2. Cell Growth and Reproduction

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1 Name: Date: 2. Cell Growth and Reproduction. S Illustrate and explain the process of mitotic cell division in plants and animals. Include: chromosomes, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, cell cycle. S Observe and explain the dynamic nature of cell division. The Importance of Cell Division: - Your SKIN is a protective layer of CELLS that covers your bones and organs. - Cells are always DYING and have to be REPLACED. - It has been found that 50% of all DUST in a FURNACE is dead human SKIN CELLS - In order to replace these cells, they must REPRODUCE by DIVIDING. Cell Division: ALL cells come from OTHER CELLS...NO EXCEPTIONS! - All 100 trillion cells in your body came from one FERTILIZED EGG cell.

2 Functions of Cell Division: 1.REPLACEMENT CELLS: - Every second, millions of your cells DIE, or are INJURED. - The remaining cells must REPRODUCE or your body would SHRINK and DIE. 2. GROWTH: - As the cells REPRODUCE, their numbers INCREASE, so your SIZE increases. - All growth depends on CELL DIVISION. 3. REPRODUCTION: - When SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS divide, TWO NEW organisms are produced (eg. BACTERIA) Million-Dollar Questions: 1.How do cells know WHEN to divide? 2.Why do cells divide RAPIDLY sometimes and SLOWLY others (CALLUSES)? 3.Why do some cells always divide (BLOOD), and some rarely divide (BRAIN)?

3 The Cell Cycle (Life of a Cell): Cells can exist in one of two phases: 1. DIVIDING - Very SHORT part of the life of a cell - Called MITOSIS 2. NOT DIVIDING - Very LONG part of the life of a cell - Called INTERPHASE Interphase A time for growth and repair: During Interphase: - Takes in NUTRIENTS. - REPAIRS damaged parts - GROWS rapidly - Cell PREPARES for DIVISION by DUPLICATING CHROMOSOMES in the NUCLEUS. ***Human cells go from 46 to 92 chromosomes during interphase - Chromosomes look like long STRINGS (SPAGHETTI)

4 Mitosis & Cytokiniesis: - In all cases of cell division, the MOTHER CELL divides into TWO DAUGHTER CELLS. - CYTOKINESIS is the point where the cell SPLITS into two equal parts Mitotic Cell Division: MITOSIS has five different PHASES (STEPS). We will use an example of a human cell going through mitosis 1. PROPHASE: - LONG, thin CHROMOSOMES begin to SHORTEN and THICKEN. - Nuclear membrane DISSOLVES 92 CHROMOSOMES are present (remember that they were DOUBLED in INTERPHASE)

5 2. METAPHASE: - The DOUBLE STRANDED CHROMOSOMES line up in the MIDDLE of the cell - SPINDLE FIBERS extend from CENTRIOLES The cell still has 92 chromosomes. 3. ANAPHASE: - Each chromosome SPLITS, and is pulled to opposite POLES (SIDES) of the cell. - This is the GENETIC MATERIAL provided to each DAUGHTER CELL. 46 chromosomes move to each SIDE (now SINGLE STRANDED)

6 4. TELOPHASE: - New NUCLEAR MEMBRANE forms around each CHROMOSOME set. - At the end of telophase, CYTOKINESIS begins cell membrane PINCHES in. - Two DAUGHTER CELLS with 46 CHROMOSOMES are formed.

7 Note: Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells: In animal cells - The cell membrane pinches in and forms a CLEAVAGE FURROW. In plant cells - A CELL PLATE forms to divide the cells It is important to note that the whole cell cycle is CONTINUOUS (each phase FLOWS into the next). - A cell goes through INTERPHASE, which flows into PROPHASE then METAPHASE, ANAPHASE and TELOPHASE (MITOSIS). - Once the new cells are formed, they are right back in INTERPHASE. Remember: I P M A T I

8 Name: Date: 2. Cell Growth and Reproduction. S Illustrate and explain the process of mitotic cell division in plants and animals. Include: chromosomes, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, cell cycle. S Observe and explain the dynamic nature of cell division. The Importance of Cell Division: - Your is a protective layer of that covers your bones and organs. - Cells are always and have to be. - It has been found that of all in a is dead human - In order to replace these cells, they must by. Cell Division: cells come from...no EXCEPTIONS! - All 100 trillion cells in your body came from one cell.

9 Functions of Cell Division: 1.REPLACEMENT CELLS: - Every second, millions of your cells, or are. - The remaining cells must or your body would and. 2. GROWTH: - As the cells, their numbers, so your increases. - All growth depends on. 3. REPRODUCTION: - When - divide, organisms are produced (eg. ) Million-Dollar Questions: 1.How do cells know to divide? 2.Why do cells divide sometimes and others ( )? 3.Why do some cells always divide ( ), and some rarely divide ( )?

10 The Cell Cycle (Life of a Cell): Cells can exist in one of two phases: 1. DIVIDING - Very part of the life of a cell - Called 2. NOT DIVIDING - Very part of the life of a cell - Called Interphase A time for growth and repair: During Interphase: - Takes in. - damaged parts - rapidly - Cell for by in the. ***Human cells go from to chromosomes during interphase - Chromosomes look like long ( )

11 Mitosis & Cytokiniesis: - In all cases of cell division, the divides into. - is the point where the cell into two equal parts Mitotic Cell Division: has five different ( ). We will use an example of a human cell going through mitosis 1. PROPHASE: -, thin begin to and. - Nuclear membrane are present (remember that they were in )

12 2. METAPHASE: - The line up in the of the cell - extend from The cell still has chromosomes. 3. ANAPHASE: - Each chromosome, and is pulled to opposite ( ) of the cell. - This is the provided to each. chromosomes move to each (now )

13 4. TELOPHASE: - New forms around each set. - At the end of telophase, begins cell membrane in. - Two with are formed.

14 Note: Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells: In animal cells - The cell membrane pinches in and forms a. In plant cells - A forms to divide the cells It is important to note that the whole cell cycle is (each phase into the next). - A cell goes through, which flows into then, and ( ). - Once the new cells are formed, they are right back in. Remember:

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