Biology - Semester 1 Review. Cookie Sales at the 2011 Farmer's Market. Sales of Video Game Consoles. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology

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1 Number of Items Sold (in millions) Biology - Semester 1 Review Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology Name KEY Date Period 1. List the seven characteristics of life: (Don t forget the acronym you learned Carnivorous Raptors that eat Meaty Humans Have Regular Gas and Diarrhea ) C_ells ; R_eproduce ; M_etabolize ; H_omeostasis ; H_eredity ; R_esponsive ; G_row and D_evelop 2. Define and give an example of homeostasis. _maintaining a constant internal environment (despite external changes) example polar bear staying warm 3. The sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism is _metabolism. 4. Heredity involves passing _traits from _parents to _offspring. 5. Responsiveness is an organism s ability to react to _external environment. 6. List the 6 steps of the scientific method: (Don t forget the acronym you learned Old People Eat Awful Chunky Cake ) O_bserve ; P_redict ; E_xperiment ; A_nalyze ; C_onclude ; C_onfirm Cookie Sales at the 2011 Farmer's Market Oatmeal Raisin 30% Chocolate Chip 33% Lemon 18% Peanut Butter 19% Use the graph to answer the questions: 7. What is the most popular cookie type? _chocolate chip 8. Do oatmeal raisin and peanut butter cookies have higher sales than chocolate chip and lemon cookies? _no Sales of Video Game Consoles Wii Sales 10 Xbox 360 Sales 5 PS3 Sales Years Use the graph to answer the questions: 9. What was the highest selling video game console in the year 2006? xbox Which video game console experienced the most growth in sales between the years 2006 and 2009? _Wii

2 Use the following experiment to answer questions 11-15: A volunteer at the local Humane Society became concerned that many of the cats were getting too fat. She considered playing with them to increase their exercise level, but she really didn t have enough time. She had seen some commercials for a diet cat food that was supposed to make fat cats skinny. She decided that if she fed the cats diet food, then they would lose weight. She didn t have a lot of money so she only gave the diet food to half of the fat cats and left the other half eating regular food. She decided that if the diet food helped the cats lose weight, then she would buy more for the other cats. She weighed all the cats before she changed food and again a month after changing the diet. She found that the diet food did not make the cats lose weight. 11. What is the hypothesis? _if she fed the cats diet food, then they would lose weight. 12. What is the independent variable for this experiment? _type of cat food (diet cat food) 13. What is the dependent variable for this experiment? _weight of cats 14. What is the control for this experiment? _ the cats that keep eating regular food 15. What is the test for this experiment? _the cats eating diet food 16. Why is a control an important part of performing a good experiment? _we need something to compare the results to Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 17. List the 3 main types of bonds and briefly explain each one. Covalent shared electrons Ionic lost or gained electrons (attraction of opposite charges) Hydrogen hydrogen bonded to O, N, or P by slight charge (polarity) 18. Name the 3 particles that make up an atom. _electrons, protons, neutrons 19. List and describe the 5 properties of water. Stores heat well very slow to change temperature Bonds to itself and other compounds Surface tension - caused by cohesion Capillary action - caused by adhesion Polarity slight positive and negative ends 20. What is activation energy? _the energy needed to start a chemical reaction 21. How do enzymes affect the speed of a reaction? _makes it go faster 22. The head of a phospholipid is _hydrophilic (polar)_, so it is attracted to water, while the tails are _hydrophobic (nonpolar)_, so they are repelled by water.

3 23. What is the ph of acidic solutions? 0 to _ What is the ph of basic solutions? _7.1 to _ Fill in the following chart: Compound Carbohydrates Lipids Example sucrose, glucose, starch saturated fats, unsaturated fats, waxes, steroids Structure (building blocks) monosaccharides Fatty acids Proteins Hemoglobin amino acids Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA nucleotides Function quick energy source, sometimes energy storage Energy storage and cell membranes carries oxygen (varies for each protein) Store genetic information Chapter 3 - Cells 26. Who first discovered cells and when? _Robert Hooke in What is the difference between magnification and resolution? _magnification makes the image appear larger and resolution makes it more clear (Little bumps) Use the letters on the diagram to answer the questions: 28. _D_ The rough ER? 29. _O_ The nucleolus? 30. _I The centriole? 31. _E_ The structure that controls what enters & leaves the cell? 32. _H Structure that converts energy to ATP? 33. _A_The structure that controls the activities of the entire cell? 34. _G_The structure that prepares proteins for export from the cell? 35. Name three things that plant cells have that animal cells do not. _cell wall chloroplast large central vacuole 36. What two structures are used by cells for movement? _cilia flagella 37. As cell size increase, the surface-area-to-volume ratio _decreases. 38. What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Give an example of each_eukaryotes have organelles, including a nucleus (Animals and Bacteria)

4 Chapter 4 The Cell Membrane 39. Name the 4 main types of proteins found in the cell membrane. (pg 60) cell-surface marker, receptor, enzyme, transport protein 40. Does passive transport require energy? _no 41. Give an example of passive transport. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis 42. Does active transport require energy? _yes 43. Give an example of active transport. _sodium-potassium pump (there are others) 44. Concentration gradient relies on molecules natural tendency to move from areas of _high concentration to areas of _low concentration. 45. Explain the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. _isotonic same concentration, no movement of water; hypotonic higher concentration of water outside of cell, water moves in; hypertonic lower concentration of water outside of cell, water moves out 46. Endocytosis is the movement of a substance _in to a cell by a vesicle. 47. Exocytosis is the movement of a substance _out of a cell by a vesicle. Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Respiration 48. Explain how autotrophs get energy. _they make food from sunlight 49. Give an example of an autotroph. _plants, algae and some bacteria 50. Explain how heterotrophs get energy. _they consume other organisms 51. Give an example of a heterotroph. _rabbit, fox, people 52. Formula for photosynthesis. _6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 53. What main organelle does photosynthesis occur in? _chloroplast 54. When light strikes chlorophyll, _electrons are excited and leave the chlorophyll. They are replaced from the splitting of _water molecules. 55. What are the disc like structures in the chloroplast called? _thylakoids 56. What is the fluid like substance within the chloroplast called? _stroma 57. What wavelengths or colors of light are reflected and absorbed by chlorophyll? _absorbs blue and red light; reflects green and yellow 58. What similar function do NADPH, NADH, and FADH2 all have in common? _electron carriers 59. When oxygen is not available for aerobic respiration, what happens? _respiration stops, fermentation proceeds, very little ATP is made 60. Formula for respiration. _ C6H12O6 + 6O2_--> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy 61. What main organelle does respiration occur in? _mitochondria 62. The majority of ATP created during respiration comes from which stage of respiration? _3 rd stage Where does this happen? _Inner mitochondrial membrane

5 Chapter 6 and 7 Mitosis and Meiosis 63. What is a karyotype? _picture of all chromosomes arranged by size 64. What is a gamete? _haploid sex cells; sperm or egg 65. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? _haploid has 1 set of chromosomes, diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes 66. Process by which gametes are produced in female animals. _oogenesis 67. Process by which gametes are produced in male animals. _spermatogenesis 68. What is an autosome? _a chromosome that does not directly influence gender 69. What is a sex chromosome? _the X and Y chromosomes that determine gender 70. How many chromosomes do human body cells contain? List the 4 main types of mutations: _deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation 72. What are the 3 parts of Interphase? _G1, S, G2 73. What is the result of mitosis? _2 identical diploid cells 74. What process is shown in the above diagram? _mitosis 75. Name the phases of A, B, C, and D shown in the diagram? _prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 76. What process immediately follows mitosis? _cytokinesis 77. What is the result of meiosis? In other words, how many cells are produced and are they haploid or diploid? _4 haploid cells, gametes 78. Binary fission is an example of _asexual reproduction. 79. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are clones of the parent. List one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction. _advantage: fast, little energy, no mate needed; disadvantage: no genetic diversity 80. Sexual reproduction results in genetically unique offspring. List one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. _advantage: genetic diversity; disadvantage: need a mate, requires energy, slow 81. List the three main sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms. independent assortment, crossing-over, random fertilization Chapter 8 Genetics 82. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? _genotype is the actual alleles of the gene; phenotype is the appearance 83. Give an example of incomplete dominance. _red + white flowers = pink (snapdragons) 84. Give an example of codominance. _roan horses or A/B blood types 85. Can two brown haired individuals have a blond haired child? Explain. _yes, if both parents are heterozygous they can give the child two recessive alleles

6 86. Traits that involve multiple genes are called _polygenic. 87. George is 6 feet tall and is married to Berta, who is 4 ½ feet tall. After much research, George found that he was heterozygous for the tall allele and Berta was homozygous recessive for the allele. Complete the Punnett square below for this cross and answer the questions about genotype and phenotype: t t 88. The parental genotypes are _Tt and _tt. T Tt Tt t tt tt 89. The parental phenotypes are _tall and _short. 90. What is the probability that their children will be tall? _50% 91. What percentage of the offspring are: a. homozygous dominant? _0% b. heterozygous dominant? _50% c. homozygous recessive? _50% Through their research, George and Berta discovered that they are both heterozygous for the gene that causes dimples. Complete the Punnett square below for this cross and answer the questions about genotype and phenotype: D 96. What percentage of the offspring are: a. homozygous dominant? _25% b. heterozygous dominant? _50% c. homozygous recessive? _25% 97. What are pedigrees used for? _tracking a family history of a trait 98. Is this pedigree showing a dominant or recessive trait? _recessive 99. Is this pedigree showing an autosomal or a sexlinked trait? _sex-linked d D DD Dd d Dd dd 92. The parental genotypes are _Dd and _Dd. 93. The parental phenotypes are _dimples and _dimples. 94. What is the probability that their children will have dimples? 75% 95. What is the probability that their children will not have dimples? 25% 100. Which person in generation III has the highest risk for having a baby affected by this disorder? #1 (mother was a known carrier)_