A.P. Biology Summer Assignment Mr. Moses

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1 A.P. Biology Summer Assignment Mr. Moses Below, you will find items that you must cover during the summer. The review packet is designed to give students an understanding of the commitment necessary to perform well in the class. The SOL Level Review Packet will remind you of things you learned not too long ago in your Biology class. Work should be done over time to cover the material instead of doing it in one or two sittings. Try to work and study with other members of the class over the summer break. 1. Totally complete the review packet attached that says A. P. Biology Review Packet. This is the material you should have learned and mastered from your Honors Biology class. Since it has been a while, this will serve as a reference for you when we study these topics more in depth during the year. You may answer in bullet form and/or include illustrations from the internet (for the cell for example). Complete the entire package. Again, this is totally open books, internet, etc. and is on a high tenth grade level. Do your best work. NOTE: Summer completion of this material will enable us to more fully discuss and develop ideas from your already completed packet. You will find studying easier as you re-learn this material before each test. The tests are difficult. Completely cover the material and give yourself the best chance to succeed. Fail to do your best and your grade will show your lack of effort. I will check your work when school begins. Have a great summer.

2 A.P. Biology Review Packet (SOL Level) Answer in Bullet form each of the topics on these pages. Use a different page for each topic. Do them in any order you wish, but you must complete them all. This is open book, Internet, etc. Cell Structure Draw & label a plant cell. Label the cell wall, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin, cell membrane, chloroplast, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosome, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Body, Large Central Vacuole, Draw & label an animal cell. Label the nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosome, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Body, lysosomes, and centrioles. Draw & label a bacteria cell with cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes. List the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes List two things to look for when trying to decide if a picture of a cell is a plant or animal List the function of each organelle that you labeled on the cell diagrams above. List the three parts of the cell theory Identify the contributions of the following scientists: Schleiden, Schwann, Hooke, and Leuwenhoek and Virchow Cell Membrane and Transport Draw a picture of the cell membrane and label the parts (phospholipid, protein channel, protein pump, cholesterol, surface markers) Draw a symbol to represent each type of transport listed below. Include info on whether materials are moving from high concentration areas to low concentration areas, or vice versa, and whether or not energy is used. o simple diffusion o facilitated diffusion Define hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution and isotonic solution. Then, draw a picture of a cell in a salt solution. Be sure to write the concentration of salt inside the cell vs. outside the cell and draw an arrow to show the direction water would move.

3 Chemistry of life Describe the function of each macromolecule, and list the monomers (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids) lipids do not have a monomer Write the equation for photosynthesis and describe WHY it happens (what does it make) in a cell and WHERE it happens Write the equation for cell respiration and describe WHY it happens(what does it make) in a cell and WHERE it happens Define polarity and draw a picture of a polar water molecule Describe the properties of water listed on the Water Properties Lab (cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillary action, low density of high, universal solvent, high heat capacity) Draw a picture of an enzyme and label the active site. Draw a substrate that would fit with the enzyme. List 4 characteristics of enzymes and tell what happens to a chemical reaction when enzymes are added. Mitosis & Meiosis Draw & label the four stages of mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase). Your picture should include the cell membrane, nucleus and nuclear membrane where applicable- chromosomes, spindle fibers, and centrioles). DNA Draw/label the stages of meiosis (indicate chromosomes vs sister chromatids). Write the type of cells that are created by mitosis. Write the type of cells that are created by meiosis. Write the end product of each process (# of cells, whether they are haploid or diploid) Define the following vocabulary haploid, diploid Draw a picture/write a summary to relate how the words gamete, zygote, fertilization, mitosis, meiosis, and differentiation (cell specialization) are all related. We did this in your notes Draw & label DNA helix (label sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base, hydrogen bond) Identify the base pairing rules (what pairs with Adenine? With Cytosine? Etc) Draw & label the three parts of a nucleotide Compare/Contrast DNA & RNA (listing 3 differences) Describe the purpose and process of DNA Replication (include where it happens) Describe when DNA replication happens in a cells life time and what a chromosome looks like before and after replication (think about the S phase of interphase) Describe Protein Synthesis o Transcription (what happens, where does it happen) o Translation (what happens, where does it happen) Explain how to read a gel from gel electrophoresis and list two reasons it may be used Define genetic engineering and give one example Define restriction enzyme and give one example of its use Identify the contributions of Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin.

4 Genetics Differentiate genotype and phenotype and give an example of each Give an example of a homozygous genotype and a heterozygous genotype Explain how to read a karyotype to identify sex & genetic disorders Do a punnett square crossing two heterozygous red flowers (Red is dominant to white) and write genotype/phenotype ratios Do a punnett square for hemophilia which is a sex linked recessive trait. Cross a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia with a man who has hemophilia Do a punnett square crossing two pink flowers (Rr) and assume flower color follows incomplete dominance Explain how Codominance is different from incomplete dominance Do a dihybrid cross for organisms where red color is dominant to white, and tall is dominant to short. One parent is heterozygous red heterozygous tall (RrTt) and the other parent is white and short (rrtt) The games the RrTt parent creates are RT, Rt, rt, and rt, while the games the rrtt parent creates are all rt. Use this info to set up the 4x4 punnett square. Write out phenotype ratios. Explain how to look at a pedigree and tell if the trait is recessive (look for offspring that have a trait that their parents do not) Ecology & Scientific Method Ecology Draw a food chain and label producers and primary/secondary/tertiary consumers o Label autotrophs and heterotrophs in the food chain o Label consumers as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores o Define herbivore, carnivore, omnivore Draw the steps of the water cycle and carbon cycle Explain how plants get nitrogen, and how animals get nitrogen and the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle Explain why it is important to conserve biodiversity Differentiate between primary and secondary succession Draw a picture of succession and label the pioneer species and climax community Define eutrophication and explain why it is a problem Scientific Method Define IV, DV, Control, Constant, Draw a line graph showing the effect of fertilizer on algae growth label the x axis and y-axis (where does the IV go? Where does the DV go?) Define theory Define conclusion & hypothesis

5 Evolution & Taxonomy Evolution Describe natural selection and give an example Explain why bacteria evolve so quickly compared to other organisms (like humans) Explain how pesticides and antibiotics can lead the evolution of pesticide resistant pests and antibiotic resistant bacteria Define and give an example of: o Adaptation o Speciation o Geographic isolation o Convergent evolution Define spontaneous generation and identify the two experiments that disproved the idea of spontaneous generation (Redi & Pasteur) Taxonomy List the 7 characteristics of living things Write one sentence to describe why viruses are not considered living things Make a table to describe the general characteristics of the 6 kingdoms