Easy Science Review & Vocabulary (Investigation and Experimentation) Ch. 1

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1 (Investigation and Experimentation) Ch. 1 I. What is Science? a. Observation b. Data i. Quantitative ii. Qualitative c. Hypothesis, Theory, Law d. Inference II. III. IV. How Scientists Work. a. Scientific Method b. Variables i. Independent (manipulated) ii. Dependent (responding) c. Controlled Experiment d. Theory Studying Life. a. What makes something living? i. 8 things b. What is Biology? Tools and procedures a. Metric System b. Types of microscopes V. Additional Vocabulary a. Homeostasis b. Reproduction i. Asexual ii. Sexual c. Metabolism d. Stimulus

2 (The Chemistry of Life) Ch. 2 I. The Nature of Matter a. Atoms b. Elements and Isotopes c. Chemical Compounds d. Chemical Bonds i. Ionic Bond ii. Covalent Bond iii. Van der Waals forces II. Properties of Water a. The Water Molecule i. Polarity ii. Hydrogen Bonds b. Solutions and Suspensions c. Acids, Bases and ph i. Buffers III. Carbon Compounds a. The Chemistry of Carbon b. Macromolecules i. Monomers ii. Polymers c. Carbohydrates i. Monosaccharides ii. Polysaccharides d. Lipids i. Saturated ii. Unsaturated iii. Polyunsaturated e. Nucleic Acids i. DNA and RNA f. Proteins i. Amino Acids IV. Chemical Compounds and Enzymes a. Chemical Reactions i. Reactant ii. Product b. Energy in Reactions i. Energy Changes ii. Activation Energy c. Enzymes i. Catalyst d. Enzyme action i. The Enzyme- substrate complex ii. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

3 I. What is Ecology? Easy Science Review & Vocabulary (Ecology- the biosphere) Ch. 3 II. III. IV. Levels of Ecology a. Individual organism b. Species c. Population d. Community e. Ecosystem f. Biome g. Biosphere Energy Flow a. Life s main source of energy b. Autotroph (producer c. Heterotroph (consumer) i. Herbivore ii. Carnivore iii. Omnivore iv. Detritivore v. Decomposer d. Food Web e. Food Chain f. Trophic Levels g. Energy Pyramid Cycles of matter a. Water cycle b. Carbon cycle c. Nitrogen Cycle d. Phosphorus Cycle V. Additional Vocabulary a. Chemosynthesis b. Biomass c. Nitrogen Fixation d. Transpiration e. Nutrient f. Evaporation

4 (Ecology- ecosystems and communities) Ch. 4 I. What is climate? a. Weather vs. Climate b. Greenhouse effect c. Effect of latitude i. Polar zones ii. Temperate zones iii. Tropical Zones d. Heat transport in the biosphere II. III. IV. What Shapes an ecosystem? a. Biotic factors b. Abiotic factors c. Niche d. Competition e. Predation f. Symbiosis i. Mutualism ii. Commensalism iii. Parasitism g. Ecological succession i. Primary Succession ii. Secondary Succession Biomes (10 major) a. Tropical rain forest b. Tropical dry forest c. Tropical savanna d. Desert e. Temperate grassland f. Temperate woodland g. Temperate forest h. Northwestern coniferous forest i. Taiga (boreal forest) j. Tundra Aquatic Ecosystems a. How are they grouped? b. Plankton i. Phytoplankton ii. Zooplankton c. Three main groups of ecosystem i. Freshwater 1. Flowing

5 2. Standing 3. Freshwater wetland ii. Estuary 1. Salt marsh 2. Mangrove swamp iii. Marine (ocean) Ecosystem 1. Photic zone 2. Aphotic zone d. Three main zones of depth and distance from shore i. Intertidal zone ii. Coastal zone iii. Open ocean V. Additional vocabulary a. Microclimate b. Canopy c. Understory d. Deciduous e. Coniferous f. Humus g. Permafrost h. Benthic zone

6 (Ecology- populations) Ch. 5 I. How Populations Grow a. Geographic distribution b. Population Density c. Growth Rate i. Three factors 1. Number of births 2. Number of deaths 3. Individuals that enter or leave the population a. Immigration b. Emigration d. Exponential Growth i. J shaped curve e. Logistic Growth i. S shaped curve f. Carrying Capacity II. III. Limits to growth a. Predator- Prey ralationships b. Density- dependent limiting factors i. Competition ii. Predation iii. Parasitism iv. Disease c. Density- independent limiting factors i. Natural disasters ii. Human activity Human population growth a. Demography i. Birth rates ii. Death rates iii. Age structure b. Demographic transition c. Age- structure diagrams

7 (Humans in the Biosphere) Ch. 6 1) A Changing Landscape a. Earth as an Island b. Human Activities c. Hunting an Gathering d. Agriculture i. From Traditional to Modern ii. The Green Revolution iii. Challenges for the Future e. Industrial Growth and Development 2) Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources a. Classifying Resources b. Sustainable Development c. Land Resources d. Forest Resources i. Deforestation ii. Forest Management e. Fishery Resources i. Over Fishing ii. Sustainable Development iii. Aquaculture f. Air Resources g. Freshwater Resources 3) Biodiversity a. The Value of Biodiversity b. Threats to Biodiversity c. Habitat Alteration d. Demand for Wildlife Products e. Pollution f. Introduced Species g. Conserving Biodiversity i. Strategies for Conservation ii. Conservation Challenges 4) Charting a course for the future a. Ozone Depletion i. Early evidence b. Global Climate Change i. Evidence of Global Warming ii. Possible Effects of Global Warming c. The Value of a healthy Biosphere

8 (Cell Structure and Function) Ch. 7 I. Life is Cellular a. The Discovery of the Cell i. Early Microscopes ii. Cell Theory b. Exploring the Cell i. Electron Microscope ii. Scanning Probe Microscopes c. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure a. Comparing the Cell to a Factory i. Organelles b. Nucleus i. Nuclear envelope ii. Chromatin iii. Chromosomes c. Ribosomes d. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) e. Golgi Apparatus (or Golgi Body) f. Lysosomes g. Vacuoles h. Mitochondria i. Chloroplasts j. Cytoskeleton i. Microfilaments ii. Microtubles III. Cell Boundaries a. Cell Membrane i. Lipid Bilayer b. Cell Walls c. Diffusion through Cell Boundaries i. Measuring Concentration ii. Diffusion iii. Equilibrium d. Osmosis i. Isotonic ii. Hypertonic iii. Hypotonic iv. Osmotic Pressure e. Facilitated Diffusion f. Active Transport i. Molecular Transport ii. Endocytosis iii. Phagocytosis

9 IV. iv. Pinocytosis v. Exocytosis The Diversity of Cellular Life a. Unicellular Organisms b. Multicellular Organisms i. Specialized Animal Cells ii. Specialized Plant Cells c. Levels of Organization i. Cell ii. Tissue iii. Organ iv. Organ Systems

10 (Photosynthesis) Ch. 8 I. Energy and Life a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs c. Chemical Energy and ATP i. Storing Energy ii. Releasing Energy d. Using Biological energy II. Photosynthesis: an overview a. Investigating Photosynthesis i. Van Helmont s Experiment ii. Priestley s Experiment iii. Jan Ingenhousz b. The Photosynthesis Equation i. 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sun light = C6H12O6 + 6O2 c. Light and Pigments III. The Reactions of Photosynthesis a. Inside a chloroplast b. Electron Carriers c. Light Dependent Reactions d. The Calvin Cycle e. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Easy Science Review & Vocabulary (Cellular Respiration) Ch. 9 I. Chemical Pathways a. Chemical Energy and Food b. Overview of Cellular Respiration c. Glycolysis i. ATP Production ii. NADH Production d. Fermentation i. Alcoholic Fermentation ii. Lactic Acid Fermentation II. The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport a. The Krebs Cycle b. Electron Transport c. The Totals d. Energy and Exercise i. Quick Energy ii. Long- term energy e. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

11 (Cell Growth and Division) Ch. 10 I. Cell Growth a. Limits to Cell Growth i. DNA Overload ii. Exchanging Materials iii. Ratio of surface area to volume b. Division of the Cell II. Cell Division a. Chromosomes b. The Cell Cycle c. Events of the Cell Cycle d. Mitosis (IPMAT) i. Interphase ii. Prophase iii. Metaphase iv. Anaphase v. Telophase e. Cytokinesis III. Regulating the Cell Cycle a. Controls on Cell Division b. Cell Cycle Regulators i. Internal Regulators ii. External Regulators c. Uncontrolled Cell Growth

12 (Introduction to Genetics) Ch. 11 I. The Work of Gregor Mendel a. Gregor Mendel s Peas b. Genes and Dominance c. Segregation i. The F1 Cross ii. Explaining the F1 Cross II. Probability and Punnett Squares a. Genetics and Probability b. Punnett Squares c. Probability and Segregation d. Probabilities Predict Averages III. Exploring Mendelian Genetics a. Independent Assortment i. The Two- Factor Cross: F1 ii. The Two- Factor Cross: F2 b. A Summary of Mendel s Principles c. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles i. Incomplete Dominance ii. Codominance iii. Multiple Alleles iv. Polygenic Traits d. Applying Mendel s Principles IV. e. Genetics and the Environment Meiosis a. Chromosome number b. Phases of Meiosis i. Meiosis I ii. Meiosis II c. Gamete Formation d. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis V. Linkage and Gene Maps a. Gene Linkage b. Gene Maps

13 (DNA and RNA) Ch. 12 I. DNA a. Griffith and Transformation i. Griffith s Experiments ii. Transformation b. Avery and DNA c. The Hershey- Chase Experiment i. Bacteriophges ii. Radioactive Markers d. The Components and Structure of DNA i. Chargaff s Rules ii. X- Ray Evidence iii. The Double Helix II. Chromosomes and DNA Replication a. DNA and Chromosomes i. DNA Length ii. Chromosome Structure b. DNA Replication i. Duplicating DNA ii. How Replication Occurs III. RNA and Protein Synthesis a. The Structure of RNA b. Types of RNA c. Transcription d. RNA Editing e. The Genetic Code f. Translation g. The Roles of RNA and DNA h. Genes and Proteins IV. Mutations a. Kinds of Mutations i. Gene Mutations ii. Chromosomal Mutations b. Significance of Mutations V. Gene Regulation a. Gene Regulation: An Example b. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation c. Development and Differentiation

14 (Digestive and Excretory Systems) Ch. 38 1) Food and Nutrition a. Food and Energy b. Nutrients i. Water ii. Carbohydrates iii. Fats iv. Proteins v. Vitamins vi. Minerals c. Nutrition and a Balanced Diet 2) The Process of Digestion a. The Mouth i. Teeth ii. Saliva b. The Esophagus c. The Stomach i. Chemical Digestion ii. Mechanical Digestion d. The Small Intestine i. Accessory Structures of Digestion e. Absorption in the Small Intestine f. The Large Intestine g. Digestive System Disorders 3) The Excretory Process a. Functions of the Excretory System b. The Kidneys i. Kidney Structure ii. Filtration iii. Reabsorption iv. Urine Formation v. Urine Testing vi. Kidney Stones c. Control of Kidney Function d. Homeostasis by Machine Easy Science Review & Vocabulary (Endocrine and Reproductive Systems) Ch. 39 Easy Science Review & Vocabulary (The Immune System and Disease) Ch. 40