Unit 1 ~ Learning Guide

Transcription

1 Unit 1 ~ Learning Guide Name: INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test. 1.1 NOTES: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY What is Science? is a special way of looking at and learning about the that: a. Looks into relationships between b. Tries to those relationships by c. see if it holds up under different circumstances. is a branch of science that deals with (bio- means living, -ology, means study of). For example, biologists attempt to explain how living things: a. b. c. d. Basic Concepts in Biology 1. There is a wide variety of living things ( ). All living things have certain things in common ( ) such as: Page 1 of 21

2 a. b. c. 2. All living things are affected by and affect the things around them. They interact with members of the 3. Organisms have different structures depending on in the Examples: a. Eagles ---- claws and sharp beak b. Ducks ---- webbed feet and flat bill Only rarely in nature will a structure have no specific function. The organism will likely. This is called and is the basis for the. 4. All living things die, but if the organisms is successful, its 5. allows an organism to survive temporary changes in its environment. Without homeostasis, periods of dry weather or drastic temperature changes would cause widespread extinction. Example: The human body is maintained at for optimal operation regardless of the outside temperature. 6. Environments change over time. A species must be able to take advantage of new resources as old ones give out. If not, the species becomes extinct. Page 2 of 21

3 1.1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 1. Define "science" in your own words. (2 marks) 2. Biologists study living things and their surroundings. Identify at least 3 careers for a biologist. (3 marks) 3. There is said to be unity and diversity amongst all living things. Explain what is meant by this phrase. (4 marks) Page 3 of 21

4 1.2 NOTES: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD What is the Scientific Method? 1. The scientific method is a specific method by which scientists gain about the. 2. Doing science involves application of the. 3. Although the steps involved may vary the general process can be represented by the following flow chart: Page 4 of 21

5 Experiment Design Characteristics of a Valid Scientific Experiment Part of the Scientific Method involves which will. These experiments are based on the testable prediction. Although the design of the experiments varies considerably, most include the following characteristics: 1. An experimental variable: This can also be referred to as the. It is and there should only be experimental variable in an experiment. 2. A dependent variable: Also called the, it is the is being observed as it. 3. One or more experimental groups: Groups within the experiment in which the experimental variable is varied. 4. A control group: with the must have a control group. 5. Constant factors: These are. These include all factors except for the experimental variable. 6. Large sample size: This ensures that results are valid. 7. Repeatable: An experiment. If it is then the results would be as there would be no way to check them. Steps in the Scientific Method 1. State your - general statement which is being tested 2. State your - hypothesis written as an if/then statement 3. Identify the Page 5 of 21

6 4. Identify the 5. Describe the group 6. Describe the group 7. Include a large size or many sizes or many Repetitions 8. Identify at least 5 factors Example of the Scientific Method A scientist notices that people who eat foods that contain a lot of vitamin C (e.g., fruits & veggies) seem to get fewer colds. The scientist wonders if vitamin C prevents colds. Design an experiment to test this idea. 1. : People who ingest more vitamin C will get fewer colds. 2. Testable Prediction: 3. Experimental Variable: The amount of 4. Dependent Variable: 5. Control Group: People consuming the (according to the recommended daily intake values) 6. : a. People getting 25% less than the required amount of vitamin C b. People getting 50% less than the required amount of vitamin C c. People getting 25% more than the required amount of vitamin C d. People getting 50% more than the required amount of vitamin C 7. : a. Intake of all other required vitamins and minerals b. Intake of daily calories c. Amount of sleep d. Amount of exercise e. Exposure to viruses Page 6 of 21

7 Theories Most explanations for biological processes are in the form of. Theories are that have. You can. You can say a theory is. Fact versus Data Fact - Data - (hypothesis) What is a Hypothesis? A Hypothesis is a. An by some authority on the subject. A hypothesis is made. This allows you to collect only relevant data and ignore the unnecessary facts. Page 7 of 21

8 A hypothesis should be written in the form of an Example: Does changing temperature result in a change in bacteria growth? Hypothesis 1: IF the temperature of a bacterial culture is raised by 5 C THEN the bacteria will grow faster. Experiment to be done? Prediction. If (something, X) is done to the test group then (something, Y) should happen. A valid hypothesis MUST do 3 things: 1. It must be able to explain the observations that led to its development Valid Experiments In order to be valid, experiments must be: 1. : Others wishing to test the hypothesis must be able to duplicate the experiment make the same observations and collect similar data. 2. : The experiment must be conducted systematically so it is clear what factors caused the results. Controlled Experiment: Example: Tomato Growth versus Soil i. Group 1 Sand ii. Group 2 Clay iii. Group 3 - Sand/clay iv. Group 4 Topsoil. Each group gets the same light, water, temperature, etc. Page 8 of 21

9 ; A group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment. : A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a controlled experiment. 1.2 PRACTICE: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Match the following terms on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. (7 marks) Term Description 1. independent variable A. groups within the experiment in which the experimental variable is being varied 2. dependent variable B. a testable prediction/explanation of how or why something occurs, normally developed based on observations and some background knowledge 3. experimental group C. factors that have the ability to vary but that are held constant throughout the experiment to ensure that there is only one experimental variable 4. control group D. also known as the experimental variable, it is the factor or variable that is being manipulated/tested 5. constant factors E. explanation of how/why a process occurs that is supported by extensive and repeatable research data 6. hypothesis F. also known as the responding variable, it is the factor that is being measures as it responds to the experimental variable 7. theory G. groups within the experiment where the experimental variable is not being varied, provides a basis for comparison to determine if any responses are unexpectedly occurring independent of the experimental variable Page 9 of 21

10 1.3 NOTES: CLASSIFICATION What is Taxonomy? The branch of biology that is called and specialists in this area are called. The goal of taxonomy is to Taxonomy: is the Why is Taxonomy Important? It is important to create a catalogue/inventory of life s species before its all gone. Example: Okanagan Mountain Park Fire. Carl Linnaeus: The Father of Taxonomy In order to classify organisms biologists use the of the organism. focused on (what the organism looks like) of an organism when classifying them. The phenotype is controlled by the genotype (the genetic make-up of the organism). Although there was very little understanding of genetics or of the mechanism of inheritance during Linnaeus' time, he was quite accurate in his phylogenetic classification. He devised a nested hierarchy/taxa of 7 different levels of organization. The 7 Taxa are: Page 10 of 21

11 Remember! Taxon (pl. Taxa) = When describing an organism we often start with its most specific grouping and then expand outwards (i.e., start at the bottom of the hierarchy) 7. Species The that but. Example: Mountain lions and cats share similar features so they both belong to the genus Felis 6. Genera (Genus) If but are they are classified as Example: Mountain lions and cats share similar features so they both belong to the genus Felis 5. Family This is a than a genus with that are similar to each other and yet are. Example: A house cat genus (Felis) and the leopard genus (Panthera) both belong to the family Felidae Note: Page 11 of 21

12 4. Order - are grouped into Orders and is the next largest taxon. 3. Class - Orders are grouped into classes. For example all members of the Order Carnivora share characteristics such as being They are grouped with humans and chimps (Order Primata) into the Class Mammalia. 2. Phylum and placed into a phylum (pl. Phyla). Although all the organisms may they all share some 1. Kingdom is an of classification. Is the **Has been changed since Linnaeus s time from ** 5 Kingdoms Versus 3 Domains For many years most biologists favored a consisting of Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. They were placed into categories by their type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), level of organization (unicellular or multicellular), and how they acquire their nutrition. It is suggested that protists evolved from the Monerans who are the simplest organisms (note: the monerans have recently been divided into the archea and eubacteria - which accounts for a new 6 kingdom system). Fungi, Plants and Animals evolved from the Protists in three separate evolutionary lines. The five kingdom system of classification is based on. A New Proposal: The Three Domains of Life In the 1970's scientists began to find evidence for a previously unknown group of prokaryotic organisms. These organisms lived in extreme environments such as the Page 12 of 21

13 Dead Sea, acid lakes, and salt evaporation ponds. These are environments that scientists never suspected of maintaining life. They appeared to be prokaryotic and so were ('ancient' bacteria). However, it became obvious from biochemical characteristics and DNA sequence analysis that. It was realized that these archaebacteria were. Today, these bacteria have been renamed. From this work scientists proposed that there should be a. The Domain is a classification category. The traditional five Kingdom system says nothing about how organisms within Kingdoms or between Kingdoms may be related to each other via evolutionary relationships among the Kingdoms. A New Proposal is the. The three domains are. Unlike the Kingdom system the three-domain system of classification is based on that show they are three vastly different groups of organisms. Binomial Nomenclature We often refer to organisms by their but did you know that each organism also has a? A scientific name for an organism is the same. In other words, it is. All scientific names stem from words because these languages are unchanging. Linnaeus ( ) was the scientist who developed the system for. Each organism's scientific name must have, this is called.. Part 1 Genus name -must be Part 2 species name must be Page 13 of 21

14 *Note if the name is hand written it must be. YOU SHOULD WATCH THE TAXONOMY VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER! Why is it so helpful? Scientists can communicate about any organism using its regardless of what country or language is spoken. Classifying Humans Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Family = Hominidae Genus = Homo Species = sapiens In humans the binomial name is. Classifying Dogs Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Carnivora Family = Canidae Genus = Canis Species = familiaris In dogs the binomial name is. Page 14 of 21

15 Classifying Leopards. Comparative Classification of 3 different mammals. Humans House Cat Horse Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chorodata Chorodata Chorodata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Family Hominidae Felidae Equidae Genus Homo Felis Equus Species Page 15 of 21

16 Modern Classification - Based on Evolutionary History A is a that depicts the that are thought to exist between groups of organisms. is a system of according to and is constructed by a set of Cladograms Example: Wolves (mammals) all have hair no other groups have hair, therefore hair evolved within the mammal group. Example: Winged Insects. YOU SHOULD CLICK ON AND COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES AND COMPLETE THE SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS FOR THIS UNIT BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER! Page 16 of 21

17 1.3 PRACTICE: CLASSIFICATION 1. What is the name of the branch of biology associated with grouping and naming all living things? (1 mark) 2. Who is considered the "father" of this branch of biology? (1 mark) 3. You were given an example of a mnemonic (memory device) for remembering the hierarchy of the seven grouping of life: a. What is the mnemonic and what does it stand for? (2 marks) b. Develop and write down your own mnemonic device for remembering the seven groupings. (1 mark) 4. What is the most general grouping of living things called according to the Linnaean system? (1 mark) 5. What is the most specific, or most exclusive, grouping of living things called according to the Linnaean system? (1 mark) Page 17 of 21

18 6. In biology, all living things are given a scientific, two part name that derives from Latin or Greek: a. What is this two part naming system called? (1 mark) b. In a name like Homo sapiens, what grouping (or taxa) does Homo represent? (1 mark) c. In a name like Homo sapiens, what grouping (or taxa) does sapiens represent? (1 mark) 7. Recent technologies have allowed us to determine that organisms that were once classified within the single kingdom Monera are more appropriately separated into two groups, Archaea and Bacteria. This has led scientists to propose that there should be an even broader grouping of living things, beyond, kingdoms. a. What do they propose this broader grouping be called in general? (1 mark) b. This grouping would have three main members. Who are they? (3 marks) ~ END OF BIOLOGY 11 UNIT 1 LEARNING GUIDE ~ Page 18 of 21

19 UNIT 1 ANSWER KEY 1.1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 1. Define "science" in your own words. (2 marks) Science is a systematic approach to studying the world around us in an attempt to be able to understand why and how things occur and interact. The understanding reached should be based on significant and repeatable evidence and should allow us to make accurate predictions that are supported by repeatable results. Scientist should continually question and test theories such that our understanding constantly evolves as new technologies and queries provide new evidence. 2. Biologists study living things and their surroundings. Identify at least 3 careers for a biologist. (3 marks) Ecologist, Environmentalist, Bioinformatics (computer sciences/biology), Health Care, Agricultural Sciences, Teacher, Professor, Microbiologists, Immunologists, Biotechnology, Forensics, Food Industry, Nutritionist, Human Kinetics, Environmental Law, Economics, Journalists, Writer, Producer, Marine Biologist 3. There is said to be unity and diversity amongst all living things. Explain what is meant by this phrase. (4 marks) According to Darwin's Theory of Evolution individuals of a species have random variations that can be passed from generation to generation. If these variations are beneficial to survival the individual is more likely to survive natural selection, reproduce and pass on the beneficial variations. Overtime, the variations accumulate and new species may evolve reflecting both the random variations that occurred and the environmental pressure that selected for the continuance of these variations within a population. Thus, all living things are thought to be unified as they evolved from a common ancestor and share common traits yet to be diverse due to the combined effects of random variations and ever changing selective pressures within the envrironment. 1.2 PRACTICE: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Match the following terms on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. (7 marks) 1 = D, 2 = F, 3 = A, 4 = G, 5 = C, 6 = B, 7 = E Page 19 of 21

20 1.3 PRACTICE: CLASSIFICATION 1. What is the name of the branch of biology associated with grouping and naming all living things? (1 mark) Taxonomy 2. Who is considered the "father" of this branch of biology? (1 mark) Carl Linnaeus 3. You were given an example of a mnemonic (memory device) for remembering the hierarchy of the seven grouping of life: a. What is the mnemonic and what does it stand for? (2 marks) King = Kingdom Philip = Phylum Came = Class Over = Order For = Family Good = Genus Soup = Species b. Develop and write down your own mnemonic device for remembering the seven groupings. (1 mark) Any answer acceptable if each word starts with the letters "K, P, C, O, F, G, S" either as written here or in reverse order. 4. What is the most general grouping of living things called according to the Linnaean system? (1 mark) Kingdom 5. What is the most specific, or most exclusive, grouping of living things called according to the Linnaean system? (1 mark) Species 6. In biology, all living things are given a scientific, two part name that derives from Latin or Greek: a. What is this two part naming system called? (1 mark) Binomial Nomenclature b. In a name like Homo sapiens, what grouping (or taxa) does Homo represent? (1 mark) Genus Page 20 of 21

21 c. In a name like Homo sapiens, what grouping (or taxa) does sapiens represent? (1 mark) Species 7. Recent technologies have allowed us to determine that organisms that were once classified within the single kingdom Monera are more appropriately separated into two groups, Archaea and Bacteria. This has led scientists to propose that there should be an even broader grouping of living things, beyond, kingdoms. a. What do they propose this broader grouping be called in general? (1 mark) Domains b. This grouping would have three main members. Who are they? (3 marks) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Page 21 of 21