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1 Available online freely at Bioscience Research Print ISSN: Online ISSN: Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, (2): OPEN ACCESS mushroom extracts on seed germination of Cynanchum acutum weed Yeşim Kara Pamukkale of University, Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Biology, 20017, Denizli Turkey.. *Correspondence: Accepted: 10 Feb Published online: 31 May 2018 Cynanchum acutum L. is a serious weed worldwide and is indigenous to Turkey. Lyophyllum platypum mushrooms were collected periodically from November to December Cynanchum acutum subspecies autum (milk vine) used as herbaceous germination material was collected from field weed plantation to November The highest germination rates were achieved in the control group using pure water. Depending on increased concentrations of extracts, slowing down germination, delaying plumula and radicle growth (germination rates of 100, 75, 56, 25, 0, 0,0), or even germinating at 20%, 50% and 100% was not realized. Keywords: Allelopathy, germination, plumule, radicle, Lyophyllum platypum mushroom, Cynanchum acutum INTRODUCTION Allelopathy is the effect of chemicals that released by one plant species on growth and establishment of nearby plant species. Useful or harmful interactions between plants called allelopathy (Rice, 1984). This interaction plays a significant role in agroecosystems, and affects the growth, quality and quantity of the products (Kohli et al. 1998; Singh et al. 2001).Weed cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. Besides completing for light, nutrients, moisture and space with the crop, weeds can also affect crops growth allelopathy (Khanh, 2006). Plants secrete different types of secondary metabolites, which influence the growth and development of the surrounding plants. Most of them are used for defense, these allelochemicals are phytotoxic compounds, and therefore they must be removed from plants Allelochemicals are seconder metabolites which secreted plants and some other organisms except for human. Allelochemicals are released by leaves, stem, fruits and underground parts of the plants (Whittaker and Fenny, 1997). Recent studies showed that some fungi species have allopathic potential. Allelopathy is a mechanism by which weeds affect seed germination dynamic and growth of field crops (Benyas et al. 2010). The positive and negative effects of the chemicals secreted by plants on neighboring plants are called "allelopathy". In the world, studies about allelopathy in our country are being tried to be brought to a certain level. We have also come out of this perspective from our work.the objective of the study was to determine allelopathy effect of Lyophyllum platypum mushroom water extracts prepared from dry biomass on germination and initial growth of Cynanchum acutum seeds. In this study; we searched the allelopathy potential of Lyophyllum platypum mushroom. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried in the plant physiology laboratory of Pamukkale University with three replications. Seeds of Cynanchum acutum L. were collected from agricultural areas

2 of Denizli in October and November 2015, when their seeds were matured. Figure 1: Lyophyllum platypum mushroom in naturel grassy area Fig 2: Germination of the Cynanchum acutum seeds Cynanchum acutum L. was taxonomically determined by from Biology Department of Pamukkale University. Seeds were dried at the room temperature without sunlight. Then seeds were kept in the bags at the room temperature. Lyophyllum platypum mushrooms were collected periodically between November and and December 2014 from wild grassy areas of Denizli Lyophyllum platypum mushrooms were determined by from Mushroom Research Center in Pamukkale University. Over ground parts of the Lyophyllum platypum mushrooms were cleaned, then dried at the room temperature without sunlight and then kept in bags till future use (Fig.1). Dried over ground parts of Lyophyllum platypum were ground by blender into small pieces. Then 50 g was taken in to bottom flask and 500 ml distilled water was added on it (1:10)(W/V) (Wardle et al. 1992). Mixture was stirred for 10 min and then; incubated at room temperature for 48 h. with shaker; Then slurry was filtered through filter paper (whatman No:1) and centrifuged in rpm for 10 minutes to obtain pure extracts. Firstly, surface of the seeds were sterilized with 95% ethanol for 3 min followed by shaking in 10% Clorox for 5 min and subsequently rinsed with autoclaved distilled water (Asghari and Naseer, 2013). Obtained solution is diluted with distilled water to prepare different concentrations. The petri dishes were kept in the growth cabine at (30 ± 2) ºC and exposed to 16 hours photoperiod. Germinated seeds were recorded on 3, 5, 7 and 9th days after sowing. These results were obtained under laboratory conditions (Fig 2). Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(1):

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cynanchum acutum L. is a serious weed worldwide and is indigenous to Turkey and has been reported to be widely distributed in Sorghum bicolar, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum. (Nayyar et al. 2001; Javed et al. 2011). Weeds limit growth and yield of crops through becoming their partner with available moisture, nutrients; and escaping phytotoxic compounds in their environment (Zimdahl, 2007). Extent of allelopathic inhibition on germination and seedling growth of crops varies from weed species (Hamayun et al. 2005) and its plant parts (Economou et al. 2002; Aziz et al. 2008). We investigated the allelopathic effects of seeds on germination physiology and morphology of Cynanchum acutum subspecies autumn (milk vine) seeds at 100%, 50%, 20%, 10% and 5% concentrations by making aqueous extraction of Lyophyllum platypum fungus in our research. The highest germination rates were achieved in the control group using pure water. Depending on increased concentrations of extracts, slowing down germination, delaying plumule and radicle growth (germination rates of 100, 75, 56, 25, 0, 0, 0), or even germinating at 20%, 50% and 100% was not realized. Table 1. Germination rates of the Cynanchum acutum seeds Groups Distilled water Germination rates (%) (Con.) First Control Second control Third control Fourth control Plumule lenght radicle lenght Distiled water 5% 10% 20% 50% 100% Figure 3: Effect of aqueous extract of L. platypum on radicle length of C. acutum Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(1):

4 Distiled Water 5% 10% 15% 20% 50% 100% Fig 4: Seed germination ratio of Cynanchum acutum weeds according to the aqueous extract doses of the Lyophyllum platypum of mushroom The results show that the aqueous extracts of Lyophyllum platypum mushroom Cynanchum acutum L. possess allelochemicals that suppressed the germination and seedling growth of crop. The presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids suggests that it is essential to keep these weeds under check at the emergence stage so that its inhibitory effects on the crop may be avoided. (Table1). Above inhibitions were calculated according to the control group. The present study provides the evidence of Lyophyllum platypum of mushroom has allopathic potential. It is also suggested that should be used as a bio herbicides for some weeds management (Fig 3). The highest germination rate was achieved in control group. Due to increasing concentration of the extract, inhibition, delay of the germination, slowdown of the plumule and radicle growth were observed (Fig 4). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the highest germination rate was achieved in control group. Due to increasing concentration of the extract, inhibition, delay of the germination, slowdown of the plumule and radicle growth were observed. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declared that present study was performed in absence of any conflict of interest. ACKNOWLEGEMENT This study was supported by Pamukkale University Scientific Researh Unit (BAP) Project No: 2015FBE026. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Author contributed in all parts of the paper. Copyrights: author (s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(1):

5 REFERENCES Asghari B, Naseer A, Impact of allelopathic potential of maize (Zea mays L.) on physiological and growth of soybean (Glycine max ( L.) merr.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(4): Aziz A, A Tanveer, M Tahir, Aziz, A, M.A. Nadeem and Javaid MM, Allelopathic potential of wild onion on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea. Weed Biol.Manag. 9: Benyas E, Hassanpouraghdam S, Zehtab Salmasi OS, Khatamian O, Allelopathic effects of Xanthium strumarium L. Shoot Aqueous extract on germination, seedling growth and chlorophyllum content of Lentil.Rom. Biotechnol.Lett.15: Economou G, O Tzakou, A Gani, Yannitsaro and ilalis D, Allelopathic effect of Conyza albida. Ecolog. 17: Hamayun M, Hussain S, Afzal S, and Ahmad N, Allelopathic effects of Cyperus rotundus and Echinochloa crusgalli on seed germination, plumule and radical growth in maize. Pak.J.weed Sci.Res.11: Khanh TD, IM Chung, S Tawata and Xuan TD, Weed Suppression by Passiflora edulis and its potential Allelochemicals.Weed Res. 46: Kohri RK, Batish DR, Exhibition of allelopathy by Parthenium hysterophorus L. in ogroecosystem. Trop.Ecol. 35: Javed A, Farooqi and Ahmad S, Trianthema portulacastrum L., a herbal drug for the cure of Edema. J. Herbs. Species and medicinal plants, 7: Nayyar MN, M Ashid and Ahmad I, Manual on Punjab Weeds 1:52. Directorate of agronomy. Ayup Agricul Ins. Faisabad, Pakistan. Rice EL, Allelopathy 2 nd Ed. Academic Press, New York. p Singh PA, and Chaudharv BR, Allelopathic potential of algae weed Pithophora oedogonia ittrock on the germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa L. Botany Research Int. 4(2): Wardle DA, Nicholson KS and Ahmed M, Comparision of osmotic and allelopathic effects on grass and seed germination and radical elongation. Plant and soil, 140: Whittaker DC, Fenny PP, Allelochemicals: chemical interactions between species. Science 171: Zimdahl RL, Fundamentals of weed science. Third Edition Academic Press, an İmprint of Elsevier. p.228. Bioscience Research, 2018 volume 15(1):