Introduction to Biology

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1 2- Introduction to Biology

2 Why is Biology important? To study DNA: forensics Health, medicine. Agriculture Animals Bacteria/ Viruses! BIO=life LOGY=study Biology : The study of life

3 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5 Why a Study of Biology is Important? To be informed Support your cause Make it your life work Personal 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6 [bahy-ol-uh-jee] Bio = life!...ology = the study of! Biology is the science that studies life 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7 The Scientific Method in Action A systematic way of gaining information 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8 The Scientific Method: Observation An observation is a thoughtful and careful recognition of an event or a fact.! The careful observation of a phenomenon leads to a question. How does this happen? What causes it to occur? 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9 The Scientific Method: The Hypothesis Hypothesizing question an observation propose possible solutions to questions based on what is already understood about the phenomenon Hypotheses must: be logical account for all current information make the least possible assumptions be testable 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10 Testing Hypotheses Hypotheses need to be tested to see if they are supported or disproved. Disproved hypotheses are rejected Hypotheses can be supported but not proven! Ways to test a hypothesis: Gathering relevant historical information Retrospective Studies Make additional observations from the natural world Experimentation 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 The Scientific Method: Experimentation Experiments rigorous tests to determine if the solutions are supported! Experiments attempt to recreation an occurrence tests whether or not the hypothesis can be supported or rejected! There are many types of experiments laboratory, clinical trials, surveys, statistical analyses 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12 Experimental Design All experiments have key elements in common:! Experiments must be controlled this means that all aspects except for one variable must be kept constant usually include any two groups. Experimental group: variable is altered, independent variable Control group: variable is not altered, dependent variable! Experiments use models to recreate occurrences, but in a controlled setting model organisms, ISS, cohorts 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13 Experimental Design Experiments must: use large numbers of subjects and/or must be repeated several times (replication) be independently reproducible! The validity of experimental results must: be tested statistically chi-squared test for statistical significance be scrutinized by other scientists peer reviewed 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14 Theory If the hypothesis is supported by ample experimental data, it leads to a theory. A theory may be defined as a widely accepted, plausible general statement about a fundamental concept in science. The germ theory states that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Many diseases are not caused by microorganisms, so we must be careful not to generalize theories too broadly. Theories continue to be tested Exceptions identified Modifications made 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15 A Scientific Law A scientific law is a uniform and constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature. An example: All living things come from pre-existing living things. Scientific laws promote the process of generalization. Inductive reasoning Since every bird that has been studied lays eggs, we can generalize that all birds lay eggs. Once a theory becomes established, it can be used to predict specific facts. Deductive reasoning We can predict that a newly discovered bird species will lay eggs. 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16 Scientific Communication Data is shared with the scientific community through research articles published in scientific journals. peer review! Scientists present preliminary data at conferences.! Scientists collaborate directly by phone and Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17 A Sample Experiment Scientific American August Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18 A Sample Experiment Article: Hardt, Marah J. and Safina, Carl. Threatening Ocean Life from the Inside Out. Scientific American August 2010: Vol ! What types of observations were being made? State a hypothesis that was tested. Describe an experiment that was conducted. Discuss a variable that was studied and describe how constants where maintained in the experiment. How was a model system was used to simulate the conditions being studied. How were the complex processes being studied reduced to their simplest parts? What was learned from the experiments? 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19 The Science of Biology Chapter 1 19

20 1.1 The Science of Life Biology unifies much of natural life! Biology attempts to define life! Biology Living reveals a hierarchical organization of living systems 20 2

21 How do we know that something is alive? breathing pale pulse breathing pulse! 21

22 How do we know that something is alive?» Leewenhock *all living things are made of cells! *reproduce *create waste *respond to the environment *evolves 22

23 Levels of Organization CELL TISSUE ORGAN community organism ORGAN system ecosystem BIOSPHERE 23

24 DARWIN AND EVOLUTION 24

25 25

26 26

27 27

28 28

29 29

30 30

31 31

32 Natural Selection 32

33 the Galapagos 33

34 34

35 35

36 Voyage of the Beagle 36

37 » What is biology?! Exit Ticket 6/13/16» How do we know when something is alive?!» Who is Darwin? Why is his name remembered? 37

38 Charles Darwin Evolution: Modification of a species over generations descent with modification! Natural Selection: Individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such characteristics 38

39 Darwin s Evidence Similarity of related species Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations 39

40 1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology Cell theory The cell theory describes the organization of living systems All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from preexisting cells 40

41 Single Celled Organisms Fig. 1.11a 34

42 Multi-Cellular Organisms Fig. 1.11b 35

43 1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology Molecular basis of inheritance The molecular basis of inheritance explains the continuity of life DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next The DNA code is similar for all organisms (The Central Dogma) 43

44 Fig

45 Unifying Themes in Biology Structure and Function The proper function of a molecule is dependent on its structure The structure of a molecule can often tell us about its function Four major classes of Biomolecules 1. Nucleic Acids 2. Amino Acids 3. Lipids 4. Carbohydrates 45

46 Unifying Themes in Biology Evolutionary Change The diversity of life arises by evolutionary change leading to the present biodiversity we see Biology attempts to classify life s great diversity based on these unifying themes Currently all living things are classified into 3 Domains subdivided into Kingdoms (more on taxonomy to come) This process is always changing 46

47 The Diversity of Life Three Domains: 1. Eukarya 2. Archaea 3. Bacteria 40 Fig. 1.13

48 Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms: 1. Plantae 2. Fungi 3. Animalia 4. Protista Fig

49 Fig

50 Fig

51 Unifying Themes in Biology Evolutionary Conservation Evolutionary conservation explains the unity of living systems The underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues that all life has evolved from the same origin event Critical characteristics of early organisms are conserved and passed on to future generations 51

52 Homeodomains Fig

53 Unifying Themes in Biology Cells are information-processing systems Every cell in an organism carries the same genetic information The control of gene expression allows cells to differentiate into different cell and tissue types Cells also process information received from the environment and respond to maintain homeostasis 53

54 Unifying Themes in Biology Emergent properties New properties are present at one level of organization that are not seen in the previous level The whole is greater than the sum of its parts 54

55 The Science of Biology End Chapter 1 55

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