Chapter 8 Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida
|
|
- Justin Thomas
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 8 The Continuity of Life: How Cells Reproduce Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Cells reproduce by cell division. One cell gives rise to two or more cells, called daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of heredity information identical to the information in the parent cell and about half of the cytoplasm.
3 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Cell division transmits hereditary information to each daughter cell. The hereditary information in each cell is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is contained in chromosomes. A molecule of DNA consists of smaller subunits called nucleotides.
4 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four bases. The four bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonding between the bases in two strands, called a double helix.
5 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? The structure of DNA phosphate nucleotide base sugar A C T G A G C C C G A T A C G A T T A T (a) A single strand of DNA (b) The double helix Flash Fig. 8-1
6 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Segments of different lengths along a DNA molecule are the units of inheritance called genes. Each gene spells out the instructions for making the proteins of the cell. When a cell divides, it first replicates its DNA, and each copy is transferred into each daughter cell. Flash
7 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Cell division is required for growth and development. Cell division in which the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell is called mitotic cell division. After cell division, the daughter cells may grow and divide again, or may differentiate, becoming specialized for specific functions. The repeating pattern of division, growth, and differentiation followed again by division is called the cell cycle.
8 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells. Stem cells: retain the ability to divide and can differentiate into a variety of cell types Other cells capable of dividing: typically differentiate only into one or two different cell types (progenitor cells) Permanently differentiated cells: differentiated cells that can never divide again
9 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Cell division is required for sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and eggs) from two adults. Gametes are produced by meiotic cell division, which results in daughter cells with exactly half of the genetic information of their parent cells. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in the restoration of the full complement of hereditary information in the offspring.
10 8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg, is called asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Examples of asexual reproduction occur in bacteria, single-celled eukaryotic organisms, multicellular organisms such as Hydra, and many trees, plants, and fungi.
11 The trees in this grove have already lost their leaves (a) Dividing bacteria (b) Cell division in Paramecium bud The trees in this grove are still green The trees in this grove have begun to change color (c) Hydra reproduces asexually by budding (d) A grove of aspens often consists of genetically identical trees produced by asexual reproduction Fig. 8-2
12 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? The prokaryotic cell cycle consists of a long period of growth, during which the cell duplicates its DNA. cell division by binary fission cell growth and DNA replication (a) The prokaryotic cell cycle Fig. 8-3a
13 8.2 What Occurs During the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? Cell division in prokaryotes occurs by binary fission, which means splitting in two. The prokaryotic chromosome is attached at one point to the plasma membrane of the cell.
14 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? The prokaryotic cell cycle cell wall plasma membrane attachment site The circular DNA double helix is attached to the plasma membrane at one point. circular DNA Fig. 8-3b(1)
15 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? During the growth phase of the cell cycle, the DNA is replicated, producing two identical chromosomes that become attached to the plasma membrane at two separate points. As the cell grows, new plasma membrane is added between the attachment points of the chromosomes, pushing them apart.
16 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? The prokaryotic cell cycle (continued) The DNA replicates and the two DNA double helices attach to the plasma membrane at nearby points. New plasma membrane is added between the attachment points, pushing them further apart. Fig. 8-3b(2)(3)
17 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? Once the cell has doubled in size, the plasma membrane in the middle of the cell grows inward between the two DNA attachment sites.
18 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? The prokaryotic cell cycle (continued) The plasma membrane grows inward at the middle of the cell. Fig. 8-3b(4)
19 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? Fusion of the plasma membrane along the equator of the cell completes binary fission, producing two daughter cells, each with its own chromosomes The two daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
20 8.2 What Occurs During The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? The prokaryotic cell cycle (continued) The parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Fig. 8-3b(5)
21 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells always have multiple chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes.
22 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? The eukaryotic chromosome consists of DNA bound to protein. Human chromosomes contain a single DNA double helix that is 50 to 250 million nucleotides long, which would be about 3 inches long if the DNA were completely relaxed.
23 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? During cell division, proteins fold up the DNA into compact structures that are 10 times shorter than during the rest of the cell cycle. Fig. 8-4
24 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Duplicated chromosomes separate during cell division. Prior to cell division, the DNA within each chromosome is replicated. The duplicated chromosomes then consist of two DNA double helixes and associated proteins that are attached to each other at the centromere.
25 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Duplicated chromosomes separate during cell division (continued). Each of the duplicated chromosomes attached at the centromere is called a sister chromatid. During mitotic cell division, the sister chromatids separate and each becomes a separate chromosome that is delivered to one of the two resulting daughter cells.
26 8.3 How Is the DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Eukaryotic chromosomes during cell division centromere genes duplicated sister chromosome chromatids (2 DNA double helices) (a) A replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids independent daughter chromosomes, each with one identical DNA double helix (b) Sister chromatids separate during cell division Fig. 8-5
27 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Eukaryotic chromosomes usually occur in pairs. An entire set of stained chromosomes from a single cell is called a karyotype. sex chromosomes Fig. 8-6
28 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Eukaryotic chromosomes usually occur in pairs (continued). The nonreproductive cells of many organisms have chromosomes in pairs, with both members of the pair being the same length. The chromosomes are the same length and have the same staining properties because they have the same genes arranged in the same order.
29 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Chromosomes with the same genes are called homologous chromosomes, or homologues. Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid.
30 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Homologous chromosomes are usually not identical. The same genes on homologous chromosomes may be different from each other due to changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA, called mutations. A given mutation may have occurred recently, or may have occurred generations ago and has been inherited ever since.
31 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? A typical human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 of these pairs have a similar appearance and are called autosomes. Human cells also have a pair of sex chromosomes, which differ from each other in appearance and in genetic composition. Females have two X chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosome.
32 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? Not all cells have paired chromosomes. The ovaries and testes undergo a special kind of cell division, called meiotic cell division, to produce gametes (eggs and sperm). Gametes contain only one member of each pair of autosomes, plus one of the two sex chromosomes. Cells with half the number of each type of chromosome are called haploid cells. Fusion of two haploid cells at fertilization produces a diploid cell with the full complement of chromosomes.
33 8.3 How Is The DNA In Eukaryotic Cells Organized? The number of different types of chromosomes in a species is called the haploid number and is designated n. In humans, n = 23. Diploid cells contain 2n chromosomes. Humans body cells contain 2n = 46 (2 x 23) chromosomes.
34 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? The eukaryotic cell cycle is divided into two major phases: interphase and cell division. During interphase, the cell acquires nutrients from its environment, grows, and duplicates its chromosomes. During cell division, one copy of each chromosome and half of the cytoplasm are parceled out into each of two daughter cells.
35 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? The eukaryotic cell cycle prophase metaphase anaphase mitotic cell division cytokinesis telophase and cell growth and differentiation cell growth interphase synthesis of DNA; chromosomes are duplicated Fig. 8-7
36 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? There are two types of division in eukarytic cells: mitotic cell division and meiotic cell division. Mitotic cell division may be thought of as ordinary cell division, such as occurs during development from a fertilized egg, during asexual reproduction, and in skin, liver, and the digestive tract every day. Meiotic cell division is a specialized type of cell division required for sexual reproduction.
37 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? Mitotic cell division Mitotic cell division consists of nuclear division (called mitosis) followed by cytoplasmic division (called cytokinesis) and the formation of two daughter cells.
38 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? Meiotic cell division Is a prerequisite for sexual reproduction in all eukaryotic organisms. Meiotic cell division involves a specialized nuclear division called meiosis. It involves two rounds of cytokinesis, producing four daughter cells that can become gametes.
39 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? The life cycle of eukaryotic organisms include both mitotic and meiotic cell division. A new generation begins with the fusion of two gametes. Through mitosis and differentiation, the fertilized egg grows and develops a multicellular body. Meiotic cell division generates new gametes that may unite with other gametes to produce the next generation.
40 8.4 What Occurs During The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? Mitotic and meiotic cell division in the human life cycle mitotic cell division, differentiation, and growth mitotic cell division, differentiation, and growth baby adults mitotic cell division, differentiation, and growth haploid diploid embryo fertilized egg egg fusion of gametes meiotic cell division in ovaries sperm meiotic cell division in testes Flash Fig. 8-8
41 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Mitosis is divided into four phases. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Flash
42 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Interphase, prophase, and metaphase nuclear envelope chromatin nucleolus condensing chromosomes spindle pole spindle microtubules centriole pairs beginning of spindle formation spindle pole kinetochore (a) Late Interphase (b) Early Prophase (c) Late Prophase The (d) Metaphase Duplicated chromosomes are in the relaxed uncondensed state; duplicated centrioles remain clustered. Chromosomes condense and shorten; spindle microtubules begin to form between separating centriole pairs. nucleolus disappears; the nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid. Kinetochores interact; spindle microtubules line up the chromosomes at the cell s equator. Fig. 8-9a d
43 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, and interphase unattached spindle microtubules chromosomes extending nuclear envelope re-forming (e) Anaphase Sister (f) Telophase One set of (g) Cytokinesis (h) Interphase of chromatids separate chromosomes reaches The cell divides in daughter cells Spindles and move to opposite each pole and relaxes two; each daughter disappear, intact nuclear poles of the cell; spindle into the extended state; cell receives one envelopes form, microtubules that are nuclear envelopes start nucleus and about chromosomes extend not attached to the to form around each set; half of the cytoplasm. completely, and the chromosomes push the spindle microtubles nucleolus reappears. poles apart. begin to disappear. Fig. 8-9e h
44 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During prophase, the chromosomes condense and are captured by the spindle microtubules. Three major events happen in prophase: The duplicated chromosomes condense. The spindle microtubules form. The chromosomes are captured by the spindle.
45 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? The centriole pairs migrate with the spindle poles to opposite sides of the nucleus. When the cell divides, each daughter cell receives a centriole. Every sister chromatid has a structure called a kinetochore located at the centromere, which attaches to a spindle apparatus.
46 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Prophase Fig. 8-9b c
47 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. At this phase, the spindle apparatus lines up the sister chromatids at the equator, with one kinetochore facing each cell pole.
48 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Metaphase Fig. 8-9d
49 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Sister chromatids separate, becoming independent daughter chromosomes. The kinetochores pull the chromosomes poleward along the spindle microtubules.
50 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Anaphase Fig. 8-9e
51 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During telophase, nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes. Telophase begins when the chromosomes reach the poles. The spindle microtubules disintegrate and the nuclear envelop forms around each group of chromosomes.
52 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Telophase Fig. 8-9f
53 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Cytokinesis occurs during telophase, separating each daughter nucleus into a separate cell that then begins interphase.
54 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Cytokinesis Fig. 8-9g
55 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is divided between two daughter cells. Microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane form a ring around the equator of the cell. During cytokinesis, the ring contracts and constricts the cell s equator. Eventually, the constriction divides the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.
56 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is divided between two daughter cells. Microfilaments form a ring around the cell s equator. The microfilament ring contracts, pinching in the cell s waist. The waist completely pinches off, forming two daughter cells (a) Microfilaments contract, pinching the cell in two (b) Scanning electron micrograph of cytokinesis. Fig. 8-10
57 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Cytokinesis in plant cells is different than in animal cells. In plants, carbohydrate-filled vesicles bud off the Golgi apparatus and line up along the cell s equator between the two nuclei. The vesicles fuse, forming a cell plate. The carbohydrate in the vesicles become the cell wall between the two daughter cells.
58 8.5 How Does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? Cytokinesis in a plant cell Fig. 8-11
59 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Meiosis is the production of haploid cells with unpaired chromosomes derived from diploid parent cells with paired chromosomes. Meiosis includes two nuclear divisions, known as meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up, but sister chromatids remain connected to each other. In meiosis II, chromosomes behave as they do in mitosis sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Flash
60 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? paired homologous chromosomes recombined chromatids chiasma spindle microtubule kinetochores (a) Prophase I (b) Metaphase I (c) Anaphase I (d) Telophase I Duplicated chromosomes condense. Homologous chromosomes pair up and chiasmata occur as chromatids of homologues exchange parts by crossing over. The nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules form. Paired homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. One homologue of each pair faces each pole of the cell and attaches to the spindle microtubules via the kinetochore (blue). Homologues separate, one member of each pair going to each pole of the cell. Sister chromatids do not separate. Spindle microtubules disappear. Two clusters of chromosomes have formed, each containing one member of each pair of homologues. The daughter nuclei are therefore haploid. Cytokinesis commonly occurs at this stage. There is little or no interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II. Fig. 8-12a d
61 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? (e) Prophase II (f) Metaphase II (g) Anaphase II (h) Telophase II (i) If the chromosomes have relaxed after telophase I, they recondense. Spindle microtubules re-form and attach to the sister chromatids. The chromosomes line up along the equator, with sister chromatids of each chromosome attached to spindle microtubules that lead to opposite poles. The chromatids separate into independent daughter chromosomes, one former chromatid moving toward each pole. The chromosomes finish moving to opposite poles. Nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromosomes become extended again (not shown here). Four haploid cells Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each containing one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes (shown here in the condensed state). Fig. 8-12e i
62 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes into two haploid daughter nuclei. During prophase I, homologues pair up. The two homologues in a pair intertwine, forming chiasmata (singular, chiasma). At some chiasmata, the homologues exchange parts in a process known as crossing over.
63 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Prophase I Fig. 8-12a
64 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? During metaphase I, paired homologues line up at the equator of the cell. Interactions between the kinetochores and the spindle microtubules move the paired homologues to the equator of the cell.
65 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Metaphase I Fig. 8-12b
66 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? During anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate. One duplicated chromosome (consisting of two sister chromatids) from each homologous pair moves to each pole of the dividing cell. At the end of anaphase I, the cluster of chromosomes at each pole contains one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes.
67 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Anaphase I Fig. 8-12c
68 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? After telophase I and cytokinesis, there are two haploid daughter cells. The spindle microtubules disappear and the nuclear envelope may reappear. Cytokinesis takes place and divides the cell into two daugher cells; each cell has only one of each pair of homologous chromosomes and is haploid. Each chromosome still has two sister chromatids.
69 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Telophase I Fig. 8-12d
70 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Meiosis II separates sister chromatids into four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis II is virtually identical to mitosis, although it occurs in haploid cells.
71 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Prophase II: the spindle microtubules reform Fig. 8-12e
72 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Metaphase II: duplicated chromosomes line up at the cell s equator Fig. 8-12f
73 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Anaphase II: sister chromatids move to opposite poles Fig. 8-12g
74 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Telophase II and cytokinesis: four haploid cells are formed Fig. 8-12h i
75 8.6 How Does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Haploid Cells? Flash
76 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Ways to produce genetic variability from meiotic cell division and sexual reproduction Shuffling of homologues Crossing over Fusion of gametes
77 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Shuffling of homologues creates novel combinations of chromosomes. There is a random assortment of homologues to daughter cells at meiosis I. At metaphase I, paired homologues line up at the cell s equator. Which chromosome faces which pole is random, so it is random as to which daughter cell will receive each chromosome.
78 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Random separation of homologues during meiosis produces genetic variability. (a) The four possible chromosome arrangements at metaphase of meiosis I (b) The eight possible sets of chromosomes after meiosis I Fig. 8-13
79 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Crossing over creates chromosomes with novel combinations of genetic material. Exchange of genetic material during prophase I, through crossing over, is a unique event each time. Genetic recombination through crossing over results in the formation of new combinations of genes on a given chromosome. As a result of genetic recombination, each sperm and each egg is genetically unique.
80 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Crossing over sister chromatids of one duplicated homologue pair of homologous duplicated chromosomes chiasmata (sites of crossing over) parts of chromosomes that have been exchanged between homologues Fig. 8-14
81 8.7 How Do Meiotic Cell Division And Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? Fusion of gametes creates genetically variable offspring. Because every egg and sperm are genetically unique, and it is random as to which sperm fertilizes which egg, every fertilized egg is also genetically unique.
Chapter 8. The Continuity of Life: How Cells Reproduce. Gregory Ahearn. Lectures by. Ammended by John Crocker. University of North Florida
Chapter 8 The Continuity of Life: How Cells Reproduce Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Ammended by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Questions for Chapters
More informationChapter 11: The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction. What is Cellular Reproduction?
Chapter 11: The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction What is Cellular Reproduction? Answer: The division of a parent cell into two daughter cells Requirements of Each Daughter Cell: 1) Necessary genomic
More informationBiology Unit 6 Chromosomes and Mitosis
Biology Unit 6 Chromosomes and Mitosis 6:1 Chromosomes DNA GENES CHROMATIN/CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES/CHROMATIN are made of units called GENES. GENES are made of a compound called deoxyribonucleic acid or
More informationChapter 11: The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 11: The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction Chapter 11: Cellular Reproduction What is Cellular Reproduction? Answer: The division of a parent cell into two daughter cells Requirements of
More informationMeiosis. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Meiosis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Sexual reproduction requires fertilization, a union of two cells from two individual organisms. If those two cells each contain one set of chromosomes, then the resulting cell
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms Are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell
More information2:1 Chromosomes DNA Genes Chromatin Chromosomes CHROMATIN: nuclear material in non-dividing cell, composed of DNA/protein in thin uncoiled strands
Human Heredity Chapter 2 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 2:1 Chromosomes DNA Genes Chromatin Chromosomes CHROMATIN: nuclear material in non-dividing cell, composed of DNA/protein in thin uncoiled strands
More informationCELL GROWTH AND DIVISION. Chapter 10
CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION Chapter 10 Cell division = The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell Increases ratio of surface area to volume for each cell Allows for more efficient exchange
More informationCellular Division. copyright cmassengale
Cellular Division 1 Cell Division All cells are derived from pre- existing cells New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists,
More informationCell Division. Mitosis
Cell division consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. There are two kinds
More informationTHE CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS. Asexual Reproduction: Production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.
THE CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS Asexual Reproduction: Production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. Sexual Reproduction: The fusion of two separate parent cells that produce offspring with
More informationTypical Life Cycle of Algae and Fungi. 5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Module 3B Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles In this module, we will examine a second type of cell division used by eukaryotic cells called meiosis. In addition, we will see how the 2 types of eukaryotic cell
More informationTopic 8 Mitosis & Meiosis Ch.12 & 13. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome
Topic 8 Mitosis & Meiosis Ch.12 & 13 The Eukaryotic Genome pp. 244-245,268-269 Genome All of the genes in a cell. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in long linear pieces. In prokaryotic cells, there is
More informationFertilization of sperm and egg produces offspring
In sexual reproduction Fertilization of sperm and egg produces offspring In asexual reproduction Offspring are produced by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
More informationThe Process of Cell Division. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview The Process of Cell Division
Lesson Overview 10.2 The Process of Cell Division Chromosomes genetic information passed from parent to offspring is carried by chromosomes. Chromosomes enable precise DNA separation during cell division.
More informationUnit 6 Test: The Cell Cycle
Name Date Class Mrs. Knight Biology EHS Unit 6 Test: The Cell Cycle 1. What are the four main stages of the cell cycle (correct order)? A. G 1, S, G 0, M C. G 2, S, G 1, M B. G 1, S, G 2, M D. M, G 2,
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationCell division / Asexual reproduction
Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produces cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes same genetic information Asexual
More informationEssential Knowledge: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis OR
Essential Knowledge: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis OR meiosis plus fertilization Objective: You will be able
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles What you must know The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms. The importance
More informationSexual Reproduction and Meiosis. Chapter 11
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chapter 11 1 Sexual life cycle Made up of meiosis and fertilization Diploid cells Somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid cells Gametes (egg and sperm)
More informationMitosis & Meiosis. PPT Questions. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell s DNA?
1. From where do new cells arise? Mitosis & Meiosis PPT Questions 2. Why does the body constantly make new cells? 3. Is cell division the same in all cells? Explain. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete
More informationThe division of a unicellular organism reproduces an entire organism, increasing the population. Here s one amoeba dividing into 2.
1. Cell division functions in 3 things : reproduction, growth, and repair The division of a unicellular organism reproduces an entire organism, increasing the population. Here s one amoeba dividing into
More informationReproduction & Development. 1 parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells All offspring have exact same DNA as parent
Living Environment Dr. Golub Reproduction & Development Asexual reproduction 1 parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells All offspring have exact same DNA as parent Sexual Reproduction Requires 2 parents
More informationLearning Objectives Chapter 8
Learning Objectives Chapter 8 Brief overview of prokaryotic cell replication The three main phases of eukaryotic cell division: Interphase, M phase, C phase Interphase is broken down into three sub-phases
More informationCELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS
CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS How do Organisms Reproduce? Option 1: Asexual Reproduction Can be done by a single organism without the involvement of gametes (sperm or egg) Offspring are clones of the parent,
More informationCell Reproduction Review
Name Date Period Cell Reproduction Review Explain what is occurring in each part of the cell cycle --- G 0, G1, S, G2, and M. 1 CELL DIVISION Label all parts of each cell in the cell cycle and explain
More informationMeiosis * OpenStax. This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
OpenStax-CNX module: m45466 1 Meiosis * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will be able to: Abstract
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Chapter 12
The Cell Cycle Chapter 12 Why are cells small? As cells get bigger they don t work as well WHY? Difficulties Larger Cells Have: More demands on its DNA Less efficient in moving nutrients/waste across its
More informationMitosis and Meiosis Cell growth and division
LIMITS TO CELL GROWTH Mitosis and Meiosis Cell growth and division The larger the cell, the more trouble the cell has moving nutrients and waste across the cell membrane. LIMITS TO CELL GROWTH 1. DNA/information
More informationBiology. Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction. I. Chromosomes
Biology Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction I. Chromosomes Long thin molecules that store genetic information. A. Chromosome Structure 1. Rod shaped structure composed of DNA and protein. 2. DNA is wrapped around
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationGENERAL SAFETY: Follow your teacher s directions. Do not work in the laboratory without your teacher s supervision.
Name: Bio AP Lab: Cell Division B: Mitosis & Meiosis (Modified from AP Biology Investigative Labs) BACKGROUND: One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic
More informationKey Concepts. n Cell Cycle. n Interphase. n Mitosis. n Cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (G 1, S, G 2 ); the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis. Key
More informationOutline for today s lecture (Ch. 13)
Outline for today s lecture (Ch. 13) Sexual and asexual life cycles Meiosis Origins of Genetic Variation Independent assortment Crossing over ( recombination ) Heredity Transmission of traits between generations
More informationCell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction Human Development: Mitosis and Meiosis Division of the Cell Before a cell grows too large, it divides into two new daughter cells in a process called cell division.
More informationLadies and Gentlemen.. The King of Rock and Roll
Ladies and Gentlemen.. The King of Rock and Roll Learning Objectives: The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted
More informationYou have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the
MEIOSIS You have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the ovaries and testes. Gametes are sex cells: egg
More informationName: Date: Period: Cell Cycles and DNA Study Guide
Name: Date: Period: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the chemical inside the nucleus of cells that contains hereditary information. DNA is shaped like a double helix/twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder
More informationHuman biology Laboratory. Cell division. Lecturer Maysam A Mezher
Human biology Laboratory Cell division Lecturer Maysam A Mezher CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact
More informationMeiosis and Life Cycles - 1
Meiosis and Life Cycles - 1 We have just finished looking at the process of mitosis, a process that produces cells genetically identical to the original cell. Mitosis ensures that each cell of an organism
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles What you must know The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms. The importance
More informationCell Division. Binary Fission, Mitosis & Meiosis 2/9/2016. Dr. Saud Alamri
Cell Division Binary Fission, Mitosis & Meiosis 1 Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by a type of cell division called binary fission 2 Prokaryotic chromosome Division into two daughter cells Plasma
More informationCELL REPRODUCTION NOTES
CELL REPRODUCTION NOTES CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION The adult human body produces roughly cells every day. WHY DO CELLS REPRODUCE? So that the organism can and As multicellular organisms grow larger, its
More informationMeiosis. The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the regular number of chromosomes, are produced.
MEIOSIS Meiosis The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the regular number of chromosomes, are produced. diploid (2n) haploid (n) (complete set of chromosomes) (half the regular number of
More informationOverview. Overview: Variations on a Theme. Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes. Inheritance of Genes
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview I. Cell Types II. Meiosis I. Meiosis I II. Meiosis II III. Genetic Variation IV. Reproduction Overview: Variations on a Theme Figure 13.1 Living organisms
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationBiology: Life on Earth
Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 11 The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction Cellular Reproduction Intracellular activity between one cell division to the next is the cell
More informationCh. 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles
Introduction Ch. 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles 2004-05 Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. -Offspring resemble their parents more than they do less closely
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
More informationThe Cell Cycle and Cell Division
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division «The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. The cell cycle has four main stages. «The main stages of the cell cycle are G1 (gap
More informationLesson Overview Meiosis
11.4 THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?
More informationMitosis and Meiosis for AP Biology
Mitosis and Meiosis for AP Biology by Mark Anestis Practice problems for these concepts can be found at : Cell Division Review Questions for AP Biology Mitosis During mitosis, the fourth stage of the cell
More informationMGC New Life Christian Academy
A. Meiosis Main Idea: Meiosis produces haploid gametes. Key Concept: Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual
More informationKEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.
5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. 5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle Why must cells divide? Growth and Repair -
More informationName Chapter 10: Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis Mrs. Laux Take home test #7 DUE: MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 2009 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. A bacterial chromosome consists of: A. a linear DNA molecule many times larger than the cell. B. a circular DNA molecule many times larger than the cell. C. a circular DNA
More information10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction Lesson Objectives Explain the problems that growth causes for cells. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction. Lesson Summary Limits to Cell Size There are two
More informationMeiosis produces haploid gametes.
Section 1: produces haploid gametes. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions How does the reduction in chromosome number occur during meiosis? What are the stages of
More informationLearning Objectives LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
Big Ideas 3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. CHAPTER 13 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL
More informationCellular Reproduction = Cell Division. Passes on Genes from Cells to Cells Reproduction of Organisms
Cellular Reproduction = Cell Division Passes on Genes from Cells to Cells Reproduction of Organisms Genes DNA Chromatin fiber Chromosomes Fig. 9.6 Genes, the segments of DNA, are part of chromatin fiber
More informationCell Growth and Division
Cell Growth and Division Growth, Development, and Reproduction Q: How does a cell produce a new cell? 10.1 Why do cells divide? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Cells divide to produce more cells. WHAT I LEARNED
More informationSexual Reproduction and Meiosis. Outline. Random?? fertilization. Chapter 13
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chapter 13 Outline Reduction Division Unique Features of Meiosis Prophase I Metaphase I Completing Meiosis Second Meiotic Division Sexual Reproduction Origin and Maintenance
More informationRoles of Cell Division. Reproduction - Like begets like, more or less. Examples of Cell Numbers. Outline Cell Reproduction
Outline Cell Reproduction 1. Overview of Cell Reproduction 2. Cell Reproduction in Prokaryotes 3. Cell Reproduction in Eukaryotes 1. Chromosomes 2. Cell Cycle 3. Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4. Sexual Life
More informationCell Division. Genetic info must be copied. Each cell gets a complete copy of that info. It occurs in two main stages:
10-2 Cell Division Key Questions: 1)What is the role of chromosomes in cell division? 2) What are the main events of the cell cycle? 3) What events occur during each of the four phases of mitosis? 4) How
More information11-4 Meiosis. Chromosome Number
11-4 Meiosis Chromosome Number Sexual reproduction shuffles and recombines genes from two parents. During gametogenesis, genes are segregated and assorted (shuffled) into gemetes, and at fertilization,
More information11-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with
More informationFor a species to survive, it must REPRODUCE! Ch 13 NOTES Meiosis. Genetics Terminology: Homologous chromosomes
For a species to survive, it must REPRODUCE! Ch 13 NOTES Meiosis Genetics Terminology: Autosomes Somatic cell Gamete Karyotype Homologous chromosomes Meiosis Sex chromosomes Diploid Haploid Zygote Synapsis
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Variations on a Theme Living
More informationQQ 10/5/18 Copy the following into notebook:
Chapter 13- Meiosis QQ 10/5/18 Copy the following into notebook: Similarities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Differences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Figure 13.1 Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their
More informationBenchmark Clarification for SC.912.L.16.17
Benchmark Clarification for SC.912.L.16.17 Students will: Differentiate the process of meiosis and meiosis Describe the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction, and/or the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction,
More informationChapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual S Section 1: S Gamete: Haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote. S Zygote: The cell that results from the fusion of gametes
More informationHuman Biology Chapter 13.4: Meiosis and Genetic Variation
OpenStax-CNX module: m58013 1 Human Biology Chapter 13.4: Meiosis and Genetic Variation Willy Cushwa Based on Meiosis by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons
More information9-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35
9-4 Meiosis 11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that
More informationSEXUAL REPRODUCTION & MEIOSIS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & MEIOSIS Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. Offspring resemble their parents more than they do less closely related individuals of the
More informationMEIOSIS LAB INTRODUCTION PART I: MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS LAB INTRODUCTION Meiosis involves two successive nuclear divisions that produce four haploid cells. Meiosis I is the reduction division. It is this first division that reduces the chromosome number
More informationCell Division. Mitosis 11/8/2016
Cell division consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. There are two kinds
More informationAlmost all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, and are diploid (2n). Q: If a sperm cell has 46 chromosomes (2n) & an egg cell has 46 chromosomes
Almost all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, and are diploid (2n). Q: If a sperm cell has 46 chromosomes (2n) & an egg cell has 46 chromosomes (2n), when they combine during fertilization, how many chromosomes
More informationMEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU
MEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes such as animals, plants and fungi The number of sets of chromosomes
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 5.1 Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of the genetic variation of the offspring.
More informationCELL REPRODUCTION VOCABULARY- CHAPTER 8 (33 words)
CELL REPRODUCTION- CHAPTER 8 CELL REPRODUCTION VOCABULARY- CHAPTER 8 (33 words) 1. Chromosome 2. histone 3. chromatid 4. Centromere 5. chromatin 6. autosome 7. Sex chromosome 8. homologous chromosome 9.
More informationSexual Reproduction. The two parent cells needed for sexual reproduction are called gametes. They are formed during a process known as meiosis.
Sexual Reproduction Recall that asexual reproduction involves only one parent cell. This parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction,
More informationThe Cellular Basis of Inheritance
CHAPTER 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance Summary of Key Concepts Concept 9.1 All cells come from cells. (pp. 180 181) Cell reproduction is an important process. Three functions of cell reproduction
More informationBiology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter Questions 1) What is a genome? A) the complete complement of an organism's genes B) a specific sequence of polypeptides within
More informationWhy mitosis?
Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes (i.e., archaea and bacteria) divide via binary fission. Mitosis is the process by which the somatic cells of all multicellular organisms multiply. Somatic
More informationMeiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II
Meiosis A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes to form gametes, or sex cells Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and
More informationBIOLOGY CLASS 10 Chapter 2 Cell cycle, cell division and structure of chromosomes
BIOLOGY CLASS 10 Chapter 2 Cell cycle, cell division and structure of chromosomes 1) Cell division is an important process in all living things. State any four reasons to support your answer. New cells
More informationReproduction & Cell Types
Reproduction & Cell Types TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual Relies on MITOSIS All of the parent s DNA goes to the offspring Sexual Relies on MEIOSIS Used to create sex cells TYPES OF CELLS Body Cells Includes
More informationMitosis and Meiosis Cell growth and division
Mitosis and Meiosis Cell growth and division The larger the cell, the more trouble the cell has moving nutrients and waste across the cell membrane. 1. DNA/information overload As a cell increases in size,
More information11-4 Meiosis Chromosome Number Slide 1 of 35
Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set. Chromosome
More informationMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11. Reproduction Section 1
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11 Reproduction Section 1 Reproduction Key Idea: An individual formed by asexual reproduction is genetically identical to its parent. Asexual Reproduction In asexual
More informationCELL REPRODUCTION. Mitotic M phase Mitosis. Chromosomes divide. Cytokinesis. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. Chromosomes as Packaged Genes
CELL REPRODUCTION Kimberly Lozano Biology 490 Spring 2010 CELL CYCLE Interphase G1: Growth (1) New organelles form within the cell. S: Synthesis Cell duplicates its DNA. G2: Growth (2) Cell prepares for
More informationCell Cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Test Review
Cell Cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Test Review Name: Chapter 10 1. What problems are caused when a cell becomes too large? When a cell becomes too large the cell is strained and has a hard time moving enough
More informationSexual Cell Reproduction Chapter 17
Sexual Cell Reproduction Chapter 17 1 The Importance of Meiosis Meiosis is a two stage cell division in which the chromosome number of the parental cell is reduced by half. Meiosis is the process by which
More information5. As compared to the human sperm cell, the human egg cell contains more... a) cytoplasm c) centrosomes b) mitochondria d) chromosomes
BIOLOGY - 3201. Quiz: Cell Reproduction. NAME : Multiple Choice. (1% each) 1. Which of the following is NOT true of mitotic cell division? a) It involves nuclear division. b) It involves division of the
More informationHonors Biology Test Chapter 8 Mitosis and Meiosis
Honors Biology Test Chapter 8 Mitosis and Meiosis 1. In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes? a. 64 b. 32 c. 16 d. 8 e. 4 2. Chromatids that are
More informationMITOSIS AND MEIOSIS STUDY GUIDE CREATED BY : Alistaire Rauch (Mr. Galego s Class) Definition of Mitosis and Meiosis (Basic):
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS STUDY GUIDE CREATED BY : Alistaire Rauch (Mr. Galego s Class) Definition of Mitosis and Meiosis (Basic): Mitosis and Meiosis are basically cycles of cells but they are different in
More information11.4 Meiosis. Vocabulary: Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Crossing-over Tetrad
11.4 Meiosis Vocabulary: Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Crossing-over Tetrad Key Concept: What happens during the process of meiosis? How is MEIOSIS different than mitosis? Blast from the past What
More informationNotes Chapter 4 Cell Reproduction. That cell divided and becomes two, two become four, four become eight, and so on.
4.1 Cell Division and Mitosis Many organisms start as one cell. Notes Chapter 4 Cell Reproduction That cell divided and becomes two, two become four, four become eight, and so on. Many-celled organisms,
More informationWhat is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis?
Sexual Reproduction What is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fyfdfdrymq Somatic cells
More information