2.2 CELL METABOLISM. Photosynthesis is the way green plants use light to make their own food

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1 2.2.4 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the way green plants use light to make their own food Role of photosynthesis Makes food for plants Makes food for animals as they eat plants Makes oxygen for plants and animals Makes fossil fuels Represent overall sequence of reactions by a balanced equation The overall sequence of reactions in photosynthesis can be represented by the equation chlorophyll 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 uv light Remember!

2 Location of chlorophyll within cells The green chemical chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts. The chlorophyll is used to trap the light energy Remember! Identify the sources of light, carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis in leaf cells. Light Light normally comes from the sun. (Artificial light can also be used) Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide comes from two sources External source: It diffuses into the plant from the air. It diffuses in through the stomata Internal source: It is made in the plant by respiration Water Water is got from the soil. The roots absorb the water and it passes up through the xylem vessels to the leaves.

3 A simple treatment of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts traps sunlight energy. This trapped energy splits water to release electrons, protons and oxygen. The electrons are passed to chlorophyll, the protons are released to a general pool of protons, the oxygen is either released to the atmosphere or it may be used within the cell. Electrons from chlorophyll are used with protons from the pool of protons to reduce carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate Cx(H2O)y Human intervention: Use of artificial light and carbon dioxide enrichment to promote crop growth in greenhouses. Artificial light Artificial light (electric light bulbs) is used in greenhouses to increase crop growth. The intensity and duration of the light can be varied Carbon dioxide enrichment The air in a greenhouse can be enriched with carbon dioxide by burning gas or releasing it from cylinders

4 H Role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD/NADP + ) Nature of ATP ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a complicated chemical made up of adenine, ribose and three phosphates. Word structure of ATP Role of ATP ATP is a chemical that stores energy in cells When a cell needs energy ATP releases energy and is changed into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + P. When energy is released in a cell it can be stored when ADP and P join to form ATP *Adenosine triphosphate has a special role in the trapping and transferring of energy for cell activities* It carries energy from where it is produced to where it is needed

5 Role of NAD+/NADP+ NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) are low energy chemicals. They are able to accept two high energy electrons (2e-), and a hydrogen ion (H+). When they break down they release two high energy electrons (2e-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). *NAD+ and NADP+ have a special role in the trapping and transferring of electrons and hydrogen ions in cell activities* In respiration NADH uses its electrons and hydrogen ion to form ATP In photosynthesis NADPH uses its electrons and hydrogen ion to form glucose.

6 H Photosynthesis (Extended Study) Photosynthesis is a two-stage process. The first stage, driven by light energy, is called the light stage or light-dependent stage. The second stage, which is dependent on the products of the light stage and does not require light, is called the dark stage or light-independent stage. Light Stage In the light stage, light energy is absorbed and then passed on from one pigment molecule to other pigment molecules in the chloroplast until it reaches a reaction centre chlorophyll molecule. From here energised electrons enter two pathways: Pathway 1: they return directly to chlorophyll releasing their surplus energy for the formation of ATP Pathway 2: two electrons are trapped by NADP+ forming NADP-. This leaves the chlorophyll molecules electron deficient. These are replenished from the splitting of water into 2H+, electrons and oxygen. The electrons recycle back to the chlorophyll,, the hydrogen ions (H+) enter a proton pool and oxygen is released to the atmosphere or used in respiration. The H+ ions from the pool of H+ ions are attracted to NADP to form NADPH. Dark Stage In the dark stage NADPH supplies H+ ions and electrons (reducing power) which are used to convert CO 2 to carbohydrates, C x (H2O) y. The energy to achieve this conversion comes from ATP. ADP and NADP+ return to the light stage to be re-used. Both the light stage and the dark stage take place in the chloroplast. However, the light stage takes place in the grana and the dark stage takes place in the stroma. The light stage needs light and can take place only in the light. The dark stage uses molecules (ATP and NADPH) that were made in the light stage, so it needs the light stage to have taken place but it does not need light and can take place in the light or dark. No enzymes are used in the light stage. The dark stage reactions are controlled by enzymes. This means that the rate of the dark stage is controlled by temperature. End products of light stage are: o ATP will provide the energy for the dark stage o NADP will supply electrons and H+ ions for the dark stage o Oxygen this passes out of leaf to atmosphere or it can be used in respiration End products of dark stage are: o Glucose used for energy or stored as starch o ADP, P and NADP+ - reused in the light stage to form ATP and NADPH

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