Learning objectives. 3. The most likely candidates explaining latitudinal species diversity
|
|
- Alfred Atkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lectures by themes Contents of the course Macroecology 1. Introduction, 2. Patterns and processes of species diversity I 3. Patterns and processes of species diversity II 4. Species range size distributions 5. Patterns of species abundance 6. Patterns of species body sizes 7. Energy, species body size and distribution Evolutionary community ecology 8. Community phylogenetics Eco-evolutionary dynamics and co-evolution Rapid evolution Processes at the local scale - competition, apparent competition - predation, herbivory - parasites - mutualism, positive species interactions 1 Learning objectives 1. General patterns of species richness - area, latitude 2. Effects of species and extinction probability 3. The most likely candidates explaining latitudinal species diversity A. Area B. Energy/climate C. Time 4. Palaeontological patterns in latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) The proces(es) behind the latitudinal diversity gradient At least 30 different hypotheses explaining latitudinal richness gradient have been proposed Willig et al Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34:273- Species diversity and coexistence 3 Species diversity and coexistence 3 1
2 What may explain latitudinal patterns of species diversity?? Three most likely candidates A. Area B. Energy/climate C. Time Species diversity and coexistence 4 Species diversity and coexistence 4 A. Area hypothesis Tropics has highest species richness because it has the greatest geographical area large areas include species with large range species with large range have larger population sizes species with large range are buffered against extinction species with large ranges may have high allopatric speciation rates (geographic barriers) Terborgh 1975, Rosenzweig 1995 Species diversity and coexistence 5 Species diversity and coexistence 5 Land area relative to latitude Species diversity and coexistence 6 Species diversity and coexistence 6 2
3 A test of the area hypothesis using New World birds Blackburn & Gaston Evolutionary Ecology 11:195- Relationship between area and species richness across regions (biomes) is weak - tropical areas may cause this by spilling over species to extra-tropical areas (out of the tropics-hypothesis) The number of pooled tropical and extra-tropical bird species not related to land area (r 2 = 0.34, n = 7, N.S.) Prediction: excluding tropical species should result in significant association between area and species richness among biomes Species diversity and coexistence 7 Species diversity and coexistence 7 When considering only extra-tropical species, species richness and land area are positively associated (independently of the latitude and productivity of the regions) Species diversity and coexistence 8 Species diversity and coexistence 8 Observations contradicting with area hypothesis - Extratropical biomes together comprise larger area than tropics, yet they have lower number of species Species diversity and coexistence 9 Species diversity and coexistence 9 3
4 What may explain latitudinal patterns of species diversity?? B. Energy hypothesis - The first proposed hypothesis to explain latitudinal diversity gradient (von Humboldt 1808) Higher energy availability in an area provides wider resource base, permitting more species to occur. high amount of energy translates either into one species with very high population size or several species with low population size high amount of energy probably result in higher abundance, which have lower extinction risk Species diversity and coexistence 10 Species diversity and coexistence 10 Measures of energy availability - Primary productivity - Actual evapotranspiration net atmospheric energy balance and water availability - Potential evapotranspiration net atmospheric energy balance independent of water Species diversity and coexistence 11 Patterns of species richness relative to energy availability Species diversity and coexistence 12 Species diversity and coexistence 12 4
5 Species diversity and coexistence 13 Hawkins et al Ecology 84:1608-; Ecology 84: Species diversity and coexistence 14 Species diversity and coexistence 14 Species diversity and coexistence 15 Species diversity and coexistence 15 5
6 Linear vs. hump-shaped energy- species-relationships Hump-shaped relationship - When productivity and its variance are positively correlated suggesting that productive areas cannot maintain high species richness year round Linear relationship - Productivity is stable year round (low variation) and high species richness maintained year round. Chown & Gaston Evolutionay Ecology Research 1: 365- Species diversity and coexistence 16 Species diversity and coexistence 16 Problems with energy hypothesis How energy translates into (more) species? - Association between energy and speciation, mortality and geographic dispersal Energy is associated with many other variables, such as temperature, harshness of climate, etc. Fig. Bird species richness in Britain in 10 km2 squares relative to summer temperature Species diversity and coexistence 17 Species diversity and coexistence 17 Latitudinal variation in the importance of energy and water in explaining species richness Hawkins et al Ecology 84: Species diversity and coexistence 18 Species diversity and coexistence 18 6
7 Latitudinal variation in the importance of energy and water in explaining species richness Hawkins et al Ecology 84: Species diversity and coexistence 19 Species diversity and coexistence 19 How energy can materialize into more species? Wright (1983, Oikos 41: ) proposed a link between species-area and species-energy hypotheses The More Individual Hypothesis : - species-area hyp. a special case of a general species-energy relationship - total no. of individuals on an area is proportional to the total amount of resources or product of area and resource density The More Individual Hypothesis asssumes: - area with greater food resources (energy) should support more individuals - communities with more individuals can support more species above some minimum viable size (=lower extinction rates) Preston 1962 S~ N z S= Species richness N= number of individuals Z = constant Wright s energy hypothesis (More individual hypothesis) * For areas of similar isolation Immigration rate* S small Sl arg e Number of species Low energy High energy Extinction/Speciation rate Species diversity and coexistence 21 Species diversity and coexistence 21 7
8 Correlative tests of the More Individual Hypothesis Araujo Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 5-12 Gaston & Evans Proc. R. Soc. B 271:1649- Are human population sizes and species richness positively correlated? Are the areas with high human pop. density associated with high bird abundances greater biomass? Species diversity and coexistence 22 Species diversity and coexistence 22 A test for the More Individual Hypothesis Mönkkönen et al GEB 15: Data: - Breeding passerine bird communities in Europe and North America species number and their abundances/area unit - Species were divided to residents, short-distance migrants, and tropical migrants - AET (total, breeding season, and winter) was used as a proxy for energy availability - Energy use of communities was estimated by transforming body sizes to metabolic rates and multiplying them with density of each species Predictions: - Total density and energy use in communities is linearly related to energy availability - Species richness is a positive function of total bird density - If energy affects population densities, resident populations are expected to be related stronger to energy than migratory species Species diversity and coexistence 23 Species diversity and coexistence 23 Body mass and density N cm 0.75 sp. Body mass and energy use 0.75 E cm Pop. density Energy use Body mass Body mass 24 8
9 The data - Breeding bird survey data - Estimate about co-occurring species and their relative density - Productivity data (latitude, longitude, temperature) N 110 N 110 Results: Mönkkönen et al Characteristics of breeding bird communities in Europe North America Species diversity and coexistence 26 Species diversity and coexistence 26 Results: Mönkkönen et al The final model explained about 40% of the density and energy use - Resident density and energy use was best explained by annual AET (50-60% of variation) - For short-dictance migrants, annual AET explained only about 5% of variation Species diversity and coexistence 27 Species diversity and coexistence 27 9
10 Results: Mönkkönen et al In Europe, winter AET explained c. 25% of variation in density and energy use of tropical migrants. However, association was negative. Some other factor more important than productivity Species diversity and coexistence 28 Species diversity and coexistence 28 Results: Mönkkönen et al Number of species is a positive function of density and energy use Species diversity and coexistence 29 Species diversity and coexistence 29 Conclusions - Results are consistent with species-energy theory and with More Individual Hypothesis increasing energy positively associated with density and energy use differences among migratory groups - Increased density and energy use translated into more species - Migratory bird populations limited by non-breeding season Species diversity and coexistence 30 Species diversity and coexistence 30 10
11 Test of the More Individual hyp.- interaction with energy and area Species-Area-hyp Species-energy hyp More Ind hyp Hurlbert & Jetz Am Nat 176 Species diversity and coexistence 31 w z: Slope differs betweeen S-A and S-E hyp. q 0: Interaction betweeen S-A and S-E (slope) Species diversity and coexistence 32 Data - The distribution of 6043 bird species across 110*110 km grid cells (c ) on 107 regions - Species richness was explained by - Energy (net primary productivity, NPP) - Range in NPP - Elevational range - Habitat diversity - Slope of the habitat-area relationship Species diversity and coexistence 33 11
12 Species diversity and coexistence 34 Species richness increase at a faster rate with NPP than with area. Species diversity and coexistence 35 Why energy has stronger effect on species richness than area? Species diversity and coexistence 36 12
13 What may explain latitudinal patterns of species diversity?? C. Time hypothesis - ecological time hypothesis - evolutionary time hypothesis Species diversity and coexistence 37 Species diversity and coexistence 37 Ecological time hypothesis Species richness of an area depends on the time period species have had to colonize or recolonize the area since earlier ecological upheaval. For example, the latest glaciation has been suggested to result in higher rate of extinctions of trees in western Palaearctic due to east-west orientation of barriers. As a result, forest dwelling bird species richness is lower in W. Palaearctic than in Nearctic and east Asia. Mönkkönen & Viro J. of Biogeography 24. Blondel TREE 13. Species diversity and coexistence 38 Evolutionary time hypothesis 1. Time for speciation hypothesis (Tropics as a museum) - Diversification rates are similar in tropics and temperate areas - Tropical clades are older have accumulated higher no. of species than temperate clades 2. Diversification rate hypothesis (Tropics are a cradle/museum) - Speciation rates are higher and/or extinction rates are lower in tropics 3. Out of the tropics Species diversity and coexistence 39 13
14 The present day latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is explained by current - climatic variables/energy availability - geographical factors (area) - evolutionary/ecological history Species diversity and coexistence 40 Lessons from the palaeontological data about LDG Marine invertebrates in late Ordovician-Early Silurian ( Ma) Mannion et al Trend Ecol Evol 29 Species diversity and coexistence 41 Dinosaur divetsity in late triassic-cretaceous ( Ma) Species diversity and coexistence 42 14
15 Mammal diversity in North America in early Palaeocene (64-58 Ma) Rose et al Geology 39: No evidence for modern-type LBG - Flat LBG between 35ºN - 63ºN Why? - Early mammals responded differently to climate than extant mammals - Too short evolutionary time after K/Pg mass extinction (66 Ma) - Low seasonality allowed flattened LBG Species diversity and coexistence 43 Onset of Antarctic glaciation Temperature Blue shading= icehouse world Open circle = palaeotemparate peak in LBG Solid circle = polewarddecline in LBG Species diversity and coexistence Modern day LBG evident only from icehouse periods - low extinction rates in tropics - high dispersal into the tropics 2. Temperate peaks in LBG during greenhouse periods - tropics too hot for organisms - High extinction rates - Dispersal out of the tropics 3. Continental drift may also have an effect Species diversity and coexistence 45 15
16 Case study: Evolutionary and ecological processes affecting swallowtail species richness Condamine et al Ecology Letters 15 The effect of - host plant use and shifts - historical biogeography - climate change...on diversification and origin of swallowtails Species diversity and coexistence 46 Species diversity and coexistence 47 Parnassiinae, Temperate Papilioninae, Tropical Species diversity and coexistence 48 16
17 Species diversity and coexistence 49 EOGM = Early Oligocene Glacial Maximum LOWE = Late Oligocene Warming Event MMCO = Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum PPG = Plio-Pleistocene Glaciations = significant diversification Species diversity and coexistence 50 Conclusions - Swallowtails originated in Northern hemisphere during warm climatic conditions - Tropical and temperate clades are equal in age, BUT tropical clade has more species Tropical species has higher speciation rate and/or lower extinction rate Available energy, carrying capacity, time for speciation hypotheses not supported Diversification/extinction rate hypothesis supported Species diversity and coexistence 51 17
18 What has affected diversification rate in swallowtails? 1. Paleoclimates 2.Host plant use and shifts 3. Historical biogeography (dispersal possibilities) Species diversity and coexistence Paleoclimates and Historical biogeography (dispersal possibilities) Changing climatic conditions have shifted the distribution of swallowtails host plants AND Tectonic movements have opened new dispersal routes Swallowtails have followed their host plants - niche conservatism hypothesis - effect of dispersal! Species diversity and coexistence Host plant use and shifts Species diversity and coexistence 54 18
19 Escape-and-radiate hypothesis Ehrlich & Raven Evolution 18 Trait value Prey or host Predator or parasite Time Species diversity and coexistence 55 What causes faster speciation in warmer areas (=tropics)? - Energy - Environmental stability/predictability - Intense interspecific interactions - Population size - Shorter generation lenght - Diverse heterogeneity of the environment Why researchers are trying to find THE FACTOR explaining the diversity patterns? Important to remember - The most likely candidates explaining latitudinal species diversity - Different effect of energy vs. area on species richness - Lessons from the palaeontological LDG data - Peak in LDG varied between temperate and tropical areas between icehouse and greenhouse periods - Higher diversification in tropics - Geographic dispersal, niche conservatism/evolution 19
Galapagos Islands 2,700 endemic species! WHY?
Galapagos Islands Galapagos Islands 2,700 endemic species! WHY? Denali, Alaska Low species diversity. Why? Patterns of Species Diversity Latitudinal Global pattern drivers? Islands (but also mtn. tops,
More informationLatitudinal gradients in species diversity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The pattern
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The pattern The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics, often referred to
More informationOverview. How many species are there? Major patterns of diversity Causes of these patterns Conserving biodiversity
Overview How many species are there? Major patterns of diversity Causes of these patterns Conserving biodiversity Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter
More informationGary G. Mittelbach Michigan State University
Community Ecology Gary G. Mittelbach Michigan State University Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Brief Table of Contents 1 Community Ecology s Roots 1 PART I The Big
More informationBird Species richness per 110x110 km grid square (so, strictly speaking, alpha diversity) -most species live there!
We "know" there are more species in the tropics Why are the Tropics so biodiverse? And the tropics are special: 1. Oldest known ecological pattern (Humboldt, 1807) 2. Well-known by Darwin and Wallace 3.
More informationHow does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? What are Earth s three main climate zones?
Section 4 1 The Role of Climate (pages 87 89) Key Concepts How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? What are Earth s three main climate zones? What Is Climate? (page 87)
More informationNeutral Theory story so far
Neutral Theory story so far Species abundance distributions appear to show a family of curves. These curves can potentially result from random drift in species abundances Neutral model includes dynamics
More informationBiogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach SEVENTH EDITION. C. Barry Cox MA, PhD, DSc and Peter D. Moore PhD
Biogeography An ecological and evolutionary approach C. Barry Cox MA, PhD, DSc and Peter D. Moore PhD Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, Fmnklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London
More informationThe tropics are species-rich and: 1. In the middle (mid-domain affect)
The tropics are species-rich and: 1. In the middle (mid-domain affect) Why are the Tropics so biodiverse? 2. Bigger. More area = more species (just the interprovincial Species-Area curve again) 3. Older.
More informationSpheres of Life. Ecology. Chapter 52. Impact of Ecology as a Science. Ecology. Biotic Factors Competitors Predators / Parasites Food sources
"Look again at that dot... That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. Ecology Chapter
More informationLecture 11- Populations/Species. Chapters 18 & 19 - Population growth and regulation - Focus on many local/regional examples
Lecture 11- Populations/Species Chapters 18 & 19 - Population growth and regulation - Focus on many local/regional examples Why Study Birds? From DNT 11-6-2007 Causes of the Decline Temperate? Tropical?
More informationBiodiversity. I. What is it? Where is it? III. Where did it come from? IV. What is its future?
Biodiversity I. What is it? II. Where is it? III. Where did it come from? IV. What is its future? What is Biodiversity? Ecosystem Diversity What is Biodiversity? Species Diversity What is Biodiversity?
More informationBiogeography expands:
Biogeography expands: Phylogeography Ecobiogeography Due to advances in DNA sequencing and fingerprinting methods, historical biogeography has recently begun to integrate relationships of populations within
More informationGeography of Evolution
Geography of Evolution Biogeography - the study of the geographic distribution of organisms. The current distribution of organisms can be explained by historical events and current climatic patterns. Darwin
More informationBiodiversity, temperature, and energy
Biodiversity, temperature, and energy David Storch Center for Theoretical Study & Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University, Czech Republic Global diversity gradients energy-related
More informationORIGINS AND MAINTENANCE OF TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY
ORIGINS AND MAINTENANCE OF TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil Keywords: artic zone, biodiversity patterns, biogeography, geographical,
More informationRank-abundance. Geometric series: found in very communities such as the
Rank-abundance Geometric series: found in very communities such as the Log series: group of species that occur _ time are the most frequent. Useful for calculating a diversity metric (Fisher s alpha) Most
More informationAP Environmental Science I. Unit 1-2: Biodiversity & Evolution
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biodiversity & Evolution AP Environmental Science I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental
More informationMetacommunities Spatial Ecology of Communities
Spatial Ecology of Communities Four perspectives for multiple species Patch dynamics principles of metapopulation models (patchy pops, Levins) Mass effects principles of source-sink and rescue effects
More informationISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY Lab 7
Reminders! Bring memory stick Read papers for Discussion Key Concepts Biogeography/Island biogeography Convergent evolution Dynamic equilibrium Student Learning Outcomes After Lab 7 students will be able
More informationChapter 8. Biogeographic Processes. Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
Chapter 8 Biogeographic Processes Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: 1. Define the terms ecosystem, habitat, ecological niche, and community. 2. Outline how
More informationCommunity Structure Temporal Patterns
Community Structure Temporal Patterns Temporal Patterns Seasonality Phenology study of repeated patterns in time and their relationship to physical aspects of the environment Seasonal changes that are
More informationBright blue marble floating in space. Biomes & Ecology
Bright blue marble floating in space Biomes & Ecology Chapter 50 Spheres of life Molecules Cells (Tissues Organ Organ systems) Organisms Populations Community all the organisms of all the species that
More informationName Hour. Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) What Is Climate? (page 87) 1. How is weather different from climate?
Name Hour Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) What Is Climate? (page 87) 1. How is weather different from climate? 2. What factors cause climate? The Greenhouse Effect (page 87) 3. Circle the
More informationBIOS 230 Landscape Ecology. Lecture #32
BIOS 230 Landscape Ecology Lecture #32 What is a Landscape? One definition: A large area, based on intuitive human scales and traditional geographical studies 10s of hectares to 100s of kilometers 2 (1
More informationDevelopment of the Global Environment
Development of the Global Environment G302: Spring 2004 A course focused on exploration of changes in the Earth system through geological history Simon C. Brassell Geological Sciences simon@indiana.edu
More informationThe Tempo of Macroevolution: Patterns of Diversification and Extinction
The Tempo of Macroevolution: Patterns of Diversification and Extinction During the semester we have been consider various aspects parameters associated with biodiversity. Current usage stems from 1980's
More informationEcology Review Page 1
Ecology Review Page 1 1 Which of these is a biotic component of your environment? light the availability of water bacteria on the surface of your skin the mineral supplements you consume 2 What are the
More informationCommunity phylogenetics review/quiz
Community phylogenetics review/quiz A. This pattern represents and is a consequent of. Most likely to observe this at phylogenetic scales. B. This pattern represents and is a consequent of. Most likely
More informationEcological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity
ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: Download figures as PPT slides Navigate linked references Download citations Explore related articles Search keywords Annu. Rev.
More informationBiomes Section 2. Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE
Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE Of all the biomes in the world, forest biomes are the most widespread and the most diverse. The large trees of forests need a lot of water, so forests
More informationChapter 54: Community Ecology
AP Biology Guided Reading Name Chapter 54: Community Ecology Overview 1. What does community ecology explore? Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect
More informationAPES Fall Final REVIEW
Class: Date: APES Fall Final REVIEW Short Answer 1. The difference between chemical and physical weathering of rock is that 2. The difference between weathering and erosion is that 3. Select the correct
More informationEcology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2
Ecology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2 Questions? Warm up: KWL KNOW: On a piece of paper, write down things that you know well enough
More informationATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 22 (Chp 15, Chp 14 Pages 288-290) Objectives of Today s Class Chp 15 Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate: Recent climate: The Holocene Climate
More informationName Student ID. Good luck and impress us with your toolkit of ecological knowledge and concepts!
Page 1 BIOLOGY 150 Final Exam Winter Quarter 2000 Before starting be sure to put your name and student number on the top of each page. MINUS 3 POINTS IF YOU DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON EACH PAGE! You have
More informationWhat Is Climate? (page 87) 1. How is weather different from climate?
Name Class Date Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) Key Concepts How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? What are Earth s three main climate zones? What Is
More informationWorld Geography Chapter 3
World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse
More informationCommunity Ecology. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 54 Community Ecology PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationEvolutionary and ecological causes of species richness patterns in North American angiosperm trees
Ecography 38: 241 250, 2015 doi: 10.1111/ecog.00952 2014 The Authors. Ecography 2014 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Zhiheng Wang. Accepted 11 June 2014 Evolutionary and ecological causes of species
More informationUNIT 5: ECOLOGY Chapter 15: The Biosphere
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned
More informationBiogeographic Processes
Biogeographic Processes Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems Ecological Biogeography Ecological Succession Historical Biogeography Biogeographic Processes Biogeography examines the distribution of plants
More informationA population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time
A population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time Population Growth As long as the birth rate exceeds the death rate a population will grow Immigration
More informationChapter 1 Section 2. Land, Water, and Climate
Chapter 1 Section 2 Land, Water, and Climate Vocabulary 1. Landforms- natural features of the Earth s land surface 2. Elevation- height above sea level 3. Relief- changes in height 4. Core- most inner
More information16 Global Climate. Learning Goals. Summary. After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
16 Global Climate Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. associate the world s six major vegetation biomes to climate (pp. 406 408); 2. describe methods for classifying
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards for Urban Watch Restoration Field Trips
Georgia Performance Standards for Field Trips 6 th grade S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes. a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth s surface is water,
More informationThe Problem of Where to Live
April 5: Habitat Selection: Intro The Problem of Where to Live Physical and biotic environment critically affects fitness An animal's needs may be met only in certain habitats, which should select for
More information1. competitive exclusion => local elimination of one => competitive exclusion principle (Gause and Paramecia)
Chapter 54: Community Ecology A community is defined as an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction. Each member of same community has a particular habitat and niche.
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology. Thursday, October 19, 17
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Module 18 The Abundance and Distribution of After reading this module you should be able to explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity. discuss
More informationEVOLUTION. Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations.
EVOLUTION Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations. Sources of genetic variation: genetic recombination by sexual reproduction (produces new combinations of genes) mutation
More informationDefine Ecology. study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment
Ecology Define Ecology Define Ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment Describe each of the following terms: Biosphere Biotic Abiotic Describe each of the
More informationHistorical contingency, niche conservatism and the tendency for some taxa to be more diverse towards the poles
Electronic Supplementary Material Historical contingency, niche conservatism and the tendency for some taxa to be more diverse towards the poles Ignacio Morales-Castilla 1,2 *, Jonathan T. Davies 3 and
More informationPaleoclimate indicators
Paleoclimate indicators Rock types as indicators of climate Accumulation of significant thicknesses of limestone and reef-bearing limestone is restricted to ~20º + - equator Gowganda tillite, Ontario
More informationUnit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)
AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total) Chapter 51 Animal
More informationMass Extinctions &Their Consequences
Mass Extinctions &Their Consequences Microevolution and macroevolution Microevolution: evolution occurring within populations p Adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies Macroevolution: evolution
More informationChapter 6 Lecture. Life History Strategies. Spring 2013
Chapter 6 Lecture Life History Strategies Spring 2013 6.1 Introduction: Diversity of Life History Strategies Variation in breeding strategies, fecundity, and probability of survival at different stages
More informationWeather is the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere.
4.1 Climate Weather and Climate Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere. Climate refers to average conditions over long periods and is defined by year-after-year patterns of temperature
More informationEcosystems. 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle
Ecosystems 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle The deep sea was once thought to have few forms of life because of the darkness (no photosynthesis) and tremendous pressures. But
More informationClimate Change and Biomes
Climate Change and Biomes Key Concepts: Greenhouse Gas WHAT YOU WILL LEARN Biome Climate zone Greenhouse gases 1. You will learn the difference between weather and climate. 2. You will analyze how climate
More informationEcosystem change: an example Ecosystem change: an example
5/13/13 Community = An assemblage of populations (species) in a particular area or habitat. Here is part of a community in the grassland of the Serengetti. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth: What escapes
More informationEARTH SYSTEM: HISTORY AND NATURAL VARIABILITY Vol. III - Global Biodiversity and its Variation in Space and Time - D. Storch
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ITS VARIATION IN SPACE AND TIME D. Storch Charles University, Center for Theoretical Study, Prague, Czech Republic Keywords: species diversity, interspecific interactions, communities,
More informationEcosystems and Communities
Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4 Section Outline Section 4-1 4 1 The Role of Climate A. What Is Climate? 1. Weather is day to day at a particular time and place 2. Climate is year-to-year averages
More informationD. Adaptive Radiation
D. Adaptive Radiation One species new species: A new species: B new species: C new species: D Typically occurs when populations of a single species... invade a variety of new habitats, evolve under different
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,
More informationDistribution Limits. Define and give examples Abiotic factors. Biotic factors
ECOLOGY Distribution Limits Define and give examples Abiotic factors ex. wind, rocks, temperature, climate, water, elevation, light ----- NON-LIVING Biotic factors LIVING - ex. pathogens, predators, parasites,
More informationEvolution of migration in a changing world. Cervus elaphus (known as red deer, elk, or wapiti)
Evolution of migration in a changing world Cervus elaphus (known as red deer, elk, or wapiti) 1 Rates of energy gain by red deer or elk are highest when feeding on young vegetation (2-4 weeks of growth)
More informationBiodiversity and Its Energetic and Thermal Controls
Chapter 11 Biodiversity and Its Energetic and Thermal Controls David Storch SUMMARY 1 Biological diversity is affected by a multitude of evolutionary and ecological processes, but diversity patterns are
More informationIV. Natural Selection
IV. Natural Selection A. Important points (1) Natural selection does not cause genetic changes in individuals (2) Change in allele frequency occurs in populations (3) Fitness!" Reproductive Success = survival
More informationAggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation. Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks
Aggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks Metapopulation - interconnected group of subpopulations sink source McKillup and McKillup
More informationName ECOLOGY TEST #1 Fall, 2014
Name ECOLOGY TEST #1 Fall, 2014 Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. The value of each question is given in parentheses. Devote more explanation to questions of higher point value. 1.
More informationExtinctions & Climate Change Student Activity. Diagram interpretation and using research data
Diagram interpretation and using research data Biodiversity relates to the variety of life found in an area. The number and variety of species is a simple measure of its health i.e. its ability to respond
More informationExam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, Name
Exam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, 2010. Name Directions: Perform beyond your abilities. There are 100 possible points (+ 9 extra credit pts) t N t = N o N t = N o e rt N t+1 = N t + r o N t (1-N
More informationWhat determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes
Species diversity What determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes At least 120 different (overlapping) hypotheses explaining species richness... We are going to
More informationOur Living Planet. Chapter 15
Our Living Planet Chapter 15 Learning Goals I can describe the Earth s climate and how we are affected by the sun. I can describe what causes different climate zones. I can describe what makes up an organisms
More informationPlant responses to climate change in the Negev
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Plant responses to climate change in the Negev 300 200 150? Dr. Bertrand Boeken Dry Rangeland Ecology and Management Lab The Wyler Dept. of Dryland Agriculture Jacob
More information1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?
CHAPTER 17 1 What Is Climate? SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is climate? What factors affect climate? How do climates differ
More informationLesson Overview. Niches and Community Interactions. Lesson Overview. 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions The Niche What is a niche? A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what
More informationMass Extinctions &Their Consequences
Mass Extinctions &Their Consequences Taxonomic diversity of skeletonized marine animal families during the Phanerozoic Spindle diagram of family diversification/extinction PNAS 1994. 91:6758-6763. Background
More informationClimate and the Atmosphere
Climate and Biomes Climate Objectives: Understand how weather is affected by: 1. Variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation 2. The earth s annual path around the sun 3. The earth s daily rotation
More informationBiomes There are 2 types: Terrestrial Biomes (on land) Aquatic Biomes (in the water)
Biomes There are 2 types: Terrestrial Biomes (on land) Aquatic Biomes (in the water) Terrestrial Biomes Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes: Savanna Temperate grassland Chaparral Desert Tundra Chapter
More informationOrigin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014
1 Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived, though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer;
More informationOrigin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014
Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived, though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer;
More informationLecture 24 Plant Ecology
Lecture 24 Plant Ecology Understanding the spatial pattern of plant diversity Ecology: interaction of organisms with their physical environment and with one another 1 Such interactions occur on multiple
More informationLesson Overview. Climate. Lesson Overview. 4.1 Climate
Lesson Overview 4.1 THINK ABOUT IT When you think about climate, you might think of dramatic headlines: Hurricane Katrina floods New Orleans! or Drought parches the Southeast! But big storms and seasonal
More informationMap Skills Lesson 1. Materials: maps, pencils, Lesson 1 Worksheet, strips of paper, grid paper
Map Skills Lesson 1 Use cardinal directions, map grids, scales, and titles to locate places on a map. Interpret a map using information from its title, compass rose, scale, and legend. Vocabulary: map,
More informationWeather and Climate Change
Weather and Climate Change What if the environmental lapse rate falls between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates? The atmosphere is unstable for saturated air parcels but stable for unsaturated air
More information14.1 Habitat And Niche
14.1 Habitat And Niche A habitat differs from a niche. Habitat physical area in which an organism lives Niche each species plays a specific role in an ecosystem niche includes the species habitat, feeding
More informationCHAPTER 5. Interactions in the Ecosystem
CHAPTER 5 Interactions in the Ecosystem 1 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM 2 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM Levels of Organization Individual one organism from a species. Species a group of organisms so similar
More informationWhat Is Climate? (page 87) The Greenhouse Effect (page 87) Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) This section explains how the greenhouse effect maintains the biosphere's temperature range. It also describes Earth's
More informationEcology Test Biology Honors
Do Not Write On Test Ecology Test Biology Honors Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The study of the interaction of living organisms with
More informationNOTES: CH 4 Ecosystems & Communities
NOTES: CH 4 Ecosystems & Communities 4.1 - Weather & Climate: WEATHER = day-to-day conditions of Earth s atmosphere CLIMATE= refers to average conditions over long periods; defined by year-afteryear patterns
More informationCommunity Ecology Bioe 147/247
Community Ecology Bioe 147/247 Species Richness 2: Area Effects: Islands and Mainland Themes: o Species Area effects o Mechanisms: area, distance, equilibrium theory o Habitat islands o Is it area? Or.?
More informationLAB J - WORLD CLIMATE ZONES
Introduction LAB J - WORLD CLIMATE ZONES The objective of this lab is to familiarize the student with the various climates around the world and the climate controls that influence these climates. Students
More informationLecture 4 Air Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Measuring Temperature. Surface & Air Temperature. Environmental Contrasts 3/27/2012
Lecture 4 Air Temperature Geo210 An Introduction to Physical Geography Temperature Concepts and Measurement Temperature the average kinetic energy (motion) of molecules of matter Temperature Scales Fahrenheit
More informationThe Global Imprint of Warming on Life
AAAS/Carnegie PCAST Climate Change Report Anniversary, DC 2015 The Global Imprint of Warming on Life Camille Parmesan Professor, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, England Geological Sciences, University
More informationNew National Curriculum Geography Skills Planning KS1
New National Curriculum Geography Skills Planning KS1 Enquiry Question Objective-essential knowledge skills or understanding Locational Knowledge Standards /Success Criteria Lesson progression over half
More information10/6/ th Grade Ecology and the Environment. Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Biomes
7 th Grade Ecology and the Environment Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Biomes Lesson 1 (Energy Flow in Ecosystems) Each organism in an ecosystem fills an energy role. Producer an organism that can make its own
More informationChapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Ecology The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecology Integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental
More information4. Ecology and Population Biology
4. Ecology and Population Biology 4.1 Ecology and The Energy Cycle 4.2 Ecological Cycles 4.3 Population Growth and Models 4.4 Population Growth and Limiting Factors 4.5 Community Structure and Biogeography
More information7a LATITUDE LONGITUDE.notebook. September 19, 2017
1 PANGEA Add a pangea link to here 2 There are 4 hemispheres Hemispheres are divided using the Equator (north and south) and Prime Meridian (west and east) 3 4 Northern Hemisphere Equator SOUTHERN OCEAN
More information