The two questions we re trying to answer today: 1) How did life on Earth form? 2) How did life on Earth become so diverse?

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1 The two questions we re trying to answer today: 1) How did life on Earth form? 2) How did life on Earth become so diverse?

2 Using only science to explain!

3 Remember, there are two types of cells on Earth: Cells are the basic unit of life There are two types of cells: Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic Cells) -Have NO nucleus (DNA floats in the cell) -Have NO organelles (except ribosomes) Example: bacteria cells Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic Cells) -Have a nucleus (DNA is in the nucleus) -Have organelles (such as ribosomes and mitochondria) Example: plant and animal cells

4

5 See how the Eukaryotic cell is more complex?

6 How did these cells come to exist on Earth and what is the origin (beginning) of life on Earth?

7 How did life arise from non-living matter? Abiogenesis formation of life and living organisms from non-living/ inorganic substances A at the start means not Bio means life Abio- means not living Genesis means formation Happened over billions of years

8 How were organic molecules formed? They re necessary for life Early on the earth s atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen Experiments from the 1950 s showed organic molecules like amino acids could have formed on a young Earth

9 History of the Earth The Earth and its atmosphere formed ~4.6 billion years ago Organic molecules were synthesized Primitive heterotrophic prokaryotes formed 3.9 billion years ago As a result of a mutation, a heterotroph gained the ability to produce its own food = Autotroph Oxygen and ozone layer formed (because autotrophs produced oxygen)

10 Early Earth Probably Looked Like This: Don t visit though, there was almost no oxygen in the atmosphere

11 Heterotroph Hypothesis It is believed the first living organisms were Heterotrophs (can t make their own food, they must eat to survive).

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13 After heterotrophs came into existence, some mutated and became autotrophs. Remember that autotrophs can create their own food (from sunlight or chemicals)

14 Endosymbiont Theory Eukaryotic Cells were formed because of endosymbiosis.

15 Endosymbiotic theory- Eukaryotic cells originated from a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis) among various kinds of prokaryotes E.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts established residence inside a prokaryote = eukaryote

16 Remember: Eukaryotes are the more complicated type of cell, they have a nucleus

17 Endosymbiotic theory- Eukaryotic cells formed (or originated) from a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis) among multiple prokaryotic cells

18 Answer these video questions while you watch the short video: 1. What does Endo mean? 2. What does Symbiosis mean? 3. What does Endosymbiosis mean? 4. What idea did Big Tony have? 5. What s the evidence for this? 6. Do the organelles have their own DNA? Endosymbiotic Theory In Plain English Video:

19 Timeline of how the cells came to exist:

20 Summary- 1. Organic molecules could form during the early stages of Earth 2. Simple heterotrophs were able to form 3. Autotrophs were produced from a mutation in heterotrophs 4. Eukaryotic cells originated from symbiosis of multiple cells

21 Natural Selection Notes

22 What is evolution? Involves changes in populations, species, or groups of species Process by which the frequency of heritable traits (alleles) in a population changes from one generation to the next i.e. the gene pool changes, individuals do not evolve

23 Charles Darwin Published his ideas in The Origin of Species Theory- Natural selection or survival of the fittest was the driving force of evolution

24 Natural Selection Differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population i.e. some individuals possess alleles that generate traits that enable them to cope more successfully in their environment than other individuals

25 Natural Selection More successful individuals produce more offspring Superior inherited traits are adaptations to the environment and increase an individuals fitness Fitness relative ability to survive and produce offspring

26 The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are selected in natural selection, and those organisms can reproduce Natural Selection

27 Take a look at what happens to the beetle populations in the following 3 pictures Answer the questions after you look at all three pictures

28

29

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31 Darwin used the following arguments for Natural Selection: Populations have an enormous reproductive potential Population size remains stable Resources are limited Individuals compete for survival There is variation among individuals in a population Most variation is heritable Only the most fit individuals survive Evolution occurs as favorable traits accumulate in a population

32 Variation is key! What are the sources of variation? Mutations Sexual Reproduction Crossing-over Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes Random joining of gametes

33 Natural Selection Example

34 1) Thin coats Thick coats (and maybe medium) There are three different coat types (thick, medium, and thin) It s good to have thick fur when it s cold outside About 2 cubs are born but only one survives Bears with thicker fur will probably survive There will be more bears with thick fur surviving

35 Now: Please go to Socrative and take the quiz using your notes from today. The room name is

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