P). This provides energy for the b 6 -f complex to pump protons into the thylakoid. 3. Photosystem I absorbs photons, exciting electrons that are passed through a carrier to reduce NADP + to NADP. These electrons are replaced by electron transport from photosystem II. 4. synthase uses the proton gradient to synthesize from ADP and P i enzyme acts as a channel for protons to diffuse back into the stroma using this energy to drive the synthesis of.

17 Fig ADP+ P i Light-Dependent Reactions NADP + NADP 6 molecules of arbon dioxide ( ) Stroma of chloroplast alvin 6 molecules of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (5) (RuBP) Rubisco 1 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3) (PGA) 1 6 ADP 6 alvin 1 ADP 1 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (3) 1 NADP 4 P i 1 NADP + 10 molecules of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3) 1 P i 1 molecules of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3) (G3P) molecules of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3) (G3P) Glucose and other sugars

18 Fig Sunlight eat Photosystem II Photosystem I Electron Transport System ADP + P i ADP + P i NADP + NADP NAD + alvin Krebs Glucose ADP + P i

19 Fig. 8.1 Leaf epidermis eat Stomata Under hot, arid conditions, leaves lose water by evaporation through openings in the leaves called stomata. The stomata close to conserve water but as a result, builds up inside the leaves, and cannot enter the leaves.

20 Fig. 8. Mesophyll cell Bundle-sheath cell Mesophyll cell RuBP alvin G3P 3PG ( 3 ) a. 3 pathway Mesophyll cell 4 Stoma Mesophyll cell Vein Bundlesheath cell Bundlesheath cell alvin G3P b. 4 pathway Stoma a. John Shaw/Photo Researchers, Inc. b. Joseph Nettis/National Audubon Society ollection/photo Researchers, Inc. Vein