STAAR Year Review Part 2

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1 Theory of Evolution- the change in a population over time. (not a change in individuals!) Mechanisms of Evolution- How does evolution happen? Natural selection: a gradual process where traits become more or less common in a population. Survival of the fittest fittest- does not mean fastest or strongest. It means the one who had the most offspring. (know the three types, stabilizing selection, directional selections, disruptive selection) Mutation: change in a gene; alteration of a nucleotide sequence Gene Flow (Migration): Movement of some individuals to another population Genetic Drift: some individuals may by chance and not because of fitness leave more descendants and therefore pass on their genes. Ex: Bottleneck effect, founder effect Evidence for Evolution- The different type of support for the theory of evolution. 1. Fossil Record- buried animal and plant remains become fossilized in different layers of sedimentary rock. Newest fossils Oldest fossils 2. Biogeography-Fossils and certain species are found in similar areas along lines where continents divided. Which is evidence for Pangea. 3. Homologies- root word homo means same. Having the following things in common is evidence of a common ancestor. Anatomical: similar body structure a. Homologous structures: similar structures with different functions, evidence for common ancestry; divergent evolution Ex: Human arm and bat wing

2 b. Analogous structure: Different structure with similar function do not provide evidence for common ancestry. These traits have been developed because of adaptation to similar environments; convergent evolution c. Vestigial Structure: organs in the body that seem to have no current purpose but were used by a previous ancestor. Ex: hip bone on a snake. b. Molecular- Comparing segments of DNA or amino acids. The more nitrogenous bases the two species have in common, the more closely related they are. The more nitrogenous bases are different, the more distantly related the organisms are. c. Developmental: (Embryology) The study of vertebrate organisms at the embryonic stage of life. They follow the same steps of development. Taxonomy- the classification of all living organisms on the basis of what they have in common. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup Most broad/ general Most specific Ex: If you are in the same genus as another organism you are in all the other classifications above genus. (domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family) However, you would not necessarily be in the same classifications below genus. (species)

3 The Six Kingdoms STAAR Year Review Part 2

4 Kingdom Plantae: Autotroph- an organism that creates organic compounds (glucose, food) from inorganic compounds (Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight). Reproductive system of a plant: o Transport system of a plant: o Xylem: Moves water up. From the roots to the rest of the plant. o Phloem: Moves sugar that is produced in the leaves down throughout the rest of the plant Response system of a plant: o Geotropism/Gravitropism: Downward growth of the roots showing positive geotropism. The upward growth of the stem showing negative geotropism. o Phototropism: The movement of a plant towards a light source. o Thigmotropism: The response of a plant to touch. Ex: venus flytrap Photosynthesis- In plants only. Converts radiant energy (sun) into chemical energy (food) Occurs in the chloroplast or in the chlorophyll of cells with no membrane bound organelles. Cellular Respiration- A process done by both animals and plants. Where chemical energy (food) is converted into usable energy for the organism (ATP). Occurs in the mitochondria.

5 Body Systems STAAR Year Review Part 2

6 Ecology Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Competition Food Chains and Webs: understand movement of matter and energy Energy Pyramids: 10% rule; 10% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level. 90% is used during cellular processes or released as heat to the environment. Populations and Communities Biodiversity Ecological Succession- Primary Succession: begins with NO soil; pioneer species is lichen Secondary Succession: begins with at least some soil; pioneer species depends on the extent of biodiversity loss.

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